1. Biodiversity andAdaptations: Mammals Diversity
Shannon Mason
Orangutans
“People of the forest”

2. Food Web
Tigers
Sumatran
Orangutan
Flowers/Bark
(10% of diet)
Fruit (60% of
diet)
Leaves (20% of
diet)
Leopards
Bornean
Orangutan
Ants/Termites/Pu
pae/Crickets (5%
of diet)
Orangutans are eaten by Leopards and some tigers in Sumatra. Orangutans will
spend 100% of their day eating, sleeping and travelling…mostly likely in order to
get food.They eat mostly fruits such as durian, jackfruit, figs, and rambutan.Young
leaves, insects and flowers are a fallback food if fruit is unavailable to an orangutan.

3. Biomes
 There are two species of Orangutan, or Ponginae
 The Pongo pygmaeus, or Bornean orangutan, is
native to the island of Borneo, Malaysia/Indonesia (the
island of Borneo is shared by Mayalsia and Indonesia)
 The Pongo abelii, or Sumatran orangutan, are
found on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia (it is more rare
than the Bornean orangutan)
 The Pongo hooijeri is a prehistoric species of
orangutan from the Pleistocene ofVietnam
 These three places are both tropical rainforest biomes
 The flowering plants and abundance of trees provide
food and habitats for orangutans to live comfortably in

4. Orangutan Competition
 In general, orangutans do not need to
compete with other orangutans or other
animals for resources due to their usually
solitary living habits
 However, aggressions may be formed over
food especially common in fig trees
 Mature adults will usually win in any
situations of competition being twice the
size of female adults and sub adult males
 Orangutans will never eat other orangutans

5. Biodiversity
 Family: Hominidae
 Subfamily: Pongidae; the great apes including orangutans,
gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos
 Genus: Pongo; includes gorillas and orangutans
 Species: Pongo pygmaeus (Bornean orangutan)
Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan)
 Orangutans are related to gorillas the most out of apes being in
the same genus
 Orangutans share 97% of the same DNA as humans
 Humans and orangutans have many similarities and it is
suggested by some that humans and orangutans share a
common ancestor that includes African apes

6. Adaptive Radiation
 Orangutans hardly ever traverse across the ground.The Bornean spends
some time on the ground but the Sumatran will probably only stay in the
tree canopies all their lives
 They live in tropical biomes and eat the tropical fruit within their reach.
 Therefore, orangutans will go where the food is.Their main sources of
food have been in these tropical communities of Malaysia and Indonesia.
 Orangutans live in two places in the world, there are slight differences
between the two species that live in one or the other of these places

7. Adaptions
 Orangutans are the largest arboreal animals
in the world-they spend over 95% of their
time in trees
 Males can have arm spans up to 8 feet long
 Quadrumanous scrambling- the
unique way that they travel through the
trees
 Long narrow hands and feet for grasping
branches
 Short opposable thumbs and big toes help
with hanging on tree bhanches and
brachiation (hand over hand swinging from
branches)
 Highly mobile hip and shoulder joints

8. Evolution
 Orangutans are part of the scientific order primates
which contains all the monkeys, prosimians and apes
living today
 Primates are one of the oldest surviving mammal
groups, thought to go back at least 65 million years
 They inhabit almost every part of the world, non-
human primates found predominantly inAfrica,Asia
and Central and SouthAmerica.
 The Bornean orangutan is now endangered at about
41,000 and the Sumatran orangutan is now critically
endangered at about 7,500 in population
 A century ago, there were more than 230,000
orangutans total

9. Primary and Secondary Succession?
 Orangutans live in habitats of Primary succession today
 The reason for their decline in population is due to clear
cutting and initially the decrease of trees, land and
resources that are essential to an orangutan life.
 If secondary succession were to take place in the
orangutan wild habitats, they would become extinct
 The largest, most important contributor to orangutan
survival are the tropical trees in which they live in and
harvest food from
 If these trees were to disappear for centuries, orangutans
would become extinct in that time
 (Another contributor to orangutan are palm oil
plantations)

10. Photo References
 http://worldwildlife.org/species/bornean-orangutan
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan
 http://www.orangutan.org.uk/about-orangutans/diet
 http://www.nashvillezoo.org/animals/mammals/clouded-leopard
 http://www.meanwhilearoundtheworld.com/en/destinations/wet-wild-in-borneo/
 http://iddyhassan.blogspot.ca/2013/07/angalia-picha-za-maeneo-mbali-mbali.html
 http://www.visualphotos.com/image/1x9126978/orangutan_pongo_pygmaeus_in_rainforest_canopy
 http://www.myshutterspace.com/photo/amin-orangutan-in-
matang?commentId=1177697%3AComment%3A2341340&xg_source=activity#!/photo/amin-orangutan-in-matang?context=user
 http://www.cleanbiz.asia/news/indonesia-approves-worlds-largest-redd-project#.Uzi2EfldWcY
 http://wallpapers.pupazzo.org/animals/slides/Female%20Sumatran%20Orangutan%20and%20Baby.html
 http://animals.wikia.com/wiki/Bornean_Orangutan.
 http://www.orangutans.com.au/Orangutans-Survival-Information/Biology.aspx
 http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=2411211
 http://sensefororangutan.blogspot.ca/
 http://blog.dinolingo.com/tag/apes/
 http://www.amateurphotographer.co.uk/archive/536528/national-geographic-landscape-and-wildlife-photographer-interview
 http://www.greenpeace.org/australia/en/photosandvideos/photos/slideshows/A-tiger-tragedy/Forest-Destruction-in-Sumatra1/
 http://inhabitat.com/evidence-of-orangutan-graveyard-uncovered-in-plantation-linked-to-procter-gamble/

11. Information References
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongo_hooijeri
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan
 http://www.orangutans-sos.org/
 http://orangutan.org/OFI/orangutans/orangutan-biology/
 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/06/090623-humans-chimps-related_2.html
 http://www.sumatranorangutan.org/sumatran-orangutans/behaviour
 http://www.orangutanrepublik.org/faqs-mainmenu-28/20-about-orangutans/61-what-do-wild-orangutans-eat
 http://www.orangutan.org.uk/about-orangutans/diet
 http://www.orangutanrepublik.org/become-aware/orangutan-specifics-40237/orangutan-evolution
 http://www.whateats.com/?s=Orangutan
 http://worldwildlife.org/species/orangutan
 http://inhabitat.com/evidence-of-orangutan-graveyard-uncovered-in-plantation-linked-to-procter-gamble/