The document discusses key concepts related to organizational structure, including chain of command, span of control, and centralization vs decentralization. It defines chain of command as the unbroken line of authority extending from the top of the organization to the lowest level, clarifying who reports to whom. Span of control refers to the number of subordinates a manager can effectively direct, and using a wider span of control can reduce costs by decreasing the number of management levels and managers needed. However, a wider span may mean supervisors do not have enough time for employees.