This study examined the effect of drought acclimation and drought stress history on potato genotypes. Drought acclimation led to more small tubers, higher water use efficiency, and smaller stomatal and cuticle sizes compared to non-acclimated plants. Russet Burbank recovered fastest from severe drought stress. Further experiments will investigate the effects of multi-generational drought stress history on yield components and physiological parameters related to drought resistance.
This document contains information about natural hazards that have impacted Marion County from 2008 to 2015. It lists dates for droughts, floods, windstorms, and ice storms. It also includes the goals from Marion County's 2011 Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan and compares the original state goals to the revised county-specific goals. The revised county goals focus on risk reduction, resilience, natural resource utilization, hazard loss reduction, data collection, awareness and education, development relocation, historic preservation, partnerships and coordination, plan integration, funding and implementation.
The 2012 US drought was caused by record low snowfall in winter 2012 which led to very dry conditions that were exacerbated by the summer heat wave. The continuous lack of moisture caused a self-sustaining drought where rain ran off quickly due to hard soil instead of being absorbed, worsening the drought conditions. The drought had major impacts like crop failures and low yields that increased global food prices, forcing farmers to sell equipment due to lower incomes. Over 1,600 counties were declared disaster areas by August 2012, and the drought was expected to have catastrophic economic costs, exceeding the impacts of the 1988-1989 drought and potentially becoming the costliest natural disaster in US history.
The DuPont Pioneer Drought
Research Council (DRC) published its first article this month titled ‘The U.S. Drought of 2012 in Perspective: A Call to Action’. The paper outlines recommendations for improving food security, including an emphasis on research collaborations; objective, science-based regulations; and, appropriate funding for public agricultural research.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211912413000370
This document summarizes the ongoing drought conditions in California through a literature review. It discusses how the state has historically relied on water management through projects like the Los Angeles Aqueduct and State Water Project. However, the current drought is testing this system as precipitation and water supplies decline. The Colorado River, which California also relies on, is experiencing drought conditions. This drought is impacting agriculture, economies, and wildlife. It may also affect water availability and prices in other states due to California's role as a major agricultural producer.
Drought is defined as a continuous period of dry weather that can vary in length between countries. It can be caused by seasonal changes in weather patterns like the Hadley cell and Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone, leading to wet and dry seasons in some regions. Long term droughts over multiple years can have disastrous consequences, affecting both human and natural systems. The consequences of drought include food shortages and the need for food aid when rains fail. Various groups like nomadic pastoralists have adapted to seasonal droughts, while long term management strategies are needed to address extended drought crises.
This document discusses drought management in India. It provides classifications for drought based on meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural factors. Key parameters for drought risk analysis are discussed such as rainfall, temperature, evaporation, and soil moisture. The document outlines drought management strategies in India including crop insurance schemes, calamity relief funds, and drought proofing programs. It identifies regions in India that are frequently affected by drought and the cumulative effects of changing rainfall patterns, water utilization, and agricultural practices that contribute to drought in these areas. Adaptation strategies are proposed such as micro-irrigation practices, sustainable crops, and social networks.
This document discusses drought, including its causes, types, regions affected, and methods of protection and relief. A drought is defined as an extended period of deficient water supply, either from surface or underground sources. It can last months or years and is caused by consistently low precipitation. Droughts can have significant environmental, economic, social and health impacts. Types of drought include meteorological, hydrological and agricultural droughts. Regions commonly affected include parts of India and Brazil. Protection and relief efforts include dams, cloud seeding, desalination, land use practices, water restrictions, rainwater harvesting and water recycling.
This is presented by Taslima Nasrin, student of Begum Rokeya University,Rangpur.It's about drought in Bangladesh and different model for drought analysis.
This document contains information about natural hazards that have impacted Marion County from 2008 to 2015. It lists dates for droughts, floods, windstorms, and ice storms. It also includes the goals from Marion County's 2011 Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan and compares the original state goals to the revised county-specific goals. The revised county goals focus on risk reduction, resilience, natural resource utilization, hazard loss reduction, data collection, awareness and education, development relocation, historic preservation, partnerships and coordination, plan integration, funding and implementation.
The 2012 US drought was caused by record low snowfall in winter 2012 which led to very dry conditions that were exacerbated by the summer heat wave. The continuous lack of moisture caused a self-sustaining drought where rain ran off quickly due to hard soil instead of being absorbed, worsening the drought conditions. The drought had major impacts like crop failures and low yields that increased global food prices, forcing farmers to sell equipment due to lower incomes. Over 1,600 counties were declared disaster areas by August 2012, and the drought was expected to have catastrophic economic costs, exceeding the impacts of the 1988-1989 drought and potentially becoming the costliest natural disaster in US history.
The DuPont Pioneer Drought
Research Council (DRC) published its first article this month titled ‘The U.S. Drought of 2012 in Perspective: A Call to Action’. The paper outlines recommendations for improving food security, including an emphasis on research collaborations; objective, science-based regulations; and, appropriate funding for public agricultural research.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211912413000370
This document summarizes the ongoing drought conditions in California through a literature review. It discusses how the state has historically relied on water management through projects like the Los Angeles Aqueduct and State Water Project. However, the current drought is testing this system as precipitation and water supplies decline. The Colorado River, which California also relies on, is experiencing drought conditions. This drought is impacting agriculture, economies, and wildlife. It may also affect water availability and prices in other states due to California's role as a major agricultural producer.
Drought is defined as a continuous period of dry weather that can vary in length between countries. It can be caused by seasonal changes in weather patterns like the Hadley cell and Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone, leading to wet and dry seasons in some regions. Long term droughts over multiple years can have disastrous consequences, affecting both human and natural systems. The consequences of drought include food shortages and the need for food aid when rains fail. Various groups like nomadic pastoralists have adapted to seasonal droughts, while long term management strategies are needed to address extended drought crises.
This document discusses drought management in India. It provides classifications for drought based on meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural factors. Key parameters for drought risk analysis are discussed such as rainfall, temperature, evaporation, and soil moisture. The document outlines drought management strategies in India including crop insurance schemes, calamity relief funds, and drought proofing programs. It identifies regions in India that are frequently affected by drought and the cumulative effects of changing rainfall patterns, water utilization, and agricultural practices that contribute to drought in these areas. Adaptation strategies are proposed such as micro-irrigation practices, sustainable crops, and social networks.
This document discusses drought, including its causes, types, regions affected, and methods of protection and relief. A drought is defined as an extended period of deficient water supply, either from surface or underground sources. It can last months or years and is caused by consistently low precipitation. Droughts can have significant environmental, economic, social and health impacts. Types of drought include meteorological, hydrological and agricultural droughts. Regions commonly affected include parts of India and Brazil. Protection and relief efforts include dams, cloud seeding, desalination, land use practices, water restrictions, rainwater harvesting and water recycling.
This is presented by Taslima Nasrin, student of Begum Rokeya University,Rangpur.It's about drought in Bangladesh and different model for drought analysis.
This document summarizes research on the effects of drought stress and drought acclimation in potato plants. The key findings are:
1) Potato genotypes with a history of drought acclimation over multiple generations showed higher yield, tuber number, and leaf water content under drought stress compared to those without acclimation history.
2) Drought acclimation was found to induce smaller stomatal size, thinner cuticle layers, and higher water use efficiency in potato plants under drought stress.
3) Different potato genotypes showed varying responses to drought acclimation, with Russet Burbank recovering most quickly from severe drought stress. Drought acclimation improved drought resistance in potato plants by modifying plant
The study investigated the effects of drought acclimation and stress history on potato genotypes. It found that drought acclimation alone did not induce higher drought tolerance but genotypes responded differently. Russet Burbank recovered more quickly from drought stress than other genotypes. Having one or two generations of drought acclimation history increased tuber yield and leaf water content under drought stress compared to those without acclimation history. Drought acclimation also prevented water loss through changes in stomatal properties and cuticle structures. The hypotheses that drought acclimation and recovery increase tolerance, and that stress history affects subsequent response, were accepted.
Oral talk in 'PAA Annual Meeting 2012'Pankaj Banik
1) Previous drought stress history affected subsequent drought resistance in potato plants, inducing more tubers in the 5-50g size classes.
2) Drought acclimation increased leaf water content and decreased the rate of leaf water loss under maximum stress compared to non-acclimated plants. It also resulted in differences in leaf cuticle layer morphology.
3) For plants without previous drought history, drought acclimation did not increase leaf water content but did reduce the rate of leaf water loss. It had the most significant effects on shoot responses in Russet Burbank potatoes.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of drought acclimation on drought stress resistance in potato genotypes. The study tested three potato genotypes (Fv12246-6, 'Vigor', and 'Russet Burbank') under acclimated and non-acclimated drought stress conditions. The study found genotypic differences in drought resistance, with 'Russet Burbank' exhibiting the most drought resistant traits like reduced leaf wilting and higher water retention. Drought acclimation induced protective mechanisms in the genotypes like thicker leaf wax layers and more open stomata. The study supports the hypotheses that pre-exposure to drought acclimates potato genotypes and improves their drought resistance through morphological and physiological
1. C-band and X-band SAR signatures over rice canopies were stable and consistent over two years, with values much higher than over water surfaces.
2. C-band SAR showed weak correlations with plant variables like leaf density and biomass, indicating limited sensitivity.
3. X-band signature correlated best with head biomass, suggesting capability to assess rice grain yield regionally.
This document summarizes work on cross-crop drought phenotyping and modeling. Key findings include identifying QTL for water use traits like transpiration efficiency in crops like cowpea and chickpea. Trait data was used to model scenarios for peanut, chickpea and soybean yield under different drought conditions. Long-term training produced researchers proficient in drought eco-physiology and crop modeling in various crops. The work provides approaches and genetic tools to improve drought adaptation across species.
Oral talk in 'CSHS-CSA Joint Conf. 2012'Pankaj Banik
This document summarizes research on the effects of drought stress in potato plants. The key points are:
1) Drought stress was applied at different stages of growth and potato genotypes varied in their sensitivity, with stolon formation and tuberization being the most sensitive stage.
2) The study aimed to determine the key elements of potato drought stress resistance by examining the effects of drought stress history and acclimation/recovery responses.
3) Preliminary results found that drought acclimation improved subsequent drought resistance, and that genotypes and stress histories impacted traits like yield, water loss, temperature, and cuticle layer development under drought conditions.
This document discusses the use of phenotyping as a tool to enhance abiotic stress tolerance in crop varieties. Phenotyping involves characterizing plant performance and structure-function dynamics to understand gene-phenotype relationships and the genetic basis of traits. It can unlock tolerance to various abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and poor soil conditions. The document provides examples of phenotyping approaches used to evaluate traits related to stress tolerance, water use efficiency, and yield in crops under drought conditions. It emphasizes that high-throughput phenotyping using imaging and sensor techniques can help accelerate the development of stress-tolerant crop varieties.
Breeding approaches for drought tolerance in cereals finalshivrajgehlot1
This document provides an outline and overview of breeding approaches for drought tolerance in cereals. It discusses the types of drought, mechanisms of drought tolerance including drought escape, avoidance and tolerance. It describes breeding methods for drought tolerance, including conventional methods like hybridization and non-conventional methods using biotechnology and genetic engineering. Examples of research from different countries evaluating drought tolerance in crops like wheat, rice and barley are presented. The document concludes that drought tolerance is complex and future work should identify signaling elements and cross-talk between pathways to develop crops tolerant to both drought and heat stress.
This document summarizes research on breeding drought tolerance in rainfed lowland rice in the Mekong region. Key points include:
1) New drought screening methods and multi-location trials were developed to identify drought tolerant rice varieties with high yield potential.
2) Traits like short delay in flowering under drought and photoperiod sensitivity were identified as useful for drought tolerance.
3) Promising new drought tolerant rice lines with high yields were identified for Cambodia, Thailand and Laos from the research.
4) Environmental characterization with drought maps were developed to target areas that can utilize the new drought tolerant varieties.
This document summarizes research on the effects of drought stress and drought acclimation in potato plants. The key findings are:
1) Potato genotypes with a history of drought acclimation over multiple generations showed higher yield, tuber number, and leaf water content under drought stress compared to those without acclimation history.
2) Drought acclimation was found to induce smaller stomatal size, thinner cuticle layers, and higher water use efficiency in potato plants under drought stress.
3) Different potato genotypes showed varying responses to drought acclimation, with Russet Burbank recovering most quickly from severe drought stress. Drought acclimation improved drought resistance in potato plants by modifying plant
The study investigated the effects of drought acclimation and stress history on potato genotypes. It found that drought acclimation alone did not induce higher drought tolerance but genotypes responded differently. Russet Burbank recovered more quickly from drought stress than other genotypes. Having one or two generations of drought acclimation history increased tuber yield and leaf water content under drought stress compared to those without acclimation history. Drought acclimation also prevented water loss through changes in stomatal properties and cuticle structures. The hypotheses that drought acclimation and recovery increase tolerance, and that stress history affects subsequent response, were accepted.
Oral talk in 'PAA Annual Meeting 2012'Pankaj Banik
1) Previous drought stress history affected subsequent drought resistance in potato plants, inducing more tubers in the 5-50g size classes.
2) Drought acclimation increased leaf water content and decreased the rate of leaf water loss under maximum stress compared to non-acclimated plants. It also resulted in differences in leaf cuticle layer morphology.
3) For plants without previous drought history, drought acclimation did not increase leaf water content but did reduce the rate of leaf water loss. It had the most significant effects on shoot responses in Russet Burbank potatoes.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of drought acclimation on drought stress resistance in potato genotypes. The study tested three potato genotypes (Fv12246-6, 'Vigor', and 'Russet Burbank') under acclimated and non-acclimated drought stress conditions. The study found genotypic differences in drought resistance, with 'Russet Burbank' exhibiting the most drought resistant traits like reduced leaf wilting and higher water retention. Drought acclimation induced protective mechanisms in the genotypes like thicker leaf wax layers and more open stomata. The study supports the hypotheses that pre-exposure to drought acclimates potato genotypes and improves their drought resistance through morphological and physiological
1. C-band and X-band SAR signatures over rice canopies were stable and consistent over two years, with values much higher than over water surfaces.
2. C-band SAR showed weak correlations with plant variables like leaf density and biomass, indicating limited sensitivity.
3. X-band signature correlated best with head biomass, suggesting capability to assess rice grain yield regionally.
This document summarizes work on cross-crop drought phenotyping and modeling. Key findings include identifying QTL for water use traits like transpiration efficiency in crops like cowpea and chickpea. Trait data was used to model scenarios for peanut, chickpea and soybean yield under different drought conditions. Long-term training produced researchers proficient in drought eco-physiology and crop modeling in various crops. The work provides approaches and genetic tools to improve drought adaptation across species.
Oral talk in 'CSHS-CSA Joint Conf. 2012'Pankaj Banik
This document summarizes research on the effects of drought stress in potato plants. The key points are:
1) Drought stress was applied at different stages of growth and potato genotypes varied in their sensitivity, with stolon formation and tuberization being the most sensitive stage.
2) The study aimed to determine the key elements of potato drought stress resistance by examining the effects of drought stress history and acclimation/recovery responses.
3) Preliminary results found that drought acclimation improved subsequent drought resistance, and that genotypes and stress histories impacted traits like yield, water loss, temperature, and cuticle layer development under drought conditions.
This document discusses the use of phenotyping as a tool to enhance abiotic stress tolerance in crop varieties. Phenotyping involves characterizing plant performance and structure-function dynamics to understand gene-phenotype relationships and the genetic basis of traits. It can unlock tolerance to various abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and poor soil conditions. The document provides examples of phenotyping approaches used to evaluate traits related to stress tolerance, water use efficiency, and yield in crops under drought conditions. It emphasizes that high-throughput phenotyping using imaging and sensor techniques can help accelerate the development of stress-tolerant crop varieties.
Breeding approaches for drought tolerance in cereals finalshivrajgehlot1
This document provides an outline and overview of breeding approaches for drought tolerance in cereals. It discusses the types of drought, mechanisms of drought tolerance including drought escape, avoidance and tolerance. It describes breeding methods for drought tolerance, including conventional methods like hybridization and non-conventional methods using biotechnology and genetic engineering. Examples of research from different countries evaluating drought tolerance in crops like wheat, rice and barley are presented. The document concludes that drought tolerance is complex and future work should identify signaling elements and cross-talk between pathways to develop crops tolerant to both drought and heat stress.
This document summarizes research on breeding drought tolerance in rainfed lowland rice in the Mekong region. Key points include:
1) New drought screening methods and multi-location trials were developed to identify drought tolerant rice varieties with high yield potential.
2) Traits like short delay in flowering under drought and photoperiod sensitivity were identified as useful for drought tolerance.
3) Promising new drought tolerant rice lines with high yields were identified for Cambodia, Thailand and Laos from the research.
4) Environmental characterization with drought maps were developed to target areas that can utilize the new drought tolerant varieties.
Similar to Oral talk in 'PAA Annual Meeting 2013' (13)
GRM 2013: Breeding Drought Tolerance for Rainfed Lowland Rice in the Mekong r...
Oral talk in 'PAA Annual Meeting 2013'
1. www.usask.ca
Effect of drought acclimation and previous drought
stress history upon drought stress resistance in
contrasting potato genotypes
Pankaj Banik (M.Sc. student)
Helen Tai, Benoit Bizimungu and Karen Tanino
2. Drought stress in potato undergrowth
Sensitive to drought
• Even a short period of time
• Tuber quality & production
Stolon formation & tuberization
• Most sensitive stage
• Longer period in tuber formation
• Decrease in tuber number, growth & yield
4 flowering stage
5. Stress & Recovery
Severe stress (scale 3)
After recovery (scale 0)
Score % leaves wilted
0 None
1 25%
2 50%
3 75%
4 100%
5 Plant died
6. Hypotheses
Drought acclimation and recovery are key components
of resistance
Stomatal aperture parameters are associated with yield
under drought stress conditions
Drought stress history of genotypes affects subsequent
drought stress resistance
7. Experiment layout (no stress history)
Genotypes Treatments Codes
Fv12246-6
(Fv)
NA (Non Acclimated) Fv-NA
DAS (Drought Acclimated & Stressed) Fv-DAS
NAS (Non Acclimated & Stressed) Fv-NAS
V1002-2
(V)
NA V-NA
DAS V-DAS
NAS V-NAS
Russet Burbank
(RB)
NA RB-NA
DAS RB-DAS
NAS RB-NAS
8. Significant difference among treatment groups across different weight
classes. Drought acclimated & stressed plants (DAS) induced more small
tubers (<5g)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Fv-NA
Fv-DAS
Fv-NAS
RB-NA
RB-DAS
RB-NAS
Tuber number
Treatments
<5g
5-20g
20-50g
50-100g
>100g
↙
↙
9. Drought acclimation increased WUE over controls (DAS > NA). However, NAS WUE was
greater than DAS. Russet Burbank (RB) maintained highest WUE but acclimated-
stressed treatment (RB-DAS) acquired lower leaf %N than controls (RB-NA)
Treatments ∆
Fv-NA 20.74
Fv-DAS 21.89
Fv-NAS 19.83
V-NA 22.71
V-DAS 22.43
V-NAS 20.33
RB-NA 20.25
RB-DAS 20.56
RB-NAS 18.57 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Fv-NA Fv-DAS Fv-NAS V-NA V-DAS V-NAS RB-NA RB-DAS RB-NAS
%leafN
Treatments
A
A
A
a
a
a
*
*
Highly significant difference (p<0.01)amongtreatmentgroups
RB-NA> RB-DAS***
WUE % Leaf N
10. Fv-DAS V-DAS RB-DAS
Fv-NAS V-NAS RB-NAS
Preliminary SEM results showed differences in cuticular and
stomatal morphology
Fresh sample SEM by low vacuum JEOL JSM 6010
11. -500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Fv-NA Fv-DAS Fv-NAS RB-NA RB-DAS RB-NAS
Areaofstomatalopening(µm2
)
Treatments
a
ab
c
ac
ae
bc
Overall highly significant difference (p<0.001) among treatment groups
Fv12: NA > NAS *** , DAS > NAS ***
RB: DAS > NAS ***
Stomatal aperture (400X)
Acclimation induced
wider stomatal
opening at maximum
stress
Acclimation induced
smallest stomatal size in
Fv12.
Stomatal size did not
change in RB treatments
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Fv-NA Fv-DAS Fv-NAS RB-NA RB-DAS RB-NAS
Sizeofstomata(µm2)
Treatments
a
b
c
c
c c
Overall highly significant difference (p<0.001) among treatment groups
Fv12: NA > NAS > DAS
12. Acclimation and a series of stresses (DAS & NAS) induced smaller cuticle
platelet size compared to controls (NA) in both genotypes
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Fv-NA Fv-DAS Fv-NAS RB-NA RB-DAS RB-NAS
Areaofcuticleplatelets,micron
Treatments
a
b
bc
a
b
b
Overall highly significant difference (p<0.001) among treatment groups
Both genotypes: NA is significantly higher than both DAS & NAS
RB-NA RB-DAS RB-NAS
13. 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Fv-NA Fv-DAS Fv-NAS RB-NA RB-DAS RB-NAS
Areaofxylemvessel(µm2
)
Treatments
a
b
ab
ab
ab
ab
Overall significant difference (p<0.05) among treatment groups
Stem cross-section (25X)
Xylem cross-section (250X)
Xylem vessel area measured were not related to drought acclimation. But stem %WC
was significantly different among genotypes and treatments
80.0
82.0
84.0
86.0
88.0
90.0
92.0
94.0
96.0
98.0
Fv-NA Fv-DAS Fv-NAS V-NA V-DAS V-NAS RB-NA RB-DAS RB-NAS
Stemwatercontent(%)
Treatments
Overall highly significant difference (p<0.001)
among genotypes & treatment groups
V1002 > Fv12 ***, RB > Fv12 ***
aj
deg
ab
cj
dj
aefj
gj
ehj
aih
14. 22.3 oC 24.2 oC
NAS DAS
Maximum stress
(soil mc is 0% over 1 week)
Russet
Burbank
recovers
After 5 hrs of watering
NAS DAS
19.5 oC 19.6 oC
V1002 recovers within 12 hours
Fv takes 16 hours
Russet Burbank (RB) recovers much more quicker than Fv12 &
V1002 after undergoing maximum drought stress
15. Hypotheses
Drought acclimation and recovery are key components
of resistance
Stomatal aperture parameters are associated with yield
under drought stress conditions
Drought stress history of genotypes affects subsequent
drought stress resistance
16. Drought stress History over 3 generations
Generation 1 NA
(Non Acclimated)
DA
(Drought Acclimated)
Generation 2 NA-NA NA-DAS NA-NAS DA-NA DA-DAS DA-NAS
Generation 3 NA-NA-NA NA-DAS-NA NA-NAS-NA DA-NA-NA DA-DAS-NA DA-NAS-NA
NA-NA-DAS NA-DAS-DAS DA-DAS-DAS
NA-NA-NAS NA-DAS-NAS DA-DAS-NAS
}
}
}
18. Further work
To address
• Drought stress history of genotypes affects
subsequent drought stress resistance
• Yield
• Stomatal aperture measurement
• Cuticle platelet size
• Cuticle layer thickness
• WUE and NUE
• Recovery rate
19. Summary
Under drought stress, drought acclimation induced:
• more small tubers (<5g)
• higher WUE over controls and lower % leaf N in Russet Burbank
DAS
• Smallest stomatal size in Fv12
• Wider stomatal opening at maximum stress
• Smaller cuticle platelet size over controls
Recovery rate from severe stress:
• Russet Burbank had fastest recovery time (5 hrs) after
stress followed by V (12 hrs) and Fv (16 hrs)
20. Acknowledgements
Supervisor
Prof. Karen Tanino
Funding agency
SAGES Project
Committee
Prof. Bruce Coulman
Prof. Tom Warkentin
Prof. Gordon Gray
Greenhouse Team
Eldon Siemens
Jackie Bantle
SEM
Guosheng Liu
Rob Peace
Mass Spec
Darin
Myles Stocki
Statistics
Prof. Sakti Jana
Prasanto Mondol
Spatial analysis
Dr. Winston Zeng
Ting Pei
Lab members
Jun Liu
Jihua Xu