Numerous government agencies worldwide are making big investments for developing information systems that open data they possess to the society, in order to be used for scientific, commercial and political purposes. It is therefore highly important to develop advanced open government infrastructures, which not only publish government data, but also provide support for the individual and collaborative value generation from them. It is also necessary, for both the ‘traditional’ and the advanced open government data infrastructures, to understand what value they create and how, and at the same time – since this is a relatively new type of information systems – to identify the main improvements they require, as well as, the infrastructure development priorities. Filling this research gap and following the Design Science research methodology five research questions were formulated further evolving this research field. A thorough literature review and a taxonomy creation conclude the main research areas of the Open Government Data (OGD) domain. Continuously, a model for a desk-based research was developed in order to analyse the current landscape of OGD infrastructures. Following the results of the above studies, a scenario-based design was applied in order to identify the requirements of the next generation infrastructures. Moreover, an evaluation framework and a value model have been developed driving to the next versions of the infrastructure. Finally, a new platform was realised and applied to the Greek context maximising the value for Collaborative and Individual use of OGD. Addressing the five basic research questions of this dissertation, different issues accrued and handled that are of major importance for the development of an OGD infrastructure. These issues have been discussed in the conclusions and were assimilated into the greater domain of OGD research articulating the future research.

1. Doctoral Dissertation
OPEN GOVERNMENT DATA INFRASTRUCTURES:
Research Challenges, Artefacts Design and Evaluation
CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS
Samos, December 2016
University of the Aegean
Department of Information and Communication Systems Engineering

2. Outline of the Presentation
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 2
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions &
Further
Research

3. Open Government Data (OGD)
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Open Government Data (OGD) is a subset of Public Sector
Information (PSI), relating to information produced and collected by
public bodies which is openly offered for re-use by administrations,
enterprises, researchers or citizens. OGD:
covers all aspects of life (e.g. meteorological, geospatial, health,
education, legal, traffic, financial)
can be a collection of different types (e.g. document, file, catalogue,
dataset)
may be offered in different digital forms (e.g. pdf, xls, xml, csv, rdf, gml)
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 3

4. The policy context: Digital Agenda 2020 and PSI Directive
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
EUR 28 Billion direct annual
turnover in the PSI Sector
8% annual growth
PSI Sector one of the faster
growing sectors of the EU economy
“fifth freedom”: the free
movement of knowledge
How Europe can Gain from the
Rising Tide of Data
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 4
The supply-driven approach is insufficient
Strong barriers regarding data relevance and
quality
The use of Open Data “intermediaries” is
more effective
Technical complexity (multilinguality, kind,
format, metadata) & Organizational barriers
Europe should build its innovative
advantage in key areas through reinforced e-
Infrastructures

5. Objectives: The Research Questions
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 5
1. Which are the main research challenges and opportunities for
OGD and how we can map them?
2. What is the current state-of-play in the OGD infrastructures
development?
3. What are the requirements and features for a new more
advanced generation of OGD platform?
4. Which are the existing evaluation models and how to evaluate
an OGD Initiative?
5. How to maximise value for Collaborative and Individual use of
OGD and how to apply it to the Greek context?

6. Structure and Contribution
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 6

7. RQ1: Research Areas
WHICH ARE THE MAIN RESEARCH CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
FOR OGD AND HOW WE CAN MAP THEM?
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 7

8. Method: Descriptive Theories
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 8
Step 1: Analysis of
government policy
documents
Step 2: Analysis of
papers proposing OGD
research
categorizations
Step 3: Construction of
OGDRAT first version
Step 4: EGRL literature
search and review
Step 5: Construction of
OGDRAT second version
Step 6: Workshop
organization – feedback
collection
Step 7: Construction of
OGDRAT final version

9. OGDRAT: 1st Level
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 9

10. OGDRAT: 2nd Level
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 10

11. Ranking of OGD research topics based on EGRL
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 11

12. Answering RQ1: state-of-the-art in OGD research
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 12
The OGD research domain is still
in its early stages, so it is
important to identify the
challenges and opportunities
Despite its significance and
the political support at EU
level, many challenges remain
open for member states
Different disciplines have
different uses for OGD
Current capacities to conduct
research with OGD remain
lacking
An infrastructure should integrate multiple and
diverse tools and resources and will enhance
thus the effectiveness and quality of e-
government research
The study reveals the interesting thematic
‘richness’ of the OGD research domain
o technological and non-technological
o publishing of government datasets and also their usage
by various actors
Limitations
o Projects
o Libraries
o Policy and legal Issues && Data Anonymisation Methods

13. RQ2: OGD Sources
WHAT IS THE CURRENT STATE-OF-PLAY IN THE OGD
INFRASTRUCTURES DEVELOPMENT?
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 13

14. OGD Sources
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 14
Stage 1: Identification of
OGD Sources
Stage 2: Formulation of
Analysis Framework
Stage 3: Data Collection
Stage 4: Data Processing
1 Borough of Trafford (UK) Open Data Catalog
2 Central Bureau of Statistics 11 Global Health Data Exchange
3 Data Gov UK 12 Hellenic Statistical Authority
4 Data.gov 13 INSPIRE Geo-portal
5 Deutschland API 14 Israel Government Sharing Site
6 Diavgeia Gov (Cl@rity) 15 Israel Land Administration
7 EUR-Lex 16 United Nations Data
8 European Environment Agency Data Service 17 Warwickshire Open Data
9 General Secretariat of Information Systems 18 World Bank's Open Data initiative
10 Geospatial Governmental Data

15. Analysis Framework
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 15
Stage 1: Identification of
OGD Sources
Stage 2: Formulation of
Analysis Framework
Stage 3: Data Collection
Stage 4: Data Processing
 Datasets Discovery
 Data Provision
 Language
 Visualizations
 Feedback
 Web Server
 CMS/Platform
 User Interface (UI)
 Data Format
 API
Functional Perspective Technological Perspective

16. Analysis Framework
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 16
Stage 1: Identification of
OGD Sources
Stage 2: Formulation of
Analysis Framework
Stage 3: Data Collection
Stage 4: Data Processing
 5-stars Berners Lee’s Rating
Scheme
* make your stuff available on the web
** make it available as structured data
*** using non-proprietary format
**** use URLs to identify things, so
that people can point at your stuff
***** link your data to other people’s
data to provide context
 RDF-compliance
 5-stars Maturity Scheme of
Metadata Management
* Metadata Ignorance
** Scattered or Closed Metadata
*** Open Metadata for Humans
**** Open Reusable Metadata
***** Linked Open Metadata
 Data License
Semantic Perspective

17. Analysis Framework
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 17
Stage 1: Identification of
OGD Sources
Stage 2: Formulation of
Analysis Framework
Stage 3: Data Collection
Stage 4: Data Processing
 2 primary investigators
 2 additional researchers when
a conflict on a value occurs
 Percentages of uses and new
technologies

18. Answering RQ2: Consolidated view of utilities / functions of OGD infrastructures
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 18
Type Function(s)
Data
Provision
View data in HTML
Export data tables in embedded HTML code
View data in data tables with advanced filtering/pivoting capabilities
Map
Chart
Visualization
View geospatial data on map
Choose underlying map layer (e.g.Google maps, Bing maps, ArcGIS)
Spatial Mashups
View google data mashups on map
Dynamically create charts. Define columns, data sources, etc
Support for many chart types (pie, bar charts,etc)
Save current view
Data comparisons (time-line based comparisons, comparison on specific fields, etc.)
Feedback
Rate datasets
Comment on Datasets
Request Dataset forms
View popular demands / vote best data requests
Type Function(s)
Data
acquisition
A “Submit Datasets” web form where users (authorized or not) can upload data to
the portal
A Dataset Management System (DMS) to facilitate users to organize and maintain
their dataset submissions via a web-based user interface
Datasets
Catalog /
Discover
Autocomplete free text search
Browse through Categories
Faceted Search
SPARQL query
Yahoo! Query Language (YQL) queries
Advanced Query building (using all available data fields + conditional clauses)
Browse through interactive map
Browse data through charts
Simple Document list
View popular / new searches
Data
Provision
Download data as a file
Select Export file format (different from original format)

19. Answering RQ2: Consolidated view of technologies
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 19
Specification / Utility Technologies
Metadata standards
Dublin Core, CKAN, INSPIRE
ESRI ArcGIS Metadata – MXD
OECD metadata, UN comtrade metadata
Health Data Exchange (GHDx)
Euro-SDMX, SDMX, CSMD
Linked Data
RDF Support, N-Triple stores, SPARQL Support
Custom tools by Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute (RPI) to transform CSV to RDF, Linked
Data Mashups
Supported Data
formats
Html, pdf, xls, doc, csv, xml, RDF, ppt, rtf , JSON
object, kml, kmz, mxd, tiff, png,ods,zip, tsv,txt
CMS / Platform
Drupal, Socrata, MediaWiki, Wordpress, Plone,
Joomla, PostGIS, CKAN engine
Specification / Utility Technologies
User Interface / Web
Technologies
Html, Adobe Flash, JQuery, JavaExts, Struts
MVC framework / Java, PHP (Joomla),
Python, MooTools, SOBI 2, ExtJS, JSP,
Prototype, script.aculo.us, Microsoft
ASP.NET, Nginx, Varnish
Piwik, Adobe Flex
Mashups /
Visualizations
Google Maps, Bing Maps, ArcGIS
OpenLayers , GeoEx, OpenStreetMap
MapFIsh and MapServer, Google Charts
API
RESTful Web Services
CKAN API
API query builder (code generation tool)

20. RQ3: Requirements
WHAT ARE THE REQUIREMENTS AND FEATURES FOR A NEW MORE
ADVANCED GENERATION OF OGD PLATFORM?
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 20

21. Scope
On a very abstract level: define logical system boundaries (Black-Box-View)
Detect relevant roles of the systems and their communications
Detect all types of usage, all types of operated infrastructures, incoming data
etc. Every type of use became a use case
Identify the beginning events or actions that start the use case
Define the conditions and constraints that will stop or end a use case
Design the Use Cases will be designed in UML and describe them textually
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 21

22. Scenario-based design
Use Case Description
Goal
Topic
Primary Actors and
Roles
Secondary Actors and
Roles
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 22
Data sets
Data Services
Data owners
Data Access Rights
Data Formats
Metadata formats
Nationalities and
Languages involved
Trigger
Pre-condition list
Post-conditions list
Primary Flow
Error Flow
Additional
Requirements list
Notes & Outstanding
Issues
Use Case/ Flow Chart Diagrams (UML)

23. Scenarios at a glance…
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 23
Nr Scenario Public Servant Researcher Citizen
Initialscenarios
SC-01
Storing or linking (making accessible), Annotating and Visualising a PS data
set
x
SC-02
Getting the ENGAGE metadata specifications (for applying them in my own
systems)
x
SC-03 Getting useful information (through browsing datasets or visualisations) x x
SC-04 Getting data for my research work x
SC-05 Linking my system with ENGAGE, for uploading data x
SC-06 Linking my system with ENGAGE, for downloading data x x
SC-07 Storing data in draft form (to be further curated) x x
SC-08 Put data and annotate them according to ENGAGE standard and my needs x x
IFIP-eGov
SC-09 Put my needs for Public Sector data x x
SC-10 Get information and training on metadata, open data, ENGAGE platform x x x

24. SC-04: Getting data for my research work
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 24

25. SC-04: Getting data for my research work
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 25

26. Open Data Workshop - Deliberation
Two questionnaires were distributed and
answered by participants:
The first questionnaire targeted the rating
of 8 (then) scenarios. From the results of
the rating exercise, 2 more scenarios were
added to the list (the training and insight
scenario) and the 10 final scenarios were
prioritized and extended
A second questionnaire discussed the
important features of a service
infrastructure for open data, indicating that
the most important issues are:
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 26
1 for more important Rating
SC-03
Getting useful information (through browsing datasets
or visualisations)
1
SC-01
Storing or linking (making accessible), Annotating and
Visualising a PS data set
2
SC-04 Getting data for my research work 3
SC-02
Getting the ENGAGE metadata specifications (for
applying them in my systems)
4
SC-06 Linking my system with ENGAGE, for downloading data 5
Key Feature
Planned
coverage
Ensure quality and authenticity of data **
Standardise Metadata ***
Convince Public Sector Officials **
Provide Multi-country datasets / Language / Multiliguality ***
Provide linked data sets **

27. Final Requirements List:Classical Functionality
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 27
Functionality Stakeholder Description
1 Data Publication/upload Provider Support for publication/upload of datasets to the providers
2 Data Modeling Provider Capabilities of flat metadata descriptions (based on a specific
metadata models)
3 Data Search User Simple search via keywords, resource format, publisher, topic
categories and countries
4 Data Visualisation User Simple visualisation techniques on specific datasets (maps,
charts)
5 Data Download User Data and metadata downloading capabilities – also provision
of API for this purpose

28. Final Requirements List:Advanced Functionality (1/4)
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 28
Functionality Stakeholder Description
1 Grouping and
Interaction
Provider/ User Capabilities for
(a) searching for and finding other users/providers having similar interests with me in order
to have information and knowledge exchange and cooperation,
(b) forming groups with other users/providers having similar interests with me in order to
have information and knowledge exchange and cooperation,
(c) maintaining datasets/working on datasets within one group,
(d) communicating with other users/ providers through messages in order to exchange
information and knowledge and
(e) getting immediately updated about the upload of new versions and enrichments of
datasets maintained/worked on within the group, or new relevant items (e.g. publications,
visualizations, etc.).
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions

29. Final Requirements List:Advanced Functionality (2/4)
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 29
Functionality Stakeholder Description
2 Data Processing Provider/ User Capabilities for
(a) data enrichment - i.e. adding new elements - fields,
(b) for metadata enrichment - i.e. fill in missing fields,
(c) for data cleansing - e.g. detecting and correcting ubiquities in a dataset, matching text
names to database IDs (keys) etc.,
(d) converting datasets to another format,
(e) submitting various types of items - e.g. visualisations, publications - related to a dataset
and
(f) datasets combination and Mash-ups.
3 Data Enhanced
Modeling
Provider/ User Capabilities for description of flat, contextual and detailed metadata of any
metadata/vocabulary model.
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions

30. Final Requirements List:Advanced Functionality (3/4)
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 30
Functionality Stakeholder Description
4 Feedback and
Collaboration
Provider/ User Capabilities
(a) to communicate our own thoughts and ideas on the datasets to the other users and the
providers of them through comments I enter on them,
(b) to read interesting thoughts and ideas of other users on the datasets through comments
they enter on them,
(c) to express our own needs for additional datasets that would be interesting and useful to
me,
(d) to get informed about the needs of other users for additional datasets and
(e) to get informed about datasets extensions and revisions.
5 Data Quality Rating User Capabilities to (a) communicate to the other users and the providers the level of quality of the
datasets that I perceive, (b) get informed on the level of quality of the datasets perceived by
other users through their ratings
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions

31. Final Requirements List:Advanced Functionality (4/4)
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 31
Functionality Stakeholder Description
6 Data Linking Provider/ User Capabilities of data and metadata linking to other ontologies in the Linked Open Data
Cloud. Capabilities of querying data and metadata through Sparql Endpoints
7 Data Versions
Publication/upload
Provider/ User Support for publication/upload of new versions of the existing datasets, and connection
with previous ones and initial datasets
8 Advanced Data
Visualisation
User Advanced visualisation techniques on specific datasets and/or datasets mash-ups (maps,
charts, plots and other)
9 Advanced Data
Search
User Multilingual search based on thesauri and advanced metadata schema
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions

32. RQ4: Evaluation
WHICH ARE THE EXISTING EVALUATION MODELS AND HOW TO
EVALUATE AN OGD INITIATIVE?
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 32

33. IS Evaluation: Methodological Approach
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 33

34. Evaluation Model for Users
Ease of Use Experience
Performance
Data Search &
Download Capabilities
Data Provision
Capabilities
Accompl.
Users’
Objectives
Use
Future
Behaviour
Users’ Data
Analysis Capabilities
Samos, 6/12/2016 34CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Efficiency Level
Effectiveness
Level
Fut. Behavior
Level

35. Evaluation Model for Providers
Ease of Use
Experience
Performance
Providers’ Data
Analysis Capabilities
Data Upload
Capabilities
Accompl.
Providers’
Objectives
Use
Future
Behaviour
Samos, 6/12/2016 35CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Efficiency Level
Effectiveness
Level
Fut. Behavior
Level

36. Evaluation Procedure
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 36
Achieving
Sustainable
Interest
Accomplishing
ENGAGE
technical
Objectives
Overall Impact
• Usability TestExternal
• Qualitative discussionExternal
• Experts QuestionnaireExternal
• Experts QuestionnaireInternal
• Online MetricsExternal
• Online User
QuestionnaireExternal
• Internal Experts SWOT
AnalysisInternal

37. Overall Impact
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 37
Accomplishing Technical Objectives Score
ENGAGE USPs – Experts’ Questionnaire 78,54 %
Usability of the ENGAGE platform – Usability
Test 76,51 %
Platform Capabilities – Online Users’
Questionnaire 60,5 %
Total 71,85 %
Achieving Sustainable Interest Score
Users’ Interest – Web Analytics 90 %
Users’ General Satisfaction – Online Users’
Questionnaire 61,4 %
Users’ Perceived Usefulness – Usability Test 78,19 %
Total 76,53 %
Version 1.0
Version 2.0

38. Value Generation Algorithm
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 38
Value Dimension Alpha
Data Provision Capabilities (DPV) 0.834
Data Search and Download Capabilities (DSD) 0.805
User-level Feedback Capabilities (UFB) 0.770
Ease of Use (EOU) 0.716
Performance (PER) 0.719
Data Processing Capabilities (DPR) 0.811
Data Upload Capabilities (DUP) 0.858
Provider-level Feedback Capabilities (PFB) -
Support for Achieving User-level Objectives
(SUO)
0.843
Support for Achieving Provider-level
Objectives (SPO)
-
Future Behaviour (FBE) 0.876
Regression Models R2
SUO model (8 indep. variables) 0.776
SPO model (8 indep. variables) 0.599
FBE model (2 indep. variables) 0.412
FBE model (10 indep. variables) 0.647

39. Value Measures
Samos, 6/12/2016 39CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
 41 value measures (all layers)
 35 for the 1st layer
• 14 common value measures
• 15 value measures for users
• 06 value measures for providers
 These value measures was then converted to a question to be
included in questionnaires to be distributed to stakeholders
 A five point Likert scale is used to measure agreement or
disagreement
 132 participants from all target groups

40. Value Model for Prosumers:
2nd Generation Infra
Samos, 6/12/2016 40CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS
Data Provision
Capabilities
3.03
Data Search & Download
Capabilities
3.03
User-level Feedback
Capabilities
2.97
Ease of Use
3.35
Performance
2.15
Data Processing
Capabilities
3.27
Data Upload Capabilities
2.93
Provider-level Feedback
Capabilities
3.44
Support for Achieving
User Object.
3.17
Support for Achieving
Provider Obj.
3.12
Future Behaviour
3.19
0.624
0.489
0.639
0.760
0.651
0.307
0.680
0.730
0.479
0.379
0.135
0.632
0.735

41. Evaluation Results: Mapping for decision support
Samos, 6/12/2016 41CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Lower Ratings
Group
Higher Ratings
Group
data provision
capabilities
data search-
download cap.
data upload
capabilities
performance
provider-level
feedback cap.
ease of use
data processing
capabilities
user-level feedback
capabil.
Lower Impact
Group
Higher Impact
Group
data provision
capabilities
user-level feedback
capab.
performance
provider-level
feedback cap.
data processing
capabilities
ease of use
data search-
download cap.
data upload
capabilities

42. Evaluation Results: the important features of OGD infrastructures
Samos, 6/12/2016 42CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
1. bring stakeholders together
2. provide rich metadata
3. enable data quality assessment
4. ensure trust, security and critical mass
5. have an appropriate revenue model
6. provide use cases, training and support
7. provide technical support: open data processing tools
8. provide a full API for machine-to-machine operation
9. target multiple nationalities

43. RQ5: Marketplace
HOW TO MAXIMISE VALUE FOR COLLABORATIVE AND INDIVIDUAL
USE OF OGD AND HOW TO APPLY IT TO THE GREEK CONTEXT?
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 43

44. The Concept: 3rd Generation of OGD Infrastructures
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 44
University of the Aegean

45. Basic Modules
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 45
Vision, Mission,
Communication,
Use Cases
Administration/
Index of Users
(citizens &
businesses)
Application
Registry
Web Service
Registry
Subscribe an App
Subscribe a Web
Service
Instructions for
Application
Development –
Design Studio
Semantic Assets
(Codelists for
sectors, types of
apps, platforms
etc.)
Open Data
Sources Registry
Declare your
need for web
service
Relative sites
(open data, gov,
communities)
Declare your
need for app
Web and mobile operation: compatibility with all
platforms
Mobile friendliness for all operating systems and
devices
The basic language is Greek / English version is
under development
Social media-like user interface
Maintenance without further development
Three user roles: visitors, registered users,
moderators
Rating and comments capabilities for applications,
data and web services from registered users and
visitors
Integration with Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn
social media platforms (users can use their own
accounts for publishing their comments)

46. Re-usable Assets Milestones
Registration of open government applications developed by
citizens and businesses
Gathering of available open data and web services (public
sector)
Voluntary development of open, free applications
Promotion of new technologies in open government
mobile devices (mobile platforms)
open web services
open governmental data
Provision of training in the use of open data and services
for applications development
Support the cooperation between citizens, government and
businesses
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 46
Name, URL, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn
and Google+ reservation
Basic functionality for all modules
Basic codelists for metadata fields
descriptions
50 registered apps following the
developed metadata prototype
15 registered web services following
the developed metadata prototype
22 registered open data sources
following the developed metadata
prototype
50 registered users
Cooperation with other initiatives

47. Conclusions & Further Research
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 47

48. An extended OGD Life-Cycle
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 48
Life Cycle Stage Tools Methods
Create / Gather
Sensors, RFID, IS, Human, Connection
with already gathered open data
Automated data creation
Manual data entry
Linking with Open Data Portals
Pre-process
Detailed Metadata Standards
Evaluation Metrics and Models
Maturity Matrices
Conceptualisation; Structuring
Anonymisation; Evaluation
Curate
LOD Refine External Tool
Individual / Native Tools
Metadata Refinement
Change Data Format; Data Cleansing
Store / Obtain Repository and Data Centre Versioning, Data Linking
Publish Upload Capability
Licensing
Intellectual Property Rights
Retrieve / Acquire
Multilingual Search techniques
Download capabilities
Open Access
3-layer Metadata Schema
Process
External Data Processing tool
LOD Refine External Tool
Data enrichment
Create Linked Open Data
Different Datasets combination
Use
Internal & External Visualisation tool
Statistical Packages
Linking with external artefacts
Statistical Analysis
Map, Chart, Plot Visualisation
Collaborate
Collaboration Space and Workflow
Web 2.0 Capabilities and Tools
Declare Need
Exchange notes/emails/ideas
Data Quality Rating; Create Groups of
common interests; Requests on Open Data

49. A maturity model for OGD e-Infrastructures
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 49
Traditional OGD Infrastructures Advanced OGD Infrastructures
Time Point Zero 1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation
Internet presence
OGD existence in silos
accessed by application
OGD web presence OGD web presence OGD web presence
Functionality N/A Basic Web 1.0 Advanced Web 2.0 Supporting value creation
Type N/A
OGD direct provision
portals
OGD direct provision &
OGD aggregators
OGD aggregators,
Collaboration Spaces
Stakeholders
Distinction between Data
Providers and Data Users
Distinction between Data
Providers and Data Users
Data
Procumers
Data
Procumers
License Custom or N/A Custom or N/A CC share-alike CC share-alike
Format .xls, .pdf html, .xls, .pdf + .csv + URLs + Linked data
Metadata
Metadata Ignorance or
Closed Metadata
Metadata Ignorance or
Closed Metadata
Open Metadata for Humans or
Open Reusable Metadata
Linked Open Metadata
Open Government
level
Initial: Information
broadcasting
Data
Transparency:
processes and performance
Open participation: Data quality,
Public feedback, conversation,
voting, Interactive
communications, Crowd-sourcing
Open Collaboration:
Interagency and with the
public, Co-creating value-
added services

50. Multi-disciplinary Research Based on OGD
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 50
Societal Challenge ICT-enabled Governance
Research Topic
OGD Research Topic Neighbouring Scientific
Domain
Language divide
and lack of cross-
communities
communication
 Language and Cultural
Interoperability
 Metadata for OGD
 Multilinguality
 Controlled Vocabularies
and Codelists Preservation
 Information Intelligence
 Computer Science
(Translation tools)
 Behavioural sciences
Anticipating
unexpected crises
 Social – Economic
Simulation Models
 Policy Modelling
 Process Optimization for
OGD (Accurate provision)
 Semantic Annotation
 Organisational
Interoperability
 Sensor-generated open
data
 Social and economic
sciences
Enhanced collective
cognitive intelligence
(human / ICT-
enabled) for better
Governance
 Modelling and Simulation
 Policy Analysis
 Identity Management
 OGD Mining
 Citizen-generated open
data
 Visualization
 Information Management
 Economics
 Mathematics
 Sociology
 Computer Science

51. Further Developments – OGD Co-creation
The Collaborative Service Design Studio
◦ (a) design and create their own applications and
◦ (b) to create mashup applications, combining already existing applications and web
services
The Public Value Services Marketplace
◦ offers the created personalized services under commercial terms. It implements the
vision where governments, citizens, and businesses in Europe mutually benefit
from services of public value
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 51
Introduction
Overall
Methodology
RQ1: Research
Areas
RQ2: OGD
Sources
RQ3:
Requirements
RQ4:
Evaluation
RQ5: Market
Place for GR
Conclusions

52. Author’s Publications: Journal papers
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 52
1. Alexopoulos, C., Loukis, E., & Charalabidis, Y. (2016). A methodology for
determining the value generation mechanism and the improvement
priorities of open government data systems. Journal of Computer Science
and Information Systems, 13(1), 237-258.
2. Charalabidis, Y., Alexopoulos, C., & Loukis, E. (2016). A Taxonomy of Open
Government Data Research Areas and Topics. Journal of Organizational
Computing and Electronic Commerce, 26(1-2), 41-63.
3. Alexopoulos, C., Loukis, E., Mouzakitis, S., Petychakis, M., & Charalabidis, Y.
(2015). Analysing the Characteristics of Open Government Data Sources in
Greece. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-33.
4. Alexopoulos, C., Loukis, E., & Charalabidis, Y. (2014). A Platform for Closing
the Open Data Feedback Loop based on Web2. 0 functionality. JeDEM-
eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government, 6(1), 62-68.
Impact
Factor
Publisher
0.640 ComSIS
0.596
Taylor &
Francis
0.423
Springer
US
Open Access DU Krems

53. Author’s Publications: Conference papers
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 53
1. Charalabidis, Y., Alexopoulos, C., Diamantopoulou, V., & Androutsopoulou, A.
(2016, January). An open data and open services repository for supporting
citizen-driven application development for governance. In Proceedings of the
49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (pp. 2596-
2604)
2. Zuiderwijk, A., Loukis, E., Alexopoulos, C., Janssen, M., & Jeffery, K. (2014, May).
Elements for the development of an open data marketplace. In Proceedings of
the Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government (p. 309)
3. Charalabidis, Y., Loukis, E., & Alexopoulos, C. (2014, January). Evaluating second
generation open government data infrastructures using value models. In
Proceedings of the 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
(HICSS) (pp. 2114-2126)
4. Alexopoulos, C., Spiliotopoulou, L., & Charalabidis, Y. (2013, September). Open
data movement in Greece: A case study on open government data sources.
In Proceedings of the 17th Panhellenic Conference on Informatics (pp. 279-286).
5. Alexopoulos, C., Loukis, E., Charalabidis, Y., & Zuiderwijk, A. (2013, June). An
Evaluation Framework for Traditional and Advanced Open Public Data e-
Infrastructures. In Edited by W. Castelnovo and E. Ferrari. In Proceedings of the
13th European Conference on Egovernment (pp. 102-111).
6. Alexopoulos, C., Loukis, E., Charalabidis, Y., & Tagkopoulos, I. (2012, October). A
Methodology for Evaluating PSI E-infrastructures Based on Multiple Value
Models. In Proceedings of the 16th Panhellenic Conference on Informatics (pp.
37-43).
HICSS IEEE SJR: 0,221
CeDEM IEEE Open Access
HICSS IEEE SJR: 0,221
PCI ACM SJR: 0,151
ECEG
academic-
conferences
SJR: 0,113
PCI IEEE SJR: 0,151

54. Author’s Publications: other
Samos, 6/12/2016 CHARALAMPOS ALEXOPOULOS 54
Workshop papers
Alexopoulos, C., Zuiderwijk, A., Charalabidis, Y., & Loukis, E., (2014). Closing the open public data
feedback loop: the ENGAGE platform. SHARE-PSI Workshop (Lisbon).
Alexopoulos, C., & Charalabidis, Y., (2015). Realising an Open Data Marketplace in Greece. SHARE-
PSI Workshop (Timisoara).
Chapters in Books
Alexopoulos, C., Zuiderwijk, A., Charalabidis, Y., Loukis, E., & Janssen, M. (2014). Designing a second
generation of open data platforms: integrating open data and social media. In Electronic
Government (pp. 230-241). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Charalabidis, Y., Lampathaki, F., Alexopoulos, C., Kokkinakos, P., & Koussouris, S. (2012). A
Classification of Future Internet Enterprise Systems Projects. In Enterprise Interoperability V (pp.
249-258). Springer London.
Book Authorships
Charalabidis Y., Zuiderwijk A., Alexopoulos C., Janssen M., (Aug. 2017). The world of Open Data.
Palgrave Macmillan. (forthcoming)