The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Education - Vasant RamachandranVasant Ramachandran
Vasant Ramachandran discusses the role of artificial intelligence in education in this in-depth presentation. Fore more information, please visit VasantRamachandran.com!
Different testing requirements that mobile applications have, challenges and solutions Challenges 1. Complex mobile testing matrix, Expensive test environment 2. Repetitive testing 3. Mobile testing for devices located at various locations Solutions: • Risk Based Testing approach • Using Mobile device emulators • Use of Automation tools • Leveraging external services
Introduction to APIs & how to automate APIs testing with selenium web driver?BugRaptors
BugRaptors expertise in using selenium IDE, Selenium WebDriver. For web and mobile applications we work with selenium webdriver by using different frameworks. We extensively use selenium IDE and web driver to automate all types of projects from small to large complex projects.
With growth in app market it is essential to guard our android apps against possible threats, in this presentation we will walk through various tools and techniques which some one can use to reverse engineer an android app, we will see how some one can get access to APP DB, CODE, API, PREFERENCES.
We will also see different tools and techniques to guard our app against possible threats from code obfuscation with tools like dexgaurd to newer methods like verification of api calls using google play services.
This session was taken in Barcamp 13 bangalore http://barcampbangalore.org/bcb/bcb13/reverse-engineering-an-android-app-securing-your-android-apps-against-attacks
and bangalore android user group meetup Jan meetup http://www.meetup.com/blrdroid/events/100360682/
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Education - Vasant RamachandranVasant Ramachandran
Vasant Ramachandran discusses the role of artificial intelligence in education in this in-depth presentation. Fore more information, please visit VasantRamachandran.com!
Different testing requirements that mobile applications have, challenges and solutions Challenges 1. Complex mobile testing matrix, Expensive test environment 2. Repetitive testing 3. Mobile testing for devices located at various locations Solutions: • Risk Based Testing approach • Using Mobile device emulators • Use of Automation tools • Leveraging external services
Introduction to APIs & how to automate APIs testing with selenium web driver?BugRaptors
BugRaptors expertise in using selenium IDE, Selenium WebDriver. For web and mobile applications we work with selenium webdriver by using different frameworks. We extensively use selenium IDE and web driver to automate all types of projects from small to large complex projects.
With growth in app market it is essential to guard our android apps against possible threats, in this presentation we will walk through various tools and techniques which some one can use to reverse engineer an android app, we will see how some one can get access to APP DB, CODE, API, PREFERENCES.
We will also see different tools and techniques to guard our app against possible threats from code obfuscation with tools like dexgaurd to newer methods like verification of api calls using google play services.
This session was taken in Barcamp 13 bangalore http://barcampbangalore.org/bcb/bcb13/reverse-engineering-an-android-app-securing-your-android-apps-against-attacks
and bangalore android user group meetup Jan meetup http://www.meetup.com/blrdroid/events/100360682/
APIs used to be a technical implementation detail reserved for developers and architects. In the Web age, APIs make more business sense than ever before. This presentation gives a ring side view of How to Craft Business Strategy around APIs.
Data compression has increased by leaps and bounds over the years due to technical innovation, enabling the proliferation of streamed digital multimedia and voice over IP. For example, a regular cadence of technical advancement in video codecs has led to massive reduction in file size – in fact, up to a 1000x reduction in file size when comparing a raw video file to a VVC encoded file. However, with the rise of machine learning techniques and diverse data types to compress, AI may be a compelling tool for next-generation compression, offering a variety of benefits over traditional techniques. In this presentation we discuss:
- Why the demand for improved data compression is growing
- Why AI is a compelling tool for compression in general
- Qualcomm AI Research’s latest AI voice and video codec research
- Our future AI codec research work and challenges
Testing on Mobile Devices with Location ServicesSauce Labs
During this webinar we look into location services on Android and iOS real devices, as well as emulators and simulators.
We provide you with tips and tricks on when to change the mobile Geo-IP and when to change the mobile GPS, how to use ADB commands to enable the device location, and how to handle the location services permission alerts. We also discuss Appium capabilities for Location Services, using GeoLocation with Appium Desktop, and more.
Key takeaways:
- Understand what Location Services are
- Understand GPS compare to Geo-IP
- Know the Appium commands for Location Services
- The differences in the use of Location Services between Android and iOS
- Learn how to automate tests that involve Location Services
byteLAKE and Lenovo presenting Federated Learning at MWC 2019byteLAKE
byteLAKE and Lenovo presenting Federated Learning for IoT live on stage at #MWC19
• real time machine learning
• data stays on edge, only models travel beyond
• leverage on all local AI models across IoT distributed infrastructure
More at: https://www.bytelake.com/en/federated-learning/ and www.byteLAKE.com/en/MWC19
leewayhertz.com-Generative AI in manufacturing.pdfKristiLBurns
The manufacturing industry stands out as a prominent beneficiary, capitalizing on the advancements and potential of AI to enhance its processes and unlock new opportunities. Among the various types of AI, generative AI, known for its content creation and enhancement capabilities, is playing a significant and distinct role in shaping the advancement of manufacturing practices.
This document is answers to the mock test for ISTQB Agile Tester Extension Certification exam. Aspirants can evaluate their mock test using this document after attempting it.
Artificial intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines. The goals of artificial intelligence include learning, reasoning, and perception. AI is being used across different industries including finance and healthcare.
Introducing Spring Cloud Gateway and API Hub for VMware TanzuVMware Tanzu
SpringOne 2020
Introducing Spring Cloud Gateway and API Hub for VMware Tanzu
Alexey Nesterov, Software Engineer at VMware
Gareth Clay, Senior Member Technical Staff at VMware
For those to have a quick in technical and business insight of android and to promote open source I am uploading this presentation that I have delivered in multiple institutions.
APIs used to be a technical implementation detail reserved for developers and architects. In the Web age, APIs make more business sense than ever before. This presentation gives a ring side view of How to Craft Business Strategy around APIs.
Data compression has increased by leaps and bounds over the years due to technical innovation, enabling the proliferation of streamed digital multimedia and voice over IP. For example, a regular cadence of technical advancement in video codecs has led to massive reduction in file size – in fact, up to a 1000x reduction in file size when comparing a raw video file to a VVC encoded file. However, with the rise of machine learning techniques and diverse data types to compress, AI may be a compelling tool for next-generation compression, offering a variety of benefits over traditional techniques. In this presentation we discuss:
- Why the demand for improved data compression is growing
- Why AI is a compelling tool for compression in general
- Qualcomm AI Research’s latest AI voice and video codec research
- Our future AI codec research work and challenges
Testing on Mobile Devices with Location ServicesSauce Labs
During this webinar we look into location services on Android and iOS real devices, as well as emulators and simulators.
We provide you with tips and tricks on when to change the mobile Geo-IP and when to change the mobile GPS, how to use ADB commands to enable the device location, and how to handle the location services permission alerts. We also discuss Appium capabilities for Location Services, using GeoLocation with Appium Desktop, and more.
Key takeaways:
- Understand what Location Services are
- Understand GPS compare to Geo-IP
- Know the Appium commands for Location Services
- The differences in the use of Location Services between Android and iOS
- Learn how to automate tests that involve Location Services
byteLAKE and Lenovo presenting Federated Learning at MWC 2019byteLAKE
byteLAKE and Lenovo presenting Federated Learning for IoT live on stage at #MWC19
• real time machine learning
• data stays on edge, only models travel beyond
• leverage on all local AI models across IoT distributed infrastructure
More at: https://www.bytelake.com/en/federated-learning/ and www.byteLAKE.com/en/MWC19
leewayhertz.com-Generative AI in manufacturing.pdfKristiLBurns
The manufacturing industry stands out as a prominent beneficiary, capitalizing on the advancements and potential of AI to enhance its processes and unlock new opportunities. Among the various types of AI, generative AI, known for its content creation and enhancement capabilities, is playing a significant and distinct role in shaping the advancement of manufacturing practices.
This document is answers to the mock test for ISTQB Agile Tester Extension Certification exam. Aspirants can evaluate their mock test using this document after attempting it.
Artificial intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines. The goals of artificial intelligence include learning, reasoning, and perception. AI is being used across different industries including finance and healthcare.
Introducing Spring Cloud Gateway and API Hub for VMware TanzuVMware Tanzu
SpringOne 2020
Introducing Spring Cloud Gateway and API Hub for VMware Tanzu
Alexey Nesterov, Software Engineer at VMware
Gareth Clay, Senior Member Technical Staff at VMware
For those to have a quick in technical and business insight of android and to promote open source I am uploading this presentation that I have delivered in multiple institutions.
With a long list of features, Java is certainly the best programming language. But where is used in the real-world? Check out this post & find out the 7 real-world applications of Java.
Mobile Application Development and Testing, Perpetro Technologies Private Ltd is a fast growing organization operating out of India. Currently we are offering the below services to a number of organizations
Java will continue to persist despite all difficulties, but when it comes to opportunities, little comfort can be discovered in the fact that somewhere on some server Java code will always be running.
Just because React Native is one of the best cross-platform app development frameworks out there doesn’t mean you can use it for your project. Here you’ll learn about what you can use instead.
This topic aims to help you choose a backend tech stack for your digital product, and the options include Node.js and Java. Before you agree to hire dedicated node developers or Java developers, you must compare the two.
Android app development has witnessed significant evolution since its inception, with developers continually seeking efficient ways to build innovative applications. One of the most commonly debated topics in the realm of Android development is the necessity of Java. Historically, Java has been the primary programming language for Android development. However, with the emergence of alternative languages and frameworks, developers now have more options at their disposal. This document aims to explore whether Java is still indispensable for Android app development or if other languages and tools can effectively fulfill the requirements.
What is the reason linked in, yahoo, netflix, twitter, trello uses nodejs MoonTechnolabsPvtLtd
Node.JS first appeared in 2009. Since then, its environment has managed to carve a niche in various enterprises. Some of the most renowned and recognized brands are using it for their applications and websites. This fact is proof of the genuineness of the hype that surrounds Node. JS. Here you’ll learn why it’s popular among brands.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
3. Why Are We Here?
August 6, 2010
From: Tim Lindholm
To: Andy Rubin
“What we’ve actually been asked to do (by Larry and
Sergei) is to investigate what technical alternatives
exist to Java for Android and Chrome. We’ve been
over a bunch of these, and think they all suck. We
conclude that we need to negotiate a license for Java
under the terms we need.”
TX 10 at GOOGLE-12-10000022
3
10. Java Community Relies On Java Technology Components
Java Programming Language
Java APIs and Class Libraries
Java Virtual Machine
10
11. Sun Microsystems Invented Java
• Founded in 1982 in Santa Clara, CA.
• Developed and licensed Java technology since 1990s.
• Obtained key Java intellectual property.
• Created Java ecosystem and community process.
11
12. Oracle Now Owns Java
• In 2010, Oracle acquired Sun for $7.4 billion.
• Oracle was founded in 1977.
• Oracle is the world’s leading database company.
• Sun is now part of Oracle.
• Oracle is now responsible for the Java community.
12
13. Java was a major reason Oracle
acquired Sun
13
21. Google Recognized It Must Take A Java License
“Must take license from Sun”
“Google/Android, with support from
Tim Lindholm, negotiates the first
OSS J2ME JVM license with Sun”
TX 1 at GOOGLE-00-00001780
21
22. Google Chose A Path Leading To This Day
From: Andy Rubin
To: Larry Page
Sent: October 11, 2005
“If Sun doesn’t want to work with us, we have two options:
1) Abandon our work and adopt MSFT CLR VM and C# language
-or -
2) Do Java anyway and defend our decision, perhaps making enemies
along the way.”
TX 7 at GOOGLE-01-00019528
22
23. Google, Unwilling To Share Control With Sun, Decided To
Release Android Without Licensing Sun’s Java IP
From: Andy Rubin
To: Eric Schmidt
Sent: May 11, 2007
“I don’t see how we can work together and not
have it revert to arguments of control. I’m done
with Sun (tail between my legs, you were
right). They won’t be happy when we release our
stuff, but now we have a huge alignment with
industry, and they are just beginning.”
TX 207 at GOOGLE-01-00066909
23
24. Years Later, Google Still Needs Java Technology And A
Java License
From: Tim Lindholm
To: Andy Rubin
Sent: August 6, 2010
“What we've actually been asked to do (by Larry and
Sergei) is to investigate what technical alternatives
exist to Java for Android and Chrome. We've been
over a bunch of these, and think they all suck. We
conclude that we need to negotiate a license for Java
under the terms we need.”
TX 10 at GOOGLE-12-10000022
24
25. Java Technology and Licensing
Google’s Need for Java Technology and License
Google’s Infringement
What We Will Prove
25
27. Java Tackled New Challenges With Rise Of Internet
Application Developer End Users
Write Once, Run Anywhere
Write application once Run application on any
computer
In Java Using Java Virtual
Machine
27
28. Java Solution: Write Once, Run Anywhere
JVM JVM JVM
Application
Developer
Java’s Consistency Is Critical
28
29. Sun Created Java APIs And Class Libraries To Attract
Application Developers
• Java APIs and Class Libraries save
developers from having to write
program components from scratch
• Java APIs are blueprints for pre-
written program components
• Java Class Libraries are the
pre-written program components
29
30. Java APIs And Class Libraries Speed And Ease Software
Development
Application Developer End Users
Write Once, Run Anywhere
Write applications using Provide Java Class Libraries
Java APIs based on Java API designs
30
31. By 2005, Sun Achieved Widespread Adoption Of Java
TX 134 at GOOGLE-01-00018143
31
32. To Achieve Widespread Adoption, Sun Offered Many
Java Licenses
Example License Example Licensee
Technology License and IBM, Nokia,
Distribution Agreement (TLDA) WindRiver Systems
Sun Community Source Amazon, Hitachi,
License (SCSL) Motorola, Samsung
Stand Alone TCK (SATCK) BEA Systems,
License Panasonic, RIM, SAP
GPL open source license Red Hat Inc.
32
33. When Is A Java License Necessary?
Write applications in Java YES NO
programming language
Provide class libraries based YES NO
on Java API designs
Download Java software
YES NO
components
33
35. Java Technology and Licensing
Google’s Need for Java Technology and License
Google’s Infringement
What We Will Prove
35
36. Google Initiated Android Mobile Strategy In 2005
April 18, 2005
Android EMG M&A Review
“Android’s technology could be used to embed
Google into fastest growing global consumer product
– 178 million worldwide PC shipments in 2004
– 675 million mobile phones shipped during the
same period.”
TX 432 at GOOGLE-58-00048926
36
37. Google Needed To Enter Mobile Market Quickly
Google’s 10-K
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2005
“The number of people who access the Internet
through devices other than personal computers,
including mobile telephones, hand-held calendaring
and email assistants, and television set-top devices,
has increased dramatically in the past few years.”
“[I]f we are slow to develop products and
technologies that are more compatible with non-PC
communications devices, we will fail to capture a
significant share of an increasingly important portion
of the market for online services.”
TX 3215 at GOOGLE-03170076
37
38. Google Decided To Make Java Central To Android
From: Andy Rubin
To: Larry Page
Sent: October 11, 2005
“Android is building a Java OS. We are making Java
central to our solution because a) Java, as a
programming language, has some advantages
because it's the #1 choice for mobile development
b) There exists documentation and tools c) carriers
require managed code d) Java has a suitable
security framework.”
TX 7 at GOOGLE-01-00019527
38
39. Google Knew Adopting Java Would Attract Developers
To Android
“Supporting Java is the best way to September 28, 2006
harness developers” Google’s Presentation on
“Android Open Handset Platform”
“Fact…6M Java developers worldwide. Tools and
documentation exist to support app development
without the need to create a large developer
services organization. There exist many legacy
Java applications. The wireless industry has
adopted Java, and the carriers require its support.
Strategy: Leverage Java for its existing base of
developers.”
TX 158 at GOOGLE-01-00025584
39
40. Google Copied Java API Designs Because It Wanted To
Attract Developers To Android
From: Eric Chu
To: Joerg Pleumann
CC: Dan Bornstein
Sent: January 22, 2008
“We enable developers who are familiar with
programming in Java to leverage their skills to
quickly build Android apps. The APIs in Android
enable developers to build extremely capable
mobile apps that can rival what can be done on
a desktop….”
TX 238 at GOOGLE-02-00071778
40
42. Google Knew It Needed A Java License
From: Andy Rubin
To: Larry Page
Sent: October 11, 2005
“My proposal is that we take a license that specifically
grants the right for us to Open Source our product.
We’ll pay Sun for the license and the TCK.”
TX 7 at GOOGLE-01-00019527
42
43. Google Knew The License Was Critical
From: Tim Lindholm
To: Bill Coughran
CC: Andy Rubin
Sent: February 10, 2006
“As you might vaguely be aware, I have been
helping Andy Rubin with some issues associated
with his Android platform. This has mostly taken
the form of helping negotiate with my old team
at Sun for a critical license.”
TX 17 at GOOGLE-12-00006964
43
44. Google Hired Key Java Business, Licensing, And Technology
Employees From Sun
Tim Eric
Lindholm Schmidt
Joshua Eric
Bloch Chu
44
45. Google Knew: No Sun Deal, No Java
From: Eric Schmidt
To: Andy Rubin
Sent: May 14, 2006
“How are we doing on the Sun deal? Its it time
to develop a non-Java solution to avoid dealing
with them?”
TX 214 at GOOGLE-01-00081724
45
46. Google Made Java Central To Android
From: Brian Swetland
To: Andy McFadden
and others
Sent: August 16, 2006
“- we are building a java based system: that
decision is final.”
TX 23 at GOOGLE-04-00055098
46
48. Google, Unwilling To Share Control With Sun, Decided To
Release Android Without Licensing Sun’s Java IP
From: Andy Rubin
To: Eric Schmidt
Sent: May 11, 2007
“I don’t see how we can work together and not
have it revert to arguments of control. I’m done
with Sun (tail between my legs, you were
right). They won’t be happy when we release our
stuff, but now we have a huge alignment with
industry, and they are just beginning.”
TX 207 at GOOGLE-01-00066909
48
49. General Public License: How It Works
Developer Developers
Open Source
Community
Builds on
Information
49
50. Google Knew That Even Open Source Java Meant Google
Needed A License
From: Andy Rubin
To: Bob Lee
CC: Brian Swetland,
Dan Bornstein
Sent: August 11, 2007
“… and as far as GPL-ing the VM, everything that is linked with the VM would get
infected.
The problem with GPL in embedded systems is that it’s viral, and there is no way (for
example) OEMs or Carriers to differentiate by adding proprietary works. We are
building a platform where the entire purpose is to let people differentiate on top of it.
Finally, SUN has a different license for its library for SE and ME. The SE library is LGPL,
ME library is GPL. That means anything that links with the ME library gets infected. And
the SE library is not optimized for embedded systems.
Sun chose GPL for this exact reason so that companies would need to come back to
them and take a direct license and pay royalties.”
TX 230 at GOOGLE-02-00020474
50
51. Google Copied From Apache Harmony Knowing That It Was
Not Licensed
From: Bob Lee
To: Eric Schmidt
Sent: May 30, 2008
Lee wrote: “Sun puts field-of-use restrictions in the Java SE
TCK licenses which prohibit Java SE implementations from
running on anything but a desktop or server. These
restrictions prevent Apache Harmony from independently
implementing Java SE (Harmony can’t put those restrictions
on their own users and still Apache license the code) not to
mention Android (though that’s water under the bridge at
this point).”
Schmidt responded: “I’m not surprised by Sun’s position….”
TX 405 at GOOGLE-27-00002479
51
52. Google Tried To Conceal Its Use Of Java
From: Andy Rubin
To: Dick Wall
Sent: March 24, 2008
“1) Are we able to answer direct developer questions
about Android at the booth?
Yes. One-on-one only, please.”
“2) Can we demonstrate the tooling, emulator, developer
environment, etc?
Yes, one-on-one only please, where you know exactly who
you are talking to. Please don’t demonstrate to any sun
employees or lawyers.”
TX 29 at GOOGLE-01-00035931
52
53. Google Tried To Conceal Its Use Of Java
Sent: August 5, 2009
Sent: November 17, 2007 From: Dan Bornstein
From: Dan Bornstein To: Jesse Wilson
To: cjd@google.com Subject: How aggressive
Subject: Follow-up do we scrub the J word?
“How aggressive do we
scrub the J word?”
“Scrub out a few more J’s.”
“it would certainly make
our docs more consistent
if we omitted references
to J2SE and preferred
‘VM’ over ‘JVM.’”
TX 26 at GOOGLE-02-00052356 TX 233 at GOOGLE-02-00039715
53
55. Does Google Make Money From Android?
Q. I want to make sure I understand correctly.
It's your testimony that Google does not make
revenue off Android at all?
A. We do not make revenue off of the open
source platform, correct. We do not sell the
platform. We don't license the platform. It's
Andy Rubin licensed under an Apache open source license.
Individual Dep.
It's not a traditional software business. So the
75:12-76:2,
April 5, 2011 answer is no, we don't make money off of
licensing Android.
Q. That wasn't the question. The question is:
Do you make revenue off of Android? Not
licensing Android.
A. No, I don't believe we make money off
of Android.
55
56. Does Google Make Money From Android?
Q. I want to make sure I understand
correctly. It's your testimony that Google
does not make revenue off Android at all?
A. We do not make revenue off of the open
source platform, correct. We do not sell
the platform. We don't license the
platform. It's licensed under an Apache
open source license. It's not a traditional
software business. So the answer is no,
we don't make money off of licensing
Andy Rubin Android.
Individual Dep. Q. That wasn't the question. The question is:
75:12-72:2, Do you make revenue off of Android?
April 5, 2011 Not licensing Android.
A. No, I don't believe we make money off
of Android.
56
57. Android Activations and Models Since October 2008
(Millions) Number of Android Number of Models
Activations Released
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Oct
Aug
Oct
Aug
Oct
Aug
Oct
Nov
Feb
Apr
Mar
Sep
Nov
Feb
Apr
Mar
Sep
Nov
Feb
Apr
Mar
Sep
Nov
Feb
Mar
Dec
May
Jul
Dec
May
Jul
Dec
May
Jul
Dec
Jan
Jun
Jan
Jun
Jan
Jun
Jan
1 13 65 147 152
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 57
58. Actually, Android Is “Hugely Profitable” For Google
October 13, 2011
Google Inc. Q3 2011 Earnings Call
Eric Schmidt:
“…not only is there more searches, and
there’s more ads, but it’s also more
lucrative. So, on that basis alone, Android
is hugely profitable.”
Schmidt Quote From Q3 2011 Earnings Call
58
59. Java Technology and Licensing
Google’s Need for Java Technology and License
Google’s Infringement
What We Will Prove
59
61. The United States Constitution’s Copyright Clause
The United States Constitution
Article I, Section 8, Clause 8
empowers the United States Congress:
“To promote the progress of science
and useful arts, by securing for
limited times to authors and
inventors the exclusive right to their
respective writings and discoveries.”
61
62. Designing APIs Requires Creativity And Skill
“I find it very rewarding to design great APIs and
have people come to me years later and say,
wow, you know, the collections framework
changed my life.”
-Joshua Bloch, Google Chief Java Architect
& Former Designer of Sun Java APIs
(Bloch Dep. 92:13-93:16, July 8, 2011)
“Just as it’s hard to find people that are really
good at anything that’s hard, whether it be, you
know, being an artist, a football player, a concert
violinist. Those things are hard. This is
something that’s hard in the same way.”
-Google’s Copyright Expert
(Astrachan Dep. 128:9-13, Sept. 9, 2011)
62
64. What Google Copied
JAVA ANDROID
Google copied Java
API API API designs into
Android APIs
Google based Android
API CODE class libraries on
Java API designs
Google copied from
CODE CODE Java code into
Android code
64
69. Android Source Code Is Based On Java API Designs
API CODE
java.nio package java.nio;
public abstract class IntBuffer public abstract class IntBuffer
extends Buffer extends Buffer implements
implements Comparable<IntBuffer> Comparable<IntBuffer>
public static IntBuffer allocate public static IntBuffer allocate
(int capacity) (int capacity) {
69
71. The Copied Java API Designs And Documentation Span
Thousands Of Printed Pages
71
72. Google Employees Consulted Sun’s Copyrighted Java
Materials When Implementing Android
Q. Did you consult the Java docs when
doing your work on the API
implementations for Android?
A. Yes.
Q. Okay. And where did you obtain those
Bob Lee Java docs?
Individual Dep.
66:1-6, 17-19, A. They’re posted for free on Sun’s
Aug. 3, 2011 website…
* * *
Q. Did you observe any copyright notices
on the specifications?
A. Yes.
72
73. Google Knew It Needed A License For Copyrighted Java APIs
From: Andy Rubin
To: Greg Stein
Sent: March 24, 2006
“Ha, wish them luck. Java.lang api’s are
copyrighted. And Sun gets to say who
they license the tck to, and forces you to
take the ‘shared part’ which taints any
clean room implementation.”
TX 18 at GOOGLE-01-00018470
73
74. The Java Programming Language And The Java APIs Are
Different Things
Java APIs
Java Language
“‘Java may refer to three very different things: the Java programming language, the Java
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), or software source code that references and
implements the APIs.”
- Google Copyright Expert Owen Astrachan
74
76. Java Specification License Requirements Are Designed To
Avoid Fragmentation
License Requirements:
• Adhere to Java requirements
• Don’t do less or more than what
is required
• Do a “clean room” implementation
• License and pass compatibility
tests
TX 610 OAGOOGLE0100067301 at 5/jdk-1_5_0-doc/docs/relnotes/license.html
76
77. Google Understood That It Should Avoid Fragmenting Java
From: Andy Rubin
To: Larry Page
Sent: October 11, 2005
“My proposal is that we take a license that specifically
grants the right for us to Open Source our product.
We’ll pay Sun for the license and the TCK. Before we
release our product to the open source community
we'll make sure our JVM passes all TCK certification
tests so that we don't create fragmentation.”
TX 7 at GOOGLE-01-00019527
77
78. Android Fragmented Java
From: Rich Miner
To: Dave Burke
Sent: November 6, 2007
“Q48. Does Android support existing Java apps?
A. No.
Q49. Is Android Java compatible?
A. No.”
TX 383 at GOOGLE-24-00020892
78
81. Android Is Not A Clean Room Implementation
CODE CODE
rangeCheck() from Oracle java.util.arrays.java rangeCheck() from Android TimSort.java
private static void rangeCheck(int arrayLen, int fromIndex, int toIndex) { private static void rangeCheck(int arrayLen, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
if (fromIndex > toIndex) if (fromIndex > toIndex)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromIndex(" + fromIndex + throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromIndex(" + fromIndex +
") > toIndex(" + toIndex+")"); ") > toIndex(" + toIndex+")");
if (fromIndex < 0) if (fromIndex < 0)
throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(fromIndex); throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(fromIndex);
if (toIndex > arrayLen) if (toIndex > arrayLen)
throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(toIndex); throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(toIndex);
} }
Google Literally Copied Java Code
81
82. Android Is Not A Clean Room Implementation
Q. Do you have a recollection of accessing
Sun code while you were working on
TimSort?
A. I don't have a recollection, but I'm
perfectly willing to believe that I did.
Joshua Bloch
Individual Dep.
You know, I think the similarity of the
181:7-14, signature, the fact that, you know, the
July 8, 2011 three arguments are in the same order
and have the same name, you know, is a
strong indication that it is likely that I did.
Google Literally Copied Java Code
82
84. Sun Warned Oracle About Google/Oracle Battle
From: Jonathan Schwartz
To: Larry Ellison
Sent: April 20, 2009
“There’s obviously a lot we didn’t focus on during
the past (whirlwind) week… from the
instrumentation we’re building into our open
source assets (so they auto-generate data about
the millions of customers downloading them), to
the battles with Adobe Flash/Google Android,
Microsoft’s distribution dependencies, etc.”
TX 2362 at OAGOOGLE0003904946
84
85. Java Technology and Licensing
Google’s Need for Java Technology and License
Google’s Infringement
What We Will Prove
85
86. Why We Are Here
From: Tim Lindholm
To: Andy Rubin
Sent: August 6, 2010
“What we've actually been asked to do (by Larry
and Sergei) is to investigate what technical
alternatives exist to Java for Android and Chrome.
We've been over a bunch of these, and think they
all suck. We conclude that we need to negotiate a
August 6, 2010
license for Java under the terms we need.” concludes
Google internally
alternates to Java “suck”
and that Google needs to
TX 10 at GOOGLE-12-10000022
“negotiate a license for Java”
2010
86
87. Google Foreshadowed This Day
From: Andy Rubin
To: Larry Page
Sent: October 11, 2005
“If Sun doesn’t want to work with us, we have two
options: 1) Abandon our work and adopt MSFT CLR
VM and C# language - or - 2) Do Java anyway and
defend our decision, perhaps making enemies
along the way.”
October 2005 August 6, 2010
“making enemies along the way,” Google internally concludes
Google GOOGLE-01-00019528
TX 7 at chooses to base Android on Java
alternates to Java “suck”
and that Google needs to
“negotiate a license for Java”
2005 2010
87
88. Timeline
August 6, 2010
Google internally concludes
alternates to Java “suck”
and that Google needs to
“negotiate a license for Java”
October 2005 April 2009
June 1991 “making enemies along the Oracle “didn’t focus on...
Sun begins Oak project, way,” Google chooses to the battles with...
which evolves into Java base Android on Java Google Android”
July/August 2005 August 12,
Google acquires Android, Inc. 2010
Oracle files
December 2004 Complaint
Certificate of Copyright Registration issues to against
Sun for Java 2 Standard Edition, v. 5.0 Google
December 1992 May 2000 September 2004 October 2008 January
Sun applies for ’685 patent, PTO issues ’520 patent Sun releases Java 2 Google releases 2010
which is later reissued as ’104 patent assigned to Sun Standard Edition, v. 5.0 Android platform Oracle
acquires
October 2003 October 2008
Sun
Andy Rubin starts HTC releases HTC Dream,
Android, Inc. first Android phone
January 1996 April 2003 November 2007
Sun releases Java PTO issues ’104 patent Google releases
platform, v. 1.0.2. assigned to Sun Android Software
Development Kit
Aug 2005 – May 2006 Apr 2009
Sept – Nov 2008 Mar - Jul 2010
Google and Sun/Oracle negotiate over
use of Java in Android
88
89. Timeline
August 6, 2010
Google internally concludes
alternates to Java “suck”
and that Google needs to
“negotiate a license for Java”
October 2005 April 2009
June 1991 “making enemies along the Oracle “didn’t focus on...
Sun begins Oak project, way,” Google chooses to the battles with...
which evolves into Java base Android on Java Google Android”
July/August 2005 August 12,
Google acquires Android, Inc. 2010
Oracle files
December 2004 Complaint
Certificate of Copyright Registration issues to against
Sun for Java 2 Standard Edition, v. 5.0 Google
December 1992 May 2000 September 2004 October 2008 January
Sun applies for ’685 patent, PTO issues ’520 patent Sun releases Java 2 Google releases 2010
which is later reissued as ’104 patent assigned to Sun Standard Edition, v. 5.0 Android platform Oracle
acquires
October 2003 October 2008
Sun
Andy Rubin starts HTC releases HTC Dream,
Android, Inc. first Android phone
January 1996 April 2003 November 2007
Sun releases Java PTO issues ’104 patent Google releases
platform, v. 1.0.2. assigned to Sun Android Software
Development Kit
Aug 2005 – May 2006 Apr 2009
Sept – Nov 2008 Mar - Jul 2010
Google and Sun/Oracle negotiate over
use of Java in Android
89
90. What Google Said Before Lawsuit
Jul 26, 2005: “Must take license from Sun”
Oct 11, 2005: “We’ll pay Sun for the license and the TCK”
“We are making Java central to our solution”
Feb 10, 2006: “helping negotiate with my old team at Sun for a critical
license”
Mar 24, 2006: “Java.lang api’s are copyrighted”
Sept 28, 2006: “Leverage Java for its existing base of developers”
Nov 6, 2007: “Is Android Java compatible?...No.” What Will Google
Nov 17, 2007: “Scrub out a few more J’s” Tell You Now?
Mar 24, 2008: “Please don’t demonstrate to any sun employees or
lawyers”
Aug 5, 2009: “How aggressive do we scrub the J word?”
Aug 6, 2010: “technical alternatives…to Java for Android…suck”
“we need to negotiate a license for Java under the terms
we need”
Oct 13, 2011: “Android is hugely profitable”
90
91. What We Will Prove
• Google decided to copy Oracle’s Java intellectual
property for Android
• Google did so to leverage Java technology and
developer community
• Google knew it needed a license to use that
intellectual property
• Google took no license
• Google profits immensely
• Google is liable for infringement
91