This document summarizes the development and in vitro evaluation of novel sulphonamide compounds as potential antimalarial drugs. Specifically:
1) Novel sulphonamide compounds were designed and synthesized based on the structures of bepotastine and sulphonamides.
2) In vitro screening showed several compounds inhibited the asexual development of Plasmodium falciparum parasites at low micromolar concentrations, particularly during late-stage parasite development.
3) The most potent compounds were further evaluated, with three inhibiting parasite growth below 4 μM, while demonstrating low toxicity to mammalian cells.
Triclosan is an antibacterial agent found in many household products that is studied for its potential mutagenic and toxic effects. The study tested whether triclosan is mutagenic using two E. coli strains in an assay with and without liver enzyme activation. Results showed triclosan did not induce reverse mutations, indicating it is not mutagenic. However, HPLC analysis found new peaks when triclosan was reacted with liver enzymes, suggesting metabolism produces derivatives. The study supports further testing triclosan's effects at ecological concentrations on aquatic life and humans with significant exposure.
We conducted a high-throughput screening of 2 million compounds to identify new inhibitors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the transglycosylase enzyme. This strategy led to the identification of 252 compounds with anti-MRSA activity below 0.1 μg/ml. Further screening identified a salicylanilide-based core that inhibited lipid II polymerization by transglycosylase. Modeling analysis revealed potential binding sites on transglycosylase for the salicylanilide compounds. We developed an assay using a fluorophore-labeled lipid II substrate and muramidase digestion to evaluate transglycosylase inhibition activity. This work suggests new non-carbohydrate
This is Part 2 of a presentation on Genetic Toxicology that was given by Dr. David Kirkland to scientific staff at Health Canada in Nov. 2010. Part 1 is availabile here in ppt and as a webinar at the LinkedIn DABT CE group link
The Ames test is a bacterial mutagenicity test that uses strains of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria to determine if a chemical is mutagenic. It is based on the principle of reverse mutation, where auxotrophic mutant bacteria that cannot synthesize the amino acid histidine are exposed to a test chemical. If the chemical is mutagenic, it can induce a reverse mutation in the histidine gene, allowing the bacteria to grow in a histidine-deficient medium. The test involves mixing the chemical with rat liver enzymes before incubating it with the bacterial strains, and counting the number of colonies formed, with more colonies indicating higher mutagenicity. The Ames test is a fast, inexpensive way to screen
The document summarizes the Ames test, which is used to determine if a chemical is mutagenic or carcinogenic. It works by mixing bacteria that require histidine to grow with the test chemical and rat liver enzymes. If the chemical causes a reverse mutation allowing bacteria to grow without histidine, it is considered mutagenic. The test is important for screening chemicals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other substances before human use due to its low cost and ability to identify many carcinogens. However, it also has limitations as some carcinogens may not be detected.
This document discusses the Ames test, which is used to determine if chemicals are mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic. It describes how the Ames test works using a histidine-requiring strain of salmonella bacteria that is exposed to test chemicals - if mutations occur that allow bacterial growth, the chemical is considered mutagenic. The document provides background on Bruce Ames who developed the test, and explains the process and applications of the Ames test in determining cancer risk from chemicals, and its use in biotechnology and industry.
Immunogenicity analysis of triterpene glycoside from holothuria atra to detec...UniversitasGadjahMada
The objective of this study is to assess the role of triterpene glycoside of Holothuria atra to induce the Fas and Bcl-2-regulated apoptosis in Supri’s Clone 1 (Sp-C1) cell of tongue carcinoma. The triterpene glycoside of H. atra was isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The Sp-C1 cell of tongue carcinoma was cloned by Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium and cytotoxicity assay by 3-4-5-dimethylthiazol-2yl 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Expression Fas and Bcl-2 protein were analysed by immunocytochemistry also apoptosis detected by double staining ethidium bromide acridine. The datum of studied was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), significance (p<0.05), and strength correlation (p<0.001) with R=1. The H. atra has triterpene glycoside, and in the dose of 4 mg/ml, it has been cytotoxic activities on the Sp-C1 (p<0.05), mortality 80%; inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50)=0.6 and anti-logarithm = 4. In general, the concentration of 2.5 mg/ml of triterpene glycoside has triggered the expression of Fas protein (active, 71%; moderate, 10%; and no-active, 27%), whereas the Bcl-2 protein (active, 59%; moderate, 14%; and no-active 27%). Statistically, both expressions of protein were significant (p<0.05). Triterpene glycoside caused the apoptosis of Sp-C1 cell (strong, 87%, and moderate, 13%). In conclusion,the triterpene glycoside has the properties of cytotoxicity, and apoptosis in the SP-C1 cell also could be triggering the expression of Fas and Bcl-2 proteins.
This study developed methods to measure immune response in reduced volumes of feline whole blood. Lymphocyte proliferation was measured in response to mitogens like ConA, PHA, and PMA/Ionomycin. Flow cytometry was used to identify lymphocyte populations like CD21+ B-cells, CD5+/CD4+ T-helper cells, and CD5+/CD8+ T-cytotoxic cells in whole blood. Phagocytosis was also successfully measured in whole blood using pHrodo-labeled E. coli bioparticles. These assays were refined to require only 2ml of blood while still obtaining reproducible results, supporting the 3Rs principles of reducing animal use. The methods provide a way to investigate innate
Triclosan is an antibacterial agent found in many household products that is studied for its potential mutagenic and toxic effects. The study tested whether triclosan is mutagenic using two E. coli strains in an assay with and without liver enzyme activation. Results showed triclosan did not induce reverse mutations, indicating it is not mutagenic. However, HPLC analysis found new peaks when triclosan was reacted with liver enzymes, suggesting metabolism produces derivatives. The study supports further testing triclosan's effects at ecological concentrations on aquatic life and humans with significant exposure.
We conducted a high-throughput screening of 2 million compounds to identify new inhibitors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the transglycosylase enzyme. This strategy led to the identification of 252 compounds with anti-MRSA activity below 0.1 μg/ml. Further screening identified a salicylanilide-based core that inhibited lipid II polymerization by transglycosylase. Modeling analysis revealed potential binding sites on transglycosylase for the salicylanilide compounds. We developed an assay using a fluorophore-labeled lipid II substrate and muramidase digestion to evaluate transglycosylase inhibition activity. This work suggests new non-carbohydrate
This is Part 2 of a presentation on Genetic Toxicology that was given by Dr. David Kirkland to scientific staff at Health Canada in Nov. 2010. Part 1 is availabile here in ppt and as a webinar at the LinkedIn DABT CE group link
The Ames test is a bacterial mutagenicity test that uses strains of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria to determine if a chemical is mutagenic. It is based on the principle of reverse mutation, where auxotrophic mutant bacteria that cannot synthesize the amino acid histidine are exposed to a test chemical. If the chemical is mutagenic, it can induce a reverse mutation in the histidine gene, allowing the bacteria to grow in a histidine-deficient medium. The test involves mixing the chemical with rat liver enzymes before incubating it with the bacterial strains, and counting the number of colonies formed, with more colonies indicating higher mutagenicity. The Ames test is a fast, inexpensive way to screen
The document summarizes the Ames test, which is used to determine if a chemical is mutagenic or carcinogenic. It works by mixing bacteria that require histidine to grow with the test chemical and rat liver enzymes. If the chemical causes a reverse mutation allowing bacteria to grow without histidine, it is considered mutagenic. The test is important for screening chemicals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other substances before human use due to its low cost and ability to identify many carcinogens. However, it also has limitations as some carcinogens may not be detected.
This document discusses the Ames test, which is used to determine if chemicals are mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic. It describes how the Ames test works using a histidine-requiring strain of salmonella bacteria that is exposed to test chemicals - if mutations occur that allow bacterial growth, the chemical is considered mutagenic. The document provides background on Bruce Ames who developed the test, and explains the process and applications of the Ames test in determining cancer risk from chemicals, and its use in biotechnology and industry.
Immunogenicity analysis of triterpene glycoside from holothuria atra to detec...UniversitasGadjahMada
The objective of this study is to assess the role of triterpene glycoside of Holothuria atra to induce the Fas and Bcl-2-regulated apoptosis in Supri’s Clone 1 (Sp-C1) cell of tongue carcinoma. The triterpene glycoside of H. atra was isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The Sp-C1 cell of tongue carcinoma was cloned by Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium and cytotoxicity assay by 3-4-5-dimethylthiazol-2yl 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Expression Fas and Bcl-2 protein were analysed by immunocytochemistry also apoptosis detected by double staining ethidium bromide acridine. The datum of studied was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), significance (p<0.05), and strength correlation (p<0.001) with R=1. The H. atra has triterpene glycoside, and in the dose of 4 mg/ml, it has been cytotoxic activities on the Sp-C1 (p<0.05), mortality 80%; inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50)=0.6 and anti-logarithm = 4. In general, the concentration of 2.5 mg/ml of triterpene glycoside has triggered the expression of Fas protein (active, 71%; moderate, 10%; and no-active, 27%), whereas the Bcl-2 protein (active, 59%; moderate, 14%; and no-active 27%). Statistically, both expressions of protein were significant (p<0.05). Triterpene glycoside caused the apoptosis of Sp-C1 cell (strong, 87%, and moderate, 13%). In conclusion,the triterpene glycoside has the properties of cytotoxicity, and apoptosis in the SP-C1 cell also could be triggering the expression of Fas and Bcl-2 proteins.
This study developed methods to measure immune response in reduced volumes of feline whole blood. Lymphocyte proliferation was measured in response to mitogens like ConA, PHA, and PMA/Ionomycin. Flow cytometry was used to identify lymphocyte populations like CD21+ B-cells, CD5+/CD4+ T-helper cells, and CD5+/CD8+ T-cytotoxic cells in whole blood. Phagocytosis was also successfully measured in whole blood using pHrodo-labeled E. coli bioparticles. These assays were refined to require only 2ml of blood while still obtaining reproducible results, supporting the 3Rs principles of reducing animal use. The methods provide a way to investigate innate
This experiment screened 29 compounds for their potential as anti-cancer drugs. An MTT assay identified 6 compounds that were cytotoxic at 20 μM, including BA-2, Doxo, Indibulin, TMCOS11, TMK05, and Colchicine. IC50 values were determined for these compounds, with TMK05, TMCOS11, Doxo, Indibulin and BA-2 ranging from 1.1 to 17.9 μM. A caspase assay and DNA fragmentation test showed that Colchicine, Doxo, and TMK05 induce apoptosis through caspase 3/7 activation, while TMK05, Doxo, TMCOS11, and Indibulin cause DNA fragmentation, also indicating apoptosis
In-Vitro and In-Vitro antiinflammtory activity of proton pump inhibitorsShital Magar
This study evaluated the in-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory effects of various proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) including omeprazole, lansoprazole, and esomeprazole. In-vitro, the PPIs reduced viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages and inhibited release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 when stimulated with LPS. In-vivo, the PPIs reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and pain responses in a dose-dependent manner by inhibiting nitric oxide and cytokine production. The results demonstrate the PPIs have significant anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of cytokines both
This presentation includes the basic knowledge of Ames Test with a lot of understandable knowledge. I hope all the finders liked it and also remember me in your precious Dua. Thank You!
This document describes the synthesis and anticancer activity of novel 1,2,3-triazole derivatives tethered to a 1,2-benzisoxazole scaffold. Specifically:
- Compounds were synthesized via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition between benzisoxazole-3-azide and various alkynes.
- The most potent compound, PTB, showed low micromolar anticancer activity against acute myeloid leukemia cell lines via apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest.
- PTB was found to inhibit histone deacetylases, leading to increased acetylation of histone H3 and tubulin, as well as upregulation of p21
In-vitro evaluation techniques of anticancer, anti oxidant, anti microbial ZakiyaUsmani
This document discusses various in vitro methods used to evaluate potential anti-cancer and antioxidant compounds, as well as antimicrobial activity. It describes cytotoxicity assays such as MTT, SRB, clonogenic assays and dye exclusion tests that are used to study anti-cancer activity against cell lines. Methods to evaluate antioxidant activity in vitro include DPPH radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical scavenging assays. Diffusion and dilution methods are discussed for determining antimicrobial activity of compounds in vitro prior to animal studies.
1) The research tested 25 pyrazoline derivative compounds for their ability to inhibit the growth of the intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica.
2) The results showed that series 1a and 1b were the most effective at inhibiting trophozoite growth, with certain compounds performing better than the drug metronidazole.
3) The most promising individual inhibitors were compounds 5 and 14, which showed greater effectiveness than metronidazole at inhibiting growth over time at both tested concentrations.
The role of surface charge of ISCOMATRIX nanoparticles on the type of immune ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
ISCOMATRIX vaccines have now been shown to induce strong antigen-specific cellular or humoral immune responses to a broad range of antigens of viral, bacterial, parasite or tumor. In the present study, we investigated the role of ISCOMATRIX charge in induction of a Th1 type of immune response and protection against Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice.
Materials and Methods:
Positively and negatively charged ISCOMATRIX were prepared. BALB/C mice were immunized subcutaneously, three times with 2-week intervals, with different ISCOMATRIX formulations. Soluble Leishmania antigens (SLA) were mixed with ISCOMATRIX right before injection. The extent of protection and type of immune response were studied in different groups of mice.
Results:
The group of mice immunized with negatively charged ISCOMATRIX showed smaller footpad swelling upon challenge with L. major and the highest IgG2a production compared with positively charged one. The mice immunized with positively charged ISCOMATRIX showed the lowest splenic parasite burden compared to the other groups. Cytokine assay results indicated that the highest level of IFN- γ and IL-4 secretion was observed in the splenocytes of mice immunized with negatively charged ISCOMATRIX as compared to other groups.
Conclusion:
The results indicated that ISCOMATRIX formulations generate an immune response with mixed Th1/Th2 response that was not protective against challenge against L. major.
1) The study investigated the role of efflux pumps in clarithromycin- and moxifloxacin-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains by testing the efficacy of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs).
2) For moxifloxacin-resistant strains, EPIs reduced the MIC more for strains with an Asp-91 mutation (73%) than an Asn-87 mutation (14%). For clarithromycin strains, EPIs reduced the MIC for 75% of strains overall.
3) The results indicate efflux pumps contribute to clarithromycin and moxifloxacin resistance in H. pylori, but their involvement may depend on specific mutations present
1) Adamantyl-tethered-biphenylic compounds were synthesized and found to induce apoptosis in cancer cells.
2) Compound 30-(adamantan-1-yl)-40-methoxy-[1,10-biphenyl]-3-ol (AMB) showed cytotoxic activity against hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines without harming normal cells.
3) AMB was found to target and downregulate anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins like Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, leading to cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells.
Biological screening of herbal drugs for anti cancer activityshafna hussain
This document summarizes several methods for screening potential anti-cancer compounds in vitro and in vivo. It describes assays to test compounds' effects on cell viability, growth, and metabolism in cell cultures, including trypan blue dye uptake, [3H]thymidine uptake, and MTT dye conversion assays. For in vivo models, it mentions using chemically-induced cancer in rats to test compounds' effects on tumor doubling time and growth. Common carcinogens mentioned are dimethylhydrazine and 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea used to induce colorectal and breast cancers in rat models respectively.
This document discusses various methods for testing the mutagenicity of chemicals, including both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell systems. It describes the Ames test which uses Salmonella bacteria to identify mutagens, as well as other prokaryotic methods like the host-mediated assay and coliform assay. Eukaryotic methods discussed include the Saccharomyces forward mutation assay, mammalian cell tests, and in vivo assays like the micronucleus test and dominant lethal assay. The document provides details on the procedures and principles of many of these important mutagenicity testing methods.
The document compares the structure, function, and kinetics of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) between humans and the parasite Trypanosoma brucei, which causes African sleeping sickness. Researchers successfully induced mMDH in T. brucei, as confirmed by Western blot analysis, laying the groundwork for comparing kinetics between the human and parasite enzymes. However, due to time limitations, the kinetics experiments were not completed.
This study evaluated the in vitro skin phototoxicity of cosmetic formulations containing photounstable and photostable UV filters (octyl methoxycinnamate, benzophenone-3, avobenzone, octyl salicylate, 4-methylbenzilidene camphor) and vitamin A palmitate using two tests: the 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test and the Human 3-D Skin Model In Vitro Phototoxicity Test. Avobenzone showed pronounced phototoxicity and vitamin A showed a tendency toward weak phototoxic potential. A synergistic effect of vitamin A palmitate on the phototoxicity of combinations containing avobenzone was observed
This document discusses the preclinical evaluation of anticancer agents. In vitro cytotoxicity studies are conducted first using various assays like MTT, SRB, dye exclusion tests, etc. on cancer cell lines. Promising compounds are then evaluated in in vivo tumor models using mice. Acute toxicity studies in mice and dogs help determine the safe starting dose for clinical trials. Various tumor models used include chemically induced cancers like DMBA-induced mouse skin papillomas and MNU-induced rat mammary gland cancer, as well as transplantable murine and human tumor models. Together, these preclinical studies aim to identify candidate anticancer agents and guide their safe entry into clinical trials.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.2
neoplastic progression through the action of viral oncoproteins, mainly E6 and E7.Cervical cancer remains the second
most common cancer in women worldwide with India as a major contributor to global burden with an annual incidence of
132,000 new cases and mortality rate of 74,000 deaths annually. In this study turmeric, neem, tulasi and ginger were
selected as natural anticancer drugs. The objective of the study was to analyze the anticancer property of turmeric
(Curcuma longa), neem (Azadirachta indica), tulasi (Occimum sanctum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) on HeLa cells.
Turmeric, neem, tulasi and ginger capsules (Himalaya’s Company) were used and aqueous and methanolic extracts of the
turmeric, neem, tulasi and ginger were obtained using a soxhlet extraction. To check the efficacy of these drug MTT assay
was performed, that determines % viability and/or cytotoxicity. IC50 of aqueous turmeric, neem, tulasi and ginger extracts
in case of HeLa cells were 17.8, 22, 79.4, 27.86 respectively and in case of methanolic turmeric, neem, tulasi and ginger
extracts 17, 7.35, 75.24 and 16.1 respectively. To confirm apoptosis as the sole reason behind cell death
immunofluorescence based apoptosis assay was performed using TALI image based cytometer. The study has led to
postulate hypothesis that natural drugs e.g. turmeric, neem, tulasi and ginger are potent anti-cancer compound that are
capable of inhibiting the growth of immortal cells by apoptosis. Key-words- Cervical cancer, Human papillomavirus (HPV), Oncoproteins E6 and E7, Natural compounds, HeLa cell
line (adherent), Cell viability and MTT assay, Apoptosis assay
The arrangement of the large (70,000 Mr) and small (30,000 Mr) subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in the mitochondrial inner membrane was investigated using limited proteolysis and immunoblotting. Both subunits were resistant to proteinase treatment when the inner membrane integrity was preserved, suggesting neither subunit is exposed at the cytoplasmic surface. The small subunit appears to protrude into the matrix compartment, as it is extensively degraded but no membrane-associated fragment is observed. The large subunit interacts with the matrix side via two distinct domains that are detected as stable membrane-associated fragments after proteinase treatment, though one domain can be further degraded. This suggests the large subunit membrane interaction occurs via two regions,
This document summarizes a study on using nanocurcumin to mitigate toxicities caused by the chemotherapy drug cisplatin in rats. The study synthesized nanocurcumin particles between 10-20nm in size and tested their ability to reduce cisplatin-induced damage in brain, bone marrow, sperm, and blood cells of treated rats. Results showed nanocurcumin was effective in reducing oxidative stress, genetic damage and abnormalities caused by cisplatin, demonstrating its potential for managing cisplatin side effects. Further analysis of liver, kidney, heart and histopathological effects is ongoing.
This document summarizes a study that synthesized lipid carriers containing the anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) and tested their efficacy on HeLa and HCT116 cells. The carriers were around 200 nm in size. Treatment with 1 μM Dox delivered via the new carriers decreased survival of resistant HeLa cells by over 50%, while the blank carriers did not impair survival of sensitive HCT116 cells. This validated assay shows potential for determining efficacy of drug delivery systems.
This document describes the preparation of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) via a simple and energy efficient solution combustion synthesis method using sucrose as a fuel. The synthesized SCS-Bi2O3 is characterized and found to have high surface area and porosity. This SCS-Bi2O3 is then used as an effective base-catalyst for Suzuki-coupling reactions of various halopyridines and boronic acids in aqueous medium. Some of the coupled heterocyclic compounds show anti-cancer activity against human hepatoma cancer cells. The SCS-Bi2O3 catalyst can be recycled and reused at least three times without significant loss of activity.
Sabrina Ho, radiant in a floor-length white gown offset by a sparkling, custom-designed Chopard tiara and earrings, apparently complied, playing the role of beautiful young debutante with aplomb.
This experiment screened 29 compounds for their potential as anti-cancer drugs. An MTT assay identified 6 compounds that were cytotoxic at 20 μM, including BA-2, Doxo, Indibulin, TMCOS11, TMK05, and Colchicine. IC50 values were determined for these compounds, with TMK05, TMCOS11, Doxo, Indibulin and BA-2 ranging from 1.1 to 17.9 μM. A caspase assay and DNA fragmentation test showed that Colchicine, Doxo, and TMK05 induce apoptosis through caspase 3/7 activation, while TMK05, Doxo, TMCOS11, and Indibulin cause DNA fragmentation, also indicating apoptosis
In-Vitro and In-Vitro antiinflammtory activity of proton pump inhibitorsShital Magar
This study evaluated the in-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory effects of various proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) including omeprazole, lansoprazole, and esomeprazole. In-vitro, the PPIs reduced viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages and inhibited release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 when stimulated with LPS. In-vivo, the PPIs reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and pain responses in a dose-dependent manner by inhibiting nitric oxide and cytokine production. The results demonstrate the PPIs have significant anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of cytokines both
This presentation includes the basic knowledge of Ames Test with a lot of understandable knowledge. I hope all the finders liked it and also remember me in your precious Dua. Thank You!
This document describes the synthesis and anticancer activity of novel 1,2,3-triazole derivatives tethered to a 1,2-benzisoxazole scaffold. Specifically:
- Compounds were synthesized via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition between benzisoxazole-3-azide and various alkynes.
- The most potent compound, PTB, showed low micromolar anticancer activity against acute myeloid leukemia cell lines via apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest.
- PTB was found to inhibit histone deacetylases, leading to increased acetylation of histone H3 and tubulin, as well as upregulation of p21
In-vitro evaluation techniques of anticancer, anti oxidant, anti microbial ZakiyaUsmani
This document discusses various in vitro methods used to evaluate potential anti-cancer and antioxidant compounds, as well as antimicrobial activity. It describes cytotoxicity assays such as MTT, SRB, clonogenic assays and dye exclusion tests that are used to study anti-cancer activity against cell lines. Methods to evaluate antioxidant activity in vitro include DPPH radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical scavenging assays. Diffusion and dilution methods are discussed for determining antimicrobial activity of compounds in vitro prior to animal studies.
1) The research tested 25 pyrazoline derivative compounds for their ability to inhibit the growth of the intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica.
2) The results showed that series 1a and 1b were the most effective at inhibiting trophozoite growth, with certain compounds performing better than the drug metronidazole.
3) The most promising individual inhibitors were compounds 5 and 14, which showed greater effectiveness than metronidazole at inhibiting growth over time at both tested concentrations.
The role of surface charge of ISCOMATRIX nanoparticles on the type of immune ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
ISCOMATRIX vaccines have now been shown to induce strong antigen-specific cellular or humoral immune responses to a broad range of antigens of viral, bacterial, parasite or tumor. In the present study, we investigated the role of ISCOMATRIX charge in induction of a Th1 type of immune response and protection against Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice.
Materials and Methods:
Positively and negatively charged ISCOMATRIX were prepared. BALB/C mice were immunized subcutaneously, three times with 2-week intervals, with different ISCOMATRIX formulations. Soluble Leishmania antigens (SLA) were mixed with ISCOMATRIX right before injection. The extent of protection and type of immune response were studied in different groups of mice.
Results:
The group of mice immunized with negatively charged ISCOMATRIX showed smaller footpad swelling upon challenge with L. major and the highest IgG2a production compared with positively charged one. The mice immunized with positively charged ISCOMATRIX showed the lowest splenic parasite burden compared to the other groups. Cytokine assay results indicated that the highest level of IFN- γ and IL-4 secretion was observed in the splenocytes of mice immunized with negatively charged ISCOMATRIX as compared to other groups.
Conclusion:
The results indicated that ISCOMATRIX formulations generate an immune response with mixed Th1/Th2 response that was not protective against challenge against L. major.
1) The study investigated the role of efflux pumps in clarithromycin- and moxifloxacin-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains by testing the efficacy of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs).
2) For moxifloxacin-resistant strains, EPIs reduced the MIC more for strains with an Asp-91 mutation (73%) than an Asn-87 mutation (14%). For clarithromycin strains, EPIs reduced the MIC for 75% of strains overall.
3) The results indicate efflux pumps contribute to clarithromycin and moxifloxacin resistance in H. pylori, but their involvement may depend on specific mutations present
1) Adamantyl-tethered-biphenylic compounds were synthesized and found to induce apoptosis in cancer cells.
2) Compound 30-(adamantan-1-yl)-40-methoxy-[1,10-biphenyl]-3-ol (AMB) showed cytotoxic activity against hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines without harming normal cells.
3) AMB was found to target and downregulate anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins like Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, leading to cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells.
Biological screening of herbal drugs for anti cancer activityshafna hussain
This document summarizes several methods for screening potential anti-cancer compounds in vitro and in vivo. It describes assays to test compounds' effects on cell viability, growth, and metabolism in cell cultures, including trypan blue dye uptake, [3H]thymidine uptake, and MTT dye conversion assays. For in vivo models, it mentions using chemically-induced cancer in rats to test compounds' effects on tumor doubling time and growth. Common carcinogens mentioned are dimethylhydrazine and 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea used to induce colorectal and breast cancers in rat models respectively.
This document discusses various methods for testing the mutagenicity of chemicals, including both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell systems. It describes the Ames test which uses Salmonella bacteria to identify mutagens, as well as other prokaryotic methods like the host-mediated assay and coliform assay. Eukaryotic methods discussed include the Saccharomyces forward mutation assay, mammalian cell tests, and in vivo assays like the micronucleus test and dominant lethal assay. The document provides details on the procedures and principles of many of these important mutagenicity testing methods.
The document compares the structure, function, and kinetics of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) between humans and the parasite Trypanosoma brucei, which causes African sleeping sickness. Researchers successfully induced mMDH in T. brucei, as confirmed by Western blot analysis, laying the groundwork for comparing kinetics between the human and parasite enzymes. However, due to time limitations, the kinetics experiments were not completed.
This study evaluated the in vitro skin phototoxicity of cosmetic formulations containing photounstable and photostable UV filters (octyl methoxycinnamate, benzophenone-3, avobenzone, octyl salicylate, 4-methylbenzilidene camphor) and vitamin A palmitate using two tests: the 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test and the Human 3-D Skin Model In Vitro Phototoxicity Test. Avobenzone showed pronounced phototoxicity and vitamin A showed a tendency toward weak phototoxic potential. A synergistic effect of vitamin A palmitate on the phototoxicity of combinations containing avobenzone was observed
This document discusses the preclinical evaluation of anticancer agents. In vitro cytotoxicity studies are conducted first using various assays like MTT, SRB, dye exclusion tests, etc. on cancer cell lines. Promising compounds are then evaluated in in vivo tumor models using mice. Acute toxicity studies in mice and dogs help determine the safe starting dose for clinical trials. Various tumor models used include chemically induced cancers like DMBA-induced mouse skin papillomas and MNU-induced rat mammary gland cancer, as well as transplantable murine and human tumor models. Together, these preclinical studies aim to identify candidate anticancer agents and guide their safe entry into clinical trials.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.2
neoplastic progression through the action of viral oncoproteins, mainly E6 and E7.Cervical cancer remains the second
most common cancer in women worldwide with India as a major contributor to global burden with an annual incidence of
132,000 new cases and mortality rate of 74,000 deaths annually. In this study turmeric, neem, tulasi and ginger were
selected as natural anticancer drugs. The objective of the study was to analyze the anticancer property of turmeric
(Curcuma longa), neem (Azadirachta indica), tulasi (Occimum sanctum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) on HeLa cells.
Turmeric, neem, tulasi and ginger capsules (Himalaya’s Company) were used and aqueous and methanolic extracts of the
turmeric, neem, tulasi and ginger were obtained using a soxhlet extraction. To check the efficacy of these drug MTT assay
was performed, that determines % viability and/or cytotoxicity. IC50 of aqueous turmeric, neem, tulasi and ginger extracts
in case of HeLa cells were 17.8, 22, 79.4, 27.86 respectively and in case of methanolic turmeric, neem, tulasi and ginger
extracts 17, 7.35, 75.24 and 16.1 respectively. To confirm apoptosis as the sole reason behind cell death
immunofluorescence based apoptosis assay was performed using TALI image based cytometer. The study has led to
postulate hypothesis that natural drugs e.g. turmeric, neem, tulasi and ginger are potent anti-cancer compound that are
capable of inhibiting the growth of immortal cells by apoptosis. Key-words- Cervical cancer, Human papillomavirus (HPV), Oncoproteins E6 and E7, Natural compounds, HeLa cell
line (adherent), Cell viability and MTT assay, Apoptosis assay
The arrangement of the large (70,000 Mr) and small (30,000 Mr) subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in the mitochondrial inner membrane was investigated using limited proteolysis and immunoblotting. Both subunits were resistant to proteinase treatment when the inner membrane integrity was preserved, suggesting neither subunit is exposed at the cytoplasmic surface. The small subunit appears to protrude into the matrix compartment, as it is extensively degraded but no membrane-associated fragment is observed. The large subunit interacts with the matrix side via two distinct domains that are detected as stable membrane-associated fragments after proteinase treatment, though one domain can be further degraded. This suggests the large subunit membrane interaction occurs via two regions,
This document summarizes a study on using nanocurcumin to mitigate toxicities caused by the chemotherapy drug cisplatin in rats. The study synthesized nanocurcumin particles between 10-20nm in size and tested their ability to reduce cisplatin-induced damage in brain, bone marrow, sperm, and blood cells of treated rats. Results showed nanocurcumin was effective in reducing oxidative stress, genetic damage and abnormalities caused by cisplatin, demonstrating its potential for managing cisplatin side effects. Further analysis of liver, kidney, heart and histopathological effects is ongoing.
This document summarizes a study that synthesized lipid carriers containing the anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) and tested their efficacy on HeLa and HCT116 cells. The carriers were around 200 nm in size. Treatment with 1 μM Dox delivered via the new carriers decreased survival of resistant HeLa cells by over 50%, while the blank carriers did not impair survival of sensitive HCT116 cells. This validated assay shows potential for determining efficacy of drug delivery systems.
This document describes the preparation of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) via a simple and energy efficient solution combustion synthesis method using sucrose as a fuel. The synthesized SCS-Bi2O3 is characterized and found to have high surface area and porosity. This SCS-Bi2O3 is then used as an effective base-catalyst for Suzuki-coupling reactions of various halopyridines and boronic acids in aqueous medium. Some of the coupled heterocyclic compounds show anti-cancer activity against human hepatoma cancer cells. The SCS-Bi2O3 catalyst can be recycled and reused at least three times without significant loss of activity.
Sabrina Ho, radiant in a floor-length white gown offset by a sparkling, custom-designed Chopard tiara and earrings, apparently complied, playing the role of beautiful young debutante with aplomb.
This document discusses how traditional tech giants face slowing growth rates and are looking to customer relationship intelligence to drive ongoing success and transformation. It notes that 80% of next year's revenue will come from existing customers, so these companies must understand their complex customer relationships to meet changing demands and capture opportunities. The document advocates that by using customer relationship intelligence to gain insights from customer contract data, companies can solve revenue leakage today and position themselves for future growth.
Este documento presenta los productos y servicios de una empresa dedicada a la impresión de bolsas de polietileno y papel kraft. Ofrece una variedad de modelos de bolsas de diferentes tamaños, materiales y precios. También proporciona información sobre su misión, visión y valores. El objetivo es satisfacer las necesidades de sus clientes mediante la personalización de bolsas con su logo u otros diseños.
Este documento describe las etapas del desarrollo humano desde el nacimiento hasta los primeros 30 días de vida. Explica las definiciones de neonato, recién nacido, y clasificaciones como prematuro o de bajo peso. También cubre factores de riesgo prenatales como la salud y nutrición de la madre, así como complicaciones que pueden hacer que un embarazo sea de alto riesgo.
El documento describe los métodos cuantitativo y cualitativo de investigación. Explica que el método cuantitativo utiliza números y estadísticas, mientras que el cualitativo busca comprender el comportamiento humano a través de descripciones y observaciones. También analiza las diferencias principales entre los enfoques, como el uso de muestras más pequeñas en el cualitativo y mayor enfoque en probar hipótesis en el cuantitativo. Además, discute cómo los métodos pueden combinarse para enriquecer un estudio.
Este documento compara y contrasta los métodos cuantitativo y cualitativo de investigación. Explica que el método cuantitativo utiliza números y estadísticas, mientras que el cualitativo busca una comprensión más profunda mediante técnicas como observaciones y entrevistas. También describe los objetivos generales y específicos de una investigación, señalando que deben ser pertinentes, factibles y claros. Finalmente, analiza la modalidad de investigación documental y de proyectos especiales.
Este documento describe las etapas del desarrollo humano en los recién nacidos, incluyendo los reflejos presentes al nacer y en los primeros meses de vida, el desarrollo del lenguaje, sensorial y físico. Explica reflejos como la prensión, Moro, succión, búsqueda, abdominal, del cuello, de la marcha y Babinski, así como el desarrollo auditivo, táctil, gustativo y olfativo.
Este documento presenta un manual de valores para ser utilizado en escuelas. Incluye valores como responsabilidad, lealtad, respeto, caridad, paciencia, puntualidad, compasión, prudencia, cooperación, cortesía, tolerancia y fidelidad. Para cada valor, explica su significado y propone actividades para diferentes niveles educativos, con el objetivo de fomentar la aplicación de estos valores en la vida diaria de los estudiantes.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the histological effects of pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfonamide drugs on the livers and kidneys of albino rats. Rats were divided into groups that received graded doses of Laridox(SP) for 21 days. Higher doses caused dullness, restlessness and weight loss in rats. Upon examination, livers and kidneys of rats that received higher doses showed inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and signs of necrosis compared to controls. The study suggests that long term pre-exposure to higher doses of sulfonamide drugs can cause cellular defects and adverse effects on the liver and kidneys.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the histological effects of pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfonamide drugs on the livers and kidneys of albino rats. Rats were divided into groups that received graded doses of Laridox(SP) for 21 days. Higher doses caused dullness, restlessness and weight loss in rats. Upon examination, livers and kidneys of rats that received higher doses showed inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and signs of necrosis compared to controls. The study suggests that long term pre-exposure to higher doses of sulfonamide drugs can cause cellular defects and adverse effects on the liver and kidneys.
Histological effects of pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfa drugs ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that investigated the histological effects of pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfonamide drugs on the livers and kidneys of albino rats. Rats were divided into groups that received graded doses of Laridox(SP) for 21 days. Higher doses caused dullness, restlessness and weight loss in rats. Upon examination, livers and kidneys of rats that received higher doses showed inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and signs of necrosis compared to controls. The study suggests that long term pre-exposure to higher doses of sulfonamide drugs can cause cellular defects and adverse effects on the liver and kidneys.
The document describes a study that isolated and characterized anti-cancer compounds from marine bacteria. Bacteria were isolated from soil samples and their extracts were screened on cancer cell lines. The ethyl acetate extract of one isolate inhibited cancer cell growth by 87.34% and was non-toxic. 16S rRNA sequencing identified the bacterium as Micrococcus luteus. GC-MS analysis identified the active compound as pyrrolo(1,2-alpha)pyrazine-1,4-dione hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl). This compound from M. luteus shows potential as a natural anti-cancer agent.
This document describes the design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel antimicrobial dipeptidomimetic compounds. A library of linear and branched dipeptidomimetics was created by modifying spermine with tryptophan residues at different positions and with different N-terminal tags. Eight compounds showed good antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Two lead compounds were nonhemolytic, rapidly bactericidal against MRSA, and did not induce resistance after multiple passages. These compounds were also effective against MRSA biofilms by inhibiting formation and reducing viability of mature biofilms. The membrane interactions and lower
Formulation and in vitro evaluation of quercetin loaded carbon nanotubes for ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study that formulated and evaluated quercetin-loaded carbon nanotubes for cancer targeting. Specifically, it:
1) Developed a quercetin-loaded drug delivery system using functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes conjugated with chitosan.
2) Found that the highest drug loading efficiency of 38% was achieved at 4°C and with an equal initial weight ratio of drug to carrier.
3) Demonstrated that the drug delivery system was stable under neutral pH but effectively released quercetin under acidic pH similar to the tumor environment.
4) Showed that the quercetin-conjugated carrier had significantly higher cytotoxicity against HeLa
This study synthesized eight new fluorinated quinazolinone-sulphonamide hybrid compounds and evaluated their anticancer activity. One compound showed significant anticancer activity with low toxicity compared to the reference drug mitoxantrone. Biological assays also demonstrated moderate anticancer activity for the compounds compared to reference drugs. The compound with the best activity profile was identified for further evaluation as an anticancer agent.
Background: Nowadays, hybrid drugs have gained a significant role in the treatment of different
health problems. Most of the hybrid molecules with different heterocyclic moieties were proved
to be potent anti-tumor agents in cancer chemotherapy. Hence, the present study is aimed at the evaluation
of in vitro anticancer activity of novel hybrid molecules (pyrazolyl benzoxazole conjugates) and to
investigate their anticancer activity by molecular docking studies.
Methods: Designed, synthesized and characterized the novel pyrazolyl benzoxazole conjugates.
Anticancer activity of these compounds was determined by SRB assay. Then molecular docking studies
were carried out against proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase (ATP-Src, PDB: 2BDF), a putative
target for cancer.
Results: All the synthesized compound derivatives were evaluated against MCF-7, KB, Hop62 and
A549 cancer cell lines. Compounds 9b and 9c exhibited excellent anticancer activities with GI50 values
of <0.1 μM against MCF-7 and A549 cell lines. Compound 9e exhibited good antitumor activity on
MCF-7 and A-549 with GI50 values of 0.12 μM and 0.19 μM respectively. Compound 9g showed better
anticancer activity on A-549 cancer cell line with GI50 value of 0.34 μM.
Conclusion: The two-hybrid molecules 9b and 9c are found to be comparably potent with the standard
drug doxorubicin and may act as drug lead compounds in medicinal chemistry aspect. The present
docking investigation proved that having benzoxazole of compound 9c at benzofuran of reference
compound N-acetyl pyrazoline derivative might be valid for contributing to anti-cancer activity.
This document describes the design, synthesis, and in vitro anticancer evaluation of novel pyrazolyl benzoxazole conjugates. The conjugates were synthesized through a multi-step reaction involving the condensation of 3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with substituted 2-aminophenols. The conjugates were evaluated for anticancer activity against four human cancer cell lines. Compounds 9b and 9c exhibited excellent anticancer activity comparable to doxorubicin with GI50 values below 0.1 μM. Molecular docking studies revealed compounds 9b and 9c bound strongly to the ATP binding site of proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase, a putative cancer target
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2005 dartoisSinkope
This document describes research into novel synthetic cyclic peptides with antibacterial activity. Six peptides were selected based on in vitro potency for further study. These peptides showed efficacy in mouse models of peritonitis and thigh infection caused by methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at doses of 4.0-8.0 mg/kg. The pharmacokinetics of the peptides in mice were determined, with compounds showing poorer efficacy having lower serum concentrations and higher volumes of distribution. S. aureus did not easily develop resistance to the peptides. The cyclic peptides show potential as systemic antibacterial agents for resistant infections.
Voss et al. - 2006 - Identification of potent anticancer activity in XiCristina Voss
An aqueous extract from Ximenia americana, a plant used in African traditional medicine, showed potent anticancer activity against various human and rat cancer cell lines. The extract was cytotoxic with IC50 values ranging from 1.7 to 170 mg/ml. In vivo, the extract significantly reduced tumor burden in a rat model of colorectal cancer when administered either orally or intraperitoneally. Phytochemical analysis identified the active compounds as proteins that bind galactose, with one protein containing an amino acid sequence identical to a peptide from the toxic ribosome-inactivating protein ricin. This suggests the extract's anticancer mechanism differs from common chemotherapeutics.
1) A series of mefenamic acid-derived 1,2,3-triazole compounds were designed and synthesized via a greener copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. This yielded a library of 20 novel compounds in good to excellent yields.
2) Three compounds (5d, 5p, and 5q) showed promising apoptotic activity in zebrafish embryos, inducing apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Compound 5p showed consistent activity up to 30 mM without causing mortality.
3) One of these compounds may have potential medicinal value based on its apoptotic properties and safety profile observed in zebrafish screening. Further optimization and testing of these
CYP2A6_HPLC_PK_2015 New Simple Method for Coumarin in Liver Cytochrome of RatsWael Ebied
This document describes the development and validation of a new liquid chromatography method for determining coumarin and its 7-hydroxy metabolite as a marker of cytochrome P450 2A6 activity in rats. The method uses a C18 column and isocratic mobile phase to separate coumarin, 7-hydroxycoumarin, and an internal standard. The method was validated and showed good linearity, precision, and accuracy. This validated method was then applied to study the effect of resveratrol, sulforaphane, and thymoquinone on hepatic CYP2A6 activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
This study compared the effects of three antimalarial drug regimens - Artemeter-Lumefantrine, Sulphadoxine-Pyrimetamine, and Halofantrine - on G6PD activity, hemoglobin concentration, and parasite clearance rate in 40 adult humans with malaria in Nigeria. The subjects were divided into four groups receiving each of the three drug regimens or no drug (control group). Blood samples were taken before and after treatment to analyze the biological parameters. The results showed that Sulphadoxine-Pyrimetamine significantly lowered hemoglobin levels and increased G6PD activity compared to the other regimens, while Halofantrine achieved the highest parasite clearance rate of 76%.
Influence of Ethanolic Extractives of Leaves of Mulberry, Morus Alba (L) On 7...iosrjce
The study deals with investigation of thechemopreventive potential and antilipidperoxidative effects
of ethanolic leaf extract of mulberry, Morus alba (L) (TpEt) on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-
induced buccal pouch carcinoma in Syrian hamster, Mesocricetusauratus (L). Oral squamous cell carcinoma
was developed in the buccal pouch of Syrian golden hamsters, by painting with 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin,
thrice a week, for 14 weeks. The tumor incidence, volume and burden were determined. Oral administration
ofTpEt at a dose of 300 mg/kg, body weight, to DMBA (on alternate days for 14 weeks)- painted animals
significantly prevented the incidence, volume and burden of the tumor. TpEt showed potent antilipidperoxidative
effect, as well as enhanced the antioxidant status in DMBA- painted animals. TpEt has potent chemopreventive
efficacy and significant antilipidperoxidative effect, in DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis. The active principle
of mulberry leaf may have the abilities of induction of apoptosis, which involve disruption of mitochondrial
membrane potential, release of cytochrome C and activation of caspase. With it’s bioactive compounds,
mulberry, Morus alba (L) may open a new avenue in the cancer prevention and treatment.
Cytotoxicity of Blended Versus Single Medicinal Mushroom Extracts on Human Ca...Jolene1981
ABSTRACT: The use of mushrooms contributes to human nutrition by providing low lipid content of lipids and high dietary fiber content, as well as significant content of other biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, and polyphenolic antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the content of polyphenols and polysaccharides, as well as the cytotoxic and antioxidative properties of several medicinal mushroom preparations. The content of total phenols and flavonoids of preparations of blended mushroom extracts (Lentifom, Super Polyporin, Agarikon, Agarikon Plus, Agarikon.1, and Mykoprotect.1) was evaluated quantitatively by using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant capacity of the preparations was evaluated using the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides was determined using a specific gravimetric method, based on ethanol precipitation. To determine cytotoxic effects of single and blended mushroom extracts, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and neutral red assays were conducted using human small cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, colon cancer, and brain astrocytoma cancer cells. The obtained results suggest that due to the significant content of beneficial polyphenolic antioxidants and soluble polysaccharides, use of these mushroom preparations is beneficial in maintaining good health, as well as in the prevention and adjuvant biotherapy of various human pathological aberrations. These results reveal that these extracts exhibit different cytotoxic effects on tumor cells originating from different tissues. In addition, the comparison of investigated blended mushroom extracts with three well-known commercial mushroom products derived from single mushroom species or single mushroom compounds shows that blended mushroom extracts exhibit significantly stronger cytotoxic effects on human tumor cell lines.
Synergistic effects of 18 flavonoids (11 glycosides and flavones, 01 flavones diglycoside, 04 chalcones and 02 aglycones) in combination with different anti-fungal agents against fungal strains were investigated. The agar diffusion assay of these flavonoids with different anti-fungal agents was tested. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of each of the flavonoids with different anti-fungal agents were determined by using checkerboard broth micro dilution assay. Flavones diglycoside (3, 5-dihydroxy flavones 7-O-b-D-glucuronide-4-O-b-D-glucopyranside) potentiated the in vitro and in vivo activity against fungal strains. The flavones diglycoside reduced MIC of amphotericin-B to one half against different fungal strains, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis and Cryptococcus neoformans 1202. Although moderate change between in vitro and in vivo studies have been found, the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in flavonoid action will have many health benefits to man. In conclusion, these findings suggested that flavonoid combination regimens may be considered as an useful candidate for the treatment of fungal infection.
This document discusses several in vitro methods for assessing the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs, including assays using brine shrimp, MTT, sulforhodamine B, trypan blue dye, and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. It describes maintaining cell lines from cervical carcinoma and breast adenocarcinoma in culture, assessing cell viability, and preserving cells in liquid nitrogen. Specific methods are provided for assays including brine shrimp lethality, MTT, sulforhodamine B, trypan blue dye exclusion, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, and DNA fragmentation to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of test compounds on cultured malignant cell lines.