This document discusses the order and use of commas with adjectives in English. It provides the following general rules:
1) There is usually a correct order to multiple adjectives before a noun, with opinion and other qualities coming before size, age, shape, color, origin, and material.
2) Adjectives within the same category are separated by commas, such as "horrible, ugly building."
3) When adjectives are not in the same category, commas are not used, such as "wonderful new face cream." Commas are also normally used between the last two colors or classifying adjectives.
What is an adjective?
An adjective is a word that describes something (a noun).
An adjective gives us more information about a person or thing.
Correct order of adjectives
Adjectives sometimes appear after the verb To Be (CARD – LINK TO VIDEO)
The order is To Be + Adjective.
• He is tall.
• She is happy.
Adjectives sometimes appear before a noun.
The order is Adjective + Noun.
• Slow car
• Brown hat
BUT… Sometimes you want to use more than one adjective to describe something (or someone).
What happens if a hat is both brown AND old?
Do we say… an old brown hat OR a brown old hat?
An old brown hat is correct because a certain order for adjectives is expected.
A brown old hat sounds incorrect or not natural.
So what is the correct order of adjectives before a noun?
The order of adjectives before a noun is usually the following:
Opinion – Size – Age – Shape – Color – Origin – Material – Purpose
If we take the first letter of each one, it creates OSASCOMP which is an easy way to remember the order.
Let’s look at an example about describing a bag.
• It is an ugly small old thin red Italian cotton sleeping bag
It is not common to have so many adjectives before a noun, but I do this so you can see the correct order of adjectives.
Ugly is an opinion, small is a size, old refers to age, thin refers to shape, red is a color, Italian refers to its origin, cotton refers to the material the bag is made of, sleeping is the purpose of the bag.
I will go into more details about each of these categories in a moment. First, let’s see two more examples:
• A beautiful long white French silk wedding dress.
• Large ancient Greek clay flower vases.
Let’s study the first one.
Here we have a dress. Dress is a noun, the name of a thing. Let’s describe this dress.
What type of dress is it? What is the purpose of this dress?
It is used for weddings so it is…
• a wedding dress.
Let’s image the dress is made of silk. It isn’t made of plastic or gold, it is made of silk.
Silk is a material so it goes before the purpose. We say it is:
• a silk wedding dress.
Now, this dress was made in France. France is a noun, its adjective is French.
Its origin is French. Its origin, French, goes before the material, Silk. So we say it is:
• a French silk wedding dress.
Let’s add the color of the dress. What color is it? White. Color goes before Origin so we say it is:
• a white French silk wedding dress.
What is the shape of this dress? Is it long or short? It is long. The adjective Long goes under the category of shape because shape also covers weight or length. (We will see more about this in a moment) We now say it is:
• a long white French silk wedding dress.
Let’s add one more adjective. Is the dress beautiful or ugly? Well, you should always say it is beautiful or it will ruin her wedding day.
Beautiful is an opinion and adjectives about opinions go before all the other adjective.
What is an adjective?
An adjective is a word that describes something (a noun).
An adjective gives us more information about a person or thing.
Correct order of adjectives
Adjectives sometimes appear after the verb To Be (CARD – LINK TO VIDEO)
The order is To Be + Adjective.
• He is tall.
• She is happy.
Adjectives sometimes appear before a noun.
The order is Adjective + Noun.
• Slow car
• Brown hat
BUT… Sometimes you want to use more than one adjective to describe something (or someone).
What happens if a hat is both brown AND old?
Do we say… an old brown hat OR a brown old hat?
An old brown hat is correct because a certain order for adjectives is expected.
A brown old hat sounds incorrect or not natural.
So what is the correct order of adjectives before a noun?
The order of adjectives before a noun is usually the following:
Opinion – Size – Age – Shape – Color – Origin – Material – Purpose
If we take the first letter of each one, it creates OSASCOMP which is an easy way to remember the order.
Let’s look at an example about describing a bag.
• It is an ugly small old thin red Italian cotton sleeping bag
It is not common to have so many adjectives before a noun, but I do this so you can see the correct order of adjectives.
Ugly is an opinion, small is a size, old refers to age, thin refers to shape, red is a color, Italian refers to its origin, cotton refers to the material the bag is made of, sleeping is the purpose of the bag.
I will go into more details about each of these categories in a moment. First, let’s see two more examples:
• A beautiful long white French silk wedding dress.
• Large ancient Greek clay flower vases.
Let’s study the first one.
Here we have a dress. Dress is a noun, the name of a thing. Let’s describe this dress.
What type of dress is it? What is the purpose of this dress?
It is used for weddings so it is…
• a wedding dress.
Let’s image the dress is made of silk. It isn’t made of plastic or gold, it is made of silk.
Silk is a material so it goes before the purpose. We say it is:
• a silk wedding dress.
Now, this dress was made in France. France is a noun, its adjective is French.
Its origin is French. Its origin, French, goes before the material, Silk. So we say it is:
• a French silk wedding dress.
Let’s add the color of the dress. What color is it? White. Color goes before Origin so we say it is:
• a white French silk wedding dress.
What is the shape of this dress? Is it long or short? It is long. The adjective Long goes under the category of shape because shape also covers weight or length. (We will see more about this in a moment) We now say it is:
• a long white French silk wedding dress.
Let’s add one more adjective. Is the dress beautiful or ugly? Well, you should always say it is beautiful or it will ruin her wedding day.
Beautiful is an opinion and adjectives about opinions go before all the other adjective.
1. ADJECTIVES (order)
We can use more than one adjective before a noun and there is usually a correct order. However, in spoken English we don't usually use more
than two adjectives together, but in written English we don't usually use more than three.
In opinions and most other qualities we use a comma. This means that the adjectives are in the same category.
• This horrible, ugly building needs to be renovated.
• Today I bought a really cheap, colourful outfit.
• An elegant, charming, handsome man sat opposite her.
• Two beautiful, soft, comfortable cushions were elegantly placed on the sofa.
REMEMBER: When two or more adjectives aren't in the same category, we don't use commas.
• This is a wonderful new face cream.
• We live in a lovely old Victorian building.
• He looks good in that sporty red leather jacket.
• I love wearing my little black dress.
However, we normally use and between the last two adjectives in a set of colours or the last two classifying adjectives of the same type.
• I've lost my red, green and white scarf.
• Sharon loves Spanish, Italian and Greek food.
• What are the cultural, religious and historic origins of this current conflict?
• Barcelona is a busy, lively and exciting city.
2. ADJECTIVE
DETERMINER NOUN
(del grado más subjecto....................................................................................................................al grado más objectivo)
DETERMINER OPINION SIZE MOST OTHER
QUALITIES
AGE
or
TIME
SHAPE COLOUR ORIGIN MATERIAL PURPOSE
(qualifier)
NOUN
a nice young Spanish boy
the huge old round wooden table
that lovely big pink travelling bag
three ancient English poetry books
some nice easy quiz questions
my fashionable pink leather sports shoes
this is an excellent light and creamy sweet
our fantastic new red sports car
several expensive rectangular linen table mats
their beautiful hairy brown Spanish Seawater dogs
Si puedes unir los adjetivos con AND o con BUT, entonces PON una COMA:
An ugly, hairy, adorable dog.
An ugly and hairy but adorable dog.
PERO:
An interesting new English teacher.
An interesting and new and English teacher.