This slide explains the radiotherapy contouring guidelines for carcinoma esophagus. It has detailed explanations in a quite simple way, so that you need not go anywhere else for esophageal contouring guidelines.
The combined use of radiation therapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment is a logical and reasonable approach that has already proven beneficial for several malignancies.
the role of brachytherapy in oral cavity carcinoma.
physics of brachytherapy
radiobiology of brachytherapy
clinical application in tongue, buccal mucosa cancer
This slide explains the radiotherapy contouring guidelines for carcinoma esophagus. It has detailed explanations in a quite simple way, so that you need not go anywhere else for esophageal contouring guidelines.
The combined use of radiation therapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment is a logical and reasonable approach that has already proven beneficial for several malignancies.
the role of brachytherapy in oral cavity carcinoma.
physics of brachytherapy
radiobiology of brachytherapy
clinical application in tongue, buccal mucosa cancer
Side effects of radiation in head and neck cancerAnagha pachat
this presentation describes how radiation effects normal structures in head and neck region and about the late and acute toxicities which may occur if the radiation exceeds tolerance dose as per QUANTEC
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Meningiona/ Craniopharyngioma/ High Grade Gliomaduttaradio
Small recurrent / residual meningioma need to be treated with radiosurgery. There is regression of tumour after high dose radiosurgery. Usual dose for radiosurgery is 12-15 Gy in single fraction.
laryngeal malignancies, laryngeal cancer
Presentation prepared and compiled by highly experienced ENT teacher, Dr. Krishna Koirala from Nepal, for teaching undergraduate and postgraduate ENT students in the field of otorhinolaryngology.
A clear and concise explanation of the basic concepts in the subject matter concerned.
He is the Head of department with a sound knowledge in the field of ENT to teach both undergraduate and postgraduate ENT students
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Oral cavity ca
1. Management of OralManagement of Oral
CancersCancers
Dr. Kandra PrasanthDr. Kandra Prasanth
Consultant Radiation OncologistConsultant Radiation Oncologist
Surya Global Hospitals.Surya Global Hospitals.
2. Radiation OncologyRadiation Oncology
Radiation oncology is a branch of medicine thatRadiation oncology is a branch of medicine that
treats cancer by using high-energy radiation intreats cancer by using high-energy radiation in
the form of photons (i.e. X-rays & gamma rays)the form of photons (i.e. X-rays & gamma rays)
or subatomic particles (electrons or protons)or subatomic particles (electrons or protons)
3. IntroductionIntroduction
Basics of Radiation TherapyBasics of Radiation Therapy
Ionizing Radiation – X /Ionizing Radiation – X / γγ RaysRays
Interaction of Radiation with matterInteraction of Radiation with matter
Transmission Attenuation
Scatter Absorption
Rad / Grey / cGy
13. What is Oral cancer..?What is Oral cancer..?
Cancer that starts in the mouth isCancer that starts in the mouth is oral cavityoral cavity
cancercancer
Includes lipsIncludes lips
Inside lining of cheeks (buccal mucosa)Inside lining of cheeks (buccal mucosa)
Gingiva (gums)Gingiva (gums)
Floor of the mouthFloor of the mouth
Anterior 2/3rds of the tongueAnterior 2/3rds of the tongue
Hard palateHard palate
16. 2002 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM Staging System for the Lip and Oral Cavity
Tx; Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: No evidence of primary tumor
Tis: Carcinoma in Situ
T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension
T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension
T3: Tumor more than 4 cm in greatest dimension
T4 (lip): Tumor invades through cortical bone, inferior alveolar nerve, floor of mouth, or skin of face (ie, chin or nose)
T4a: (oral cavity) Tumor invades adjacent structures (eg, through cortical bone, into deep [extrinsic] muscle of tongue
[genioglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, and styloglossus], maxillary sinus, skin of face)
T4b: Tumor invades masticator space, pterygoid plates, or skull base and/or encases internal carotid artery
NX: Regional nodes cannot be assessed
N0: No regional lymph node metastasis
N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension
N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension; or in multiple
ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension; or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more
than 6 cm in greatest dimension
N2a: Metastasis in single ipsilateral lymph node more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension
N2b: Metastasis in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension
N2c: Metastasis in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension
N3: Metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension
Stage 0: Tis N0 M0
Stage I: T1 N0 M0
Stage II: T2 N0 M0
Stage III: T3 N0 M0, T1 N1 M0, T2 N1 M0, T3 N1 M0
Stage IVA: T4a N0 M0, T4a N1 M0, T1 N2 M0, T2 N2 M0, T3 N2 M0, T4a N2 M0
Stage IVB: Any T N3 M0, T4b Any N M0
Stage IVC: Any T Any N M1
17.
18. Major Risk Factors for OralMajor Risk Factors for Oral
Cancer are:Cancer are:
Tobacco use - 90%
Alcohol use - 75-80%
Age over 40
UV – exposure – 30%
association with lip
cancer.
20. TobaccoTobacco
Approx. 90% of oral cancers in SEARs are linked toApprox. 90% of oral cancers in SEARs are linked to
tobacco smoking or chewing.tobacco smoking or chewing.
The risk of oral cancer increases with the :The risk of oral cancer increases with the : amountamount
andand durationduration both.both.
Smokers haveSmokers have 6 times6 times greater risk of developing oralgreater risk of developing oral
cancer than nonsmokers.cancer than nonsmokers.
Tobacco users who regularlyTobacco users who regularly use alcoholuse alcohol are atare at
greatest riskgreatest risk..
All tobacco types are associated with oral cancer, forAll tobacco types are associated with oral cancer, for
example: cigarettes / cigars / pipes / snuff / chew /example: cigarettes / cigars / pipes / snuff / chew /
quidquid..
21. Indigenous forms of smoking are : bidi, chuttaIndigenous forms of smoking are : bidi, chutta
((epidermoid Ca of hard palate - Andhra Pradeshepidermoid Ca of hard palate - Andhra Pradesh),),
chilam, hookah. It can also be inhaled as snuff.chilam, hookah. It can also be inhaled as snuff.
Most common form of tobacco chewing in India isMost common form of tobacco chewing in India is
betal quid : betal leaf, arecanut, lime & tobacco (betal quid : betal leaf, arecanut, lime & tobacco (3636
times higher in non chewerstimes higher in non chewers).).
It is common for the poor people to rub with thumbIt is common for the poor people to rub with thumb
– flakes of sun dried tobacco and slaked lime to form– flakes of sun dried tobacco and slaked lime to form
a mixture (khaini), which is then put in mouth ata mixture (khaini), which is then put in mouth at
frequent intervals during the day.frequent intervals during the day.
23. RT in Oral CancerRT in Oral Cancer
Management:Management:
Treatment OutcomeTreatment Outcome
CosmesisCosmesis
Organ Preservation & FunctionOrgan Preservation & Function
AgeAge
Quality of lifeQuality of life
26. Treatment options for head andTreatment options for head and
neck cancerneck cancer
Early stages: surgery orEarly stages: surgery or radiationradiation
Advanced stage:Advanced stage: chemoradiationchemoradiation oror
surgery followed by radiation andsurgery followed by radiation and
chemotherapychemotherapy
Very advanced cases: radiation andVery advanced cases: radiation and
chemotherapychemotherapy
27. Indications for RT in Oral CaIndications for RT in Oral Ca
Radical RTRadical RT
T1, T2, T3, T4aT1, T2, T3, T4a
Unresectable (Altered Fractionation HF/CB or RT + Radiation Sensitizer)Unresectable (Altered Fractionation HF/CB or RT + Radiation Sensitizer)
elderly, frail, comorbid conditionselderly, frail, comorbid conditions
refusal for surgeryrefusal for surgery
prohibitive morbidity due to surgeryprohibitive morbidity due to surgery
Pre OP RT :Pre OP RT : potentially inoperablepotentially inoperable
Post OP RT :Post OP RT : (RT + Radiation Sensitizer)(RT + Radiation Sensitizer)
pT3/4pT3/4
Close & +ve marginClose & +ve margin
Multiple nodesMultiple nodes
Perineural invasionPerineural invasion
Lympho vascular space invasionLympho vascular space invasion
Extra Capsular extensionExtra Capsular extension
Level IV – V nodesLevel IV – V nodes
28. RADIOTHERAPY DOSERADIOTHERAPY DOSE
1. External :1. External :
a. Alone : 7000 cGy to 7600 cGy /6-8 wks.a. Alone : 7000 cGy to 7600 cGy /6-8 wks.
(microscopic - 4600 - 5000(microscopic - 4600 - 5000
cGy)cGy)
b. Pre-op. : 46-50 Gy/ 4 1/2 - 5 1/2 wks.b. Pre-op. : 46-50 Gy/ 4 1/2 - 5 1/2 wks.
c. Post-op.: 60-66 Gy/ 6-7 wks.c. Post-op.: 60-66 Gy/ 6-7 wks.
2. Brachytherapy :2. Brachytherapy :
a. Alone : 6000 - 7000 cGy in 6 to 7 days.a. Alone : 6000 - 7000 cGy in 6 to 7 days.
b. External + Brachytherapyb. External + Brachytherapy
Ext : 46-50 Gy in 4 1/2 - 5 1/2 wks.Ext : 46-50 Gy in 4 1/2 - 5 1/2 wks.
++
Brachy : 2000-3000 cGy in 2-3 daysBrachy : 2000-3000 cGy in 2-3 days
29. pre- radiotherapy Dental Prophylaxispre- radiotherapy Dental Prophylaxis
ExtractionExtraction
Caries (non-restorable)Caries (non-restorable)
Active periapical disease (symptomatic teeth)Active periapical disease (symptomatic teeth)
Moderate to severe periodontal diseaseModerate to severe periodontal disease
Lack of opposing teeth, compromised hygieneLack of opposing teeth, compromised hygiene
Partial impaction or incomplete eruptionPartial impaction or incomplete eruption
Extensive periapical lesions (if not chronic or wellExtensive periapical lesions (if not chronic or well
localized)localized)
Start RT after 10 – 14 daysStart RT after 10 – 14 days
35. Normal structures are identified on the computer
generated images, as well as the cancer targets, more
advanced case with spread to the lymph nodes
39. Virtual SimulationVirtual Simulation
CT-based virtual simulationCT-based virtual simulation
use a full 3D image datasetuse a full 3D image dataset
software toolssoftware tools
external laser system for markingexternal laser system for marking
radiation therapy targetsradiation therapy targets
50. Quick Response to Radiation combinedQuick Response to Radiation combined
with chemotherapy, Tonsil cancer gonewith chemotherapy, Tonsil cancer gone
by 2 ½ weeksby 2 ½ weeks
52. Tongue Cancer Before and 3Tongue Cancer Before and 3
Months after RadiationMonths after Radiation
53. Side effects
will relate to
the size and
location of
the radiation
field and the
normal
structures that
are in the way
of the beam
Side EffectsSide Effects
54. Side effects of radiation are related to the structures that
are near the tumor, so the radiation can effect the teeth
(dental problems) throat (sore throat) and saliva glands
(dryness and changes in taste)
55. 1. Skin irritation
2. Dry Mouth and changes in taste
and possible problems with teeth
3. Sore throat and problems with
swallowing and dehydration and
possible need for a feeding tube
4. Pain management problems
5. Laryngitis
6. Fatigue
Short Term Side EffectsShort Term Side Effects
59. Acute side effectsAcute side effects
Skin – Hyper pigmentation, Dry and moistSkin – Hyper pigmentation, Dry and moist
desqumationdesqumation
Mucosa- Mucositis G2/3Mucosa- Mucositis G2/3
Pharynx – Odynophagia / dysphagiaPharynx – Odynophagia / dysphagia
Larynx – hoarseness of voiceLarynx – hoarseness of voice
Salivary - XerostomiaSalivary - Xerostomia
60. 1. The dryness may be permanent,
depending on the amount of saliva glands
in the field
2. Teeth may be vulnerable to decay, and
caution is need with future dental care to
avoid jaw bone problems (osteonecrosis)
3. Some patients have long term problems
with swallowing
4. Some patients have persistent hoarseness
5. Small risk of low thyroid hormones
6. Carotid stenosis
Long Term Side EffectsLong Term Side Effects
61. Long Term Side EffectsLong Term Side Effects
Dryness and
discoloration of
the roof of mouth
is common as is
problems with
teeth
Long term dental care is critical to avoid
osteoradionecrosis (damage to the jaw bone with
exposed bone, may require hyperbaric oxygen treatment
to heal)
62. IMRT and Side EffectsIMRT and Side Effects
Parotid-sparing intensity modulated versus conventional radiotherapy in head and neck
cancer (PARSPORT): a phase 3 multicenter randomized controlled trial.
Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(2):127.
Xerostomia Conventional IMRT
12 months 74% 38%
24 months 83% 29%
63. 5 YR SURVIVAL5 YR SURVIVAL
STAGE 1STAGE 1 STAGE IISTAGE II STAGEIIISTAGEIII STAGEIVSTAGEIV T 3/4T 3/4
LipLip 90%90% <60-30%<60-30% 30%30%
Anterior TongueAnterior Tongue 69%69% 41%41% 25%25%
S+R - 35%S+R - 35%
15%15% 33-60%33-60%
Buccal MucosaBuccal Mucosa 77%77% 65%65% 27%27% 18%18% 33-67%33-67%
Floor of the MouthFloor of the Mouth 97%97% 72%72% 51%51% 20%20% 33-67%33-67%
Lower GingivaLower Gingiva
Retromolar TrigoneRetromolar Trigone 70%70% 50-30%50-30% 30%30% 30-50%30-50%
Upper GingivaUpper Gingiva
Hard PalateHard Palate 75%75% 46%46% 36%36% 115115
64. During radiotherapyDuring radiotherapy
Maintenance of good oral hygiene Brushing 2 toMaintenance of good oral hygiene Brushing 2 to
4 times daily with soft-bristled brush; flossing4 times daily with soft-bristled brush; flossing
dailydaily
Daily topical fluoride Custom trays, brush-onDaily topical fluoride Custom trays, brush-on
prescription-strength fluorideprescription-strength fluoride
Frequent saline rinsesFrequent saline rinses
Lip moisturizer (non-petroleum based)Lip moisturizer (non-petroleum based)
Passive jaw-opening exercises to reduce trismusPassive jaw-opening exercises to reduce trismus
65. After radiotherapyAfter radiotherapy
Complete dental work that was deferred duringComplete dental work that was deferred during
radiotherapyradiotherapy
Maintain integrity of teeth Especially those inMaintain integrity of teeth Especially those in
radiation fieldsradiation fields
Frequent follow-upFrequent follow-up
67. Neoadjuvant ChemotherapyNeoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Use of chemotherapy prior to surgery orUse of chemotherapy prior to surgery or
Radiation Treatment.Radiation Treatment.
Intent is to improve local and distant control ofIntent is to improve local and distant control of
disease in order to provide greater organdisease in order to provide greater organ
preservation and overall survival.preservation and overall survival.
Neoadjuvant setting has advantage of drugNeoadjuvant setting has advantage of drug
delivary to the tumour with intact vasculature.delivary to the tumour with intact vasculature.
68. Neoadjuvant ChemotherapyNeoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Common drug combinations used are CisplatinCommon drug combinations used are Cisplatin
and 5FU, Docetaxel + Cisplatin + 5FU.and 5FU, Docetaxel + Cisplatin + 5FU.
Response rates is between 68 and 93 percent,Response rates is between 68 and 93 percent,
complete response is as high as 58 percent.complete response is as high as 58 percent.
Must be followed with definitive treatment likeMust be followed with definitive treatment like
surgery or RT.surgery or RT.
69. CONCURRENT CHEMORTCONCURRENT CHEMORT
Chemotherapy delivered during the course ofChemotherapy delivered during the course of
Radiation treatment.Radiation treatment.
Commonly used regimens are single agentCommonly used regimens are single agent
Cisplatin(Delivered weekly schedule), CisplatinCisplatin(Delivered weekly schedule), Cisplatin
+ 5FU.+ 5FU.
Intent is elimination of Micro metastases,Intent is elimination of Micro metastases,
Improved local control.Improved local control.
70. Palliative ChemotherapyPalliative Chemotherapy
Intent is to Control the symptoms Like pain ,Intent is to Control the symptoms Like pain ,
Bleeding etcBleeding etc
Used with single agent or combination.Used with single agent or combination.
72. EGFR(Epidermal Growth FactorEGFR(Epidermal Growth Factor
Receptor)Receptor)
Cell surface growth regulator expressed by two-thirds of allCell surface growth regulator expressed by two-thirds of all
human cancer cellshuman cancer cells
Upregulated in 98% of HNCUpregulated in 98% of HNC
EGFR expression has prognostic significanceEGFR expression has prognostic significance
(Ang 2002)(Ang 2002)
73. CetuximabCetuximab
Recombinant human/mouse chimeric Monoclonal antibody vsRecombinant human/mouse chimeric Monoclonal antibody vs
EGFREGFR
Binds EGFR, HER1, c-ErbB-1 on both normal and tumor cellsBinds EGFR, HER1, c-ErbB-1 on both normal and tumor cells
Blocks EGF and other ligand bindingBlocks EGF and other ligand binding
Binding to the EGFR blocks phosphorylation and activation ofBinding to the EGFR blocks phosphorylation and activation of
receptor-associated kinasesreceptor-associated kinases
Inhibits cell growth, induction of apoptosis, and decreases matrixInhibits cell growth, induction of apoptosis, and decreases matrix
metalloproteinase and vascular endothelial growth factormetalloproteinase and vascular endothelial growth factor
production.production.
75. Randomized Trial XRT versus
XRT + Erbitux
Radiation plus Erbitux
Radiation
N Engl J Med 2006; 354:567-578
76. Follow-upFollow-up
Clinical examination of head and neck mucosa (includingClinical examination of head and neck mucosa (including
fiberoptic ) and neck palpation / performance status /fiberoptic ) and neck palpation / performance status /
nutritional assessmentnutritional assessment
every 2 months (first 2 years),every 2 months (first 2 years),
every 6 months (years 3-5),every 6 months (years 3-5),
once a year (> 5 year)once a year (> 5 year)
Dental examination and orthopantomogram every 6 monthsDental examination and orthopantomogram every 6 months
Chest X-ray every yearChest X-ray every year
Chest spiral CT every yearChest spiral CT every year
Laboratory tests: TSH every year (if Radiotherapydelivered)Laboratory tests: TSH every year (if Radiotherapydelivered)
Evolution of late toxicity (EORTC/RTOG) scaleEvolution of late toxicity (EORTC/RTOG) scale
77. Salvage treatment for recurrentSalvage treatment for recurrent
diseasedisease
Lip, mobile tongue, floor of mouth:Lip, mobile tongue, floor of mouth:
T1 N0 :T1 N0 :
BrachytherapyBrachytherapy
SurgerySurgery
Any other T, any other NAny other T, any other N
Surgery + radical ND ± post-operative RxTh if not previouslySurgery + radical ND ± post-operative RxTh if not previously
delivereddelivered
RxThRxTh
Palliative carePalliative care
Metastasis :Metastasis :
Chemotherapy + best supportive careChemotherapy + best supportive care