The document describes several key tables used in supply chain management in Oracle Applications. MTL_SYSTEM_ITEMS is the base table for defining inventory, engineering, and purchasing items for each organization. MTL_SECONDARY_INVENTORIES defines valid subinventory locations for items. MTL_ITEM_CATEGORIES assigns items to categories within category sets. RCV_TRANSACTIONS contains data on all receiving transactions, including transaction types like deliver, reject, and return. These transaction tables can be linked to other tables like purchase orders and shipments.