This document discusses object-oriented programming (OOP) and its key concepts. It describes how OOP models real-world objects and their interactions through classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and message passing. The document traces the evolution of programming paradigms from procedural to object-oriented and outlines the basic building blocks of OOP like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

1. OOPOOPObject Oriented ProgrammingObject Oriented Programming
By : Tauseef Ahmad (107)

2. Evolution of OOPEvolution of OOP
1,0
Machine Language
Assembly Language
Procedure-Oriented
Object-Oriented Programming

3. Procedure-OrientedProcedure-Oriented
• The primary focus is on functions.
• It basically consist of list of instructions for computer
to follow, and to organize these instructions into
groups known as functions.

4. Structure of POPStructure of POP
[Procedure oriented programming][Procedure oriented programming]
Main Program
Function-1 Function-2 Function-3
Function-4 Function-5
Function-6 Function-7 Function-8

5. Drawbacks of POPDrawbacks of POP
• Most of the function share global data.
• It does not model real world problem very well.
Global data Global data
Function-1 Function-1 Function-1
Local Data Local Data Local Data

6. Object-Oriented LanguagesObject-Oriented Languages
• Object-oriented programming is not the right of any
particular language.
• Like structured programming, OOP concept can be
implemented using any language like C and
Pascal.

7. Object-Oriented ParadigmObject-Oriented Paradigm
• Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a
programming paradigm that uses "Objects" and
their interactions to design applications and
computer programs.
• Everything around us are objects interacting with
each others.
• Each object has a set of features, including
adjectives and verbs.
• Object-oriented paradigms is sometimes thought to
be a simulation of the real-world around us, which
make it the paradigm of choice for most
application domains: GUIs, games, business, etc.

8. Basic concepts of OOPBasic concepts of OOP
• Objects
• Classes
• Data Abstraction and Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Dynamic Binding
• Message Passing

9. ObjectsObjects
• Objects are the run-time entities.
• It may represent a person, a place, a bank
account, a table of data or any item.
• Objects take up space in the memory and have an
associated address like a structure in c.
• Some examples : car, man, woman etc

10. ClassesClasses
• A class is an abstract definition of an object.
• Defines how would the object look like when
created.
• Think of classes like the patents of actual inventions.

11. EncapsulationEncapsulation
• Wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit
is known as Encapsulation.
• Encapsulation is hiding the functional details from
the object calling it.
• Can you drive a car?
o Yes, I can!
• So, how does acceleration work?
o Huh?
• Details encapsulated (hidden) from the driver.

12. Data AbstractionData Abstraction
• Abstraction refers to the act of representing
essential features without including the background
details or explanation.
• An abstraction is a form of representation that
includes only what is useful or interesting from a
particular viewpoint.
• Example : A map is an abstract representation,
since no map shows every detail of the territory it
covers

13. InheritanceInheritance
• Inheritance is the process by which objects of one
class acquire the properties of objects of another
class.
name
phoneNumber
address
hourlyWage
WageContract()
CalculateTax()
PayTuition()
DropCourse()
Professor
name
phoneNumber
address
salary
TeachCourse()
CalculateTax()
DevelopCourse()
OR
Employee
name
phoneNumber
address
CalculateTax()
SupportStaff Professor
TeachCourse()
DevelopCourse()
salary
Subclasses
WageContract()
hourlyWage
SupportStaff

14. InheritanceInheritance
Man
Suzuki
Woman
BMW
Car Human

15. PolymorphismPolymorphism
int add(int a, int b, int c)
{
return (a+b+c); It will return addition
} of 3 integer numbers
int add(int a,int b)
{
return (a+b); It will return addition
} of 2 integer numbers
float add(float a, float b, float c)
{
return (a+b+c); It will return addition
} of 3 float numbers

16. PolymorphismPolymorphism
• Polymorphism is a Greek term means the ability to
take more than one form.
Shape
Draw()
Circle Object
Draw (circle)
Box Object
Draw (box)
Triangle Object
Draw (triangle)

17. Message PassingMessage Passing
• The process by which an object:
o Sends data to another object.
o Asks the other object to invoke a method.
• In other words, objects talk to each others via
messages.

18. 18
Object and Their InteractionObject and Their Interaction
Program

19. 19
Object and Their InteractionObject and Their Interaction
Program
Tom, hold your sweep!

20. 20
Object and Their InteractionObject and Their Interaction
Program
Tom, hold your sweep!
Tom, beat jerry!

21. 21
Object and Their InteractionObject and Their Interaction
Program
Tom.holdYourSweep()
Tom.BeatJerry()
IN PROGRAMMING

22. 22
Object and Their InteractionObject and Their Interaction
Program
Tom.holdYourSweep()
Tom.BeatJerry()
IN PROGRAMMING
message

23. 23
Object and Their InteractionObject and Their Interaction
Program
Tom.holdYourSweep()
Tom.BeatJerry()
IN PROGRAMMING
message
message