1) The document traces the origins and development of American government from its earliest inhabitants and colonial roots to its current political culture and institutions. It discusses the Puritan settlement in Massachusetts and the different forms of government considered by the colonists.
2) Key functions of the American government are established, including establishing justice, ensuring domestic tranquility, providing a common defense, promoting general welfare, and securing individual liberties. The document also examines concepts central to American democracy like popular consent, majority rule, and individualism.
3) Recent decades have seen changes in the American public like increasing racial diversity, aging populations, declining religious affiliation, and changes in family structure. Political ideology and declining confidence in public institutions are also assessed
The document provides information about the redesigned naturalization test that will be required for applicants filing on or after October 1, 2008, including that it will contain multiple choice questions and applicants only need to provide one answer for each question unless otherwise specified. It then provides a series of questions similar to those that will be on the redesigned naturalization test and potential answers to choose from.
The document summarizes the three main political parties in the United States - the Democratic Party, Republican Party, and Independent Party. It provides details on the history, ideology, representatives, and symbols of the Democratic and Republican Parties. It also briefly outlines the history of the American Independent Party, which was established in 1967 and nominated George Wallace for president in 1968 but has since had little national success.
The document contains biographical information on several individuals:
- An actor who was an FBI informant against communism in Berlin and later president of the Screen Actors Guild, switching from Democrat to Republican after WWII.
- A Florida representative who sponsored a bill to reduce property taxes for disabled veterans to increase housing accessibility.
- The Republican speaker of the Florida house of representatives who served one term and is currently investigating the Benghazi scandal cover-up under Obama.
- A two-term Republican member of the Select Committee on Gaming who supports working families and seniors.
Mp contemporary american and exceptionalism 1 2MGP1978
The document discusses several key aspects of American democracy and political values. It outlines how the US Constitution was influenced by principles of limited and representative government from England. It also examines the five fundamental principles of American democracy: equality in voting, individual freedom, equal protection under the law, majority rule with minority rights, and consent to be governed. Additionally, it explores the political values defined in the Declaration of Independence and how differences in interpreting these values have led to divisions between the Republican and Democratic parties.
This document discusses the concept of significance and provides examples of significant historical figures like Hitler, Lenin, and Jesus. It examines why these individuals are considered significant and to whom. The document also categorizes different ways someone can be significant, such as in politics, culture, military achievements, social reform, religion, economics, science and more. It asks the reader to think about how significance and impact can be measured over time and discusses whether change always means progress. Martin Luther King Jr. is used as a case study to analyze debates around his role and significance within the US civil rights movement.
Martin Luther King Jr was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee in 1968 while supporting a sanitation workers strike. King had risen to become the most prominent leader and spokesperson for the American civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Through nonviolent protests and civil disobedience, King helped achieve major legal victories that dismantled racial segregation. His "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963 came to symbolize the hopes and aspirations of African Americans. King's assassination deepened racial tensions in the U.S. and sparked riots in many cities, though his message of nonviolence and racial equality continued to inspire future generations.
1. Early Americans distrusted political parties due to factions prioritizing personal gain over public good in Britain. However, Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson differed significantly on key issues like federal power and economic policy.
2. As Hamilton and Jefferson organized supporters of their opposing views, the first American political parties emerged. Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans supported states' rights and agriculture while Hamilton's Federalists backed a strong federal government and manufacturing.
3. These divisions deepened in the election of 1796 as John Adams and Thomas Jefferson became the first presidential candidates of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties respectively.
The document discusses several Asian American politicians who have held or currently hold elected office in the United States. It provides biographical details and accomplishments for each person, including dates held in office, background, and key policy initiatives or historic aspects of their political careers. The politicians span different ethnic backgrounds and include those who were the first Asian American to hold certain offices.
The document provides information about the redesigned naturalization test that will be required for applicants filing on or after October 1, 2008, including that it will contain multiple choice questions and applicants only need to provide one answer for each question unless otherwise specified. It then provides a series of questions similar to those that will be on the redesigned naturalization test and potential answers to choose from.
The document summarizes the three main political parties in the United States - the Democratic Party, Republican Party, and Independent Party. It provides details on the history, ideology, representatives, and symbols of the Democratic and Republican Parties. It also briefly outlines the history of the American Independent Party, which was established in 1967 and nominated George Wallace for president in 1968 but has since had little national success.
The document contains biographical information on several individuals:
- An actor who was an FBI informant against communism in Berlin and later president of the Screen Actors Guild, switching from Democrat to Republican after WWII.
- A Florida representative who sponsored a bill to reduce property taxes for disabled veterans to increase housing accessibility.
- The Republican speaker of the Florida house of representatives who served one term and is currently investigating the Benghazi scandal cover-up under Obama.
- A two-term Republican member of the Select Committee on Gaming who supports working families and seniors.
Mp contemporary american and exceptionalism 1 2MGP1978
The document discusses several key aspects of American democracy and political values. It outlines how the US Constitution was influenced by principles of limited and representative government from England. It also examines the five fundamental principles of American democracy: equality in voting, individual freedom, equal protection under the law, majority rule with minority rights, and consent to be governed. Additionally, it explores the political values defined in the Declaration of Independence and how differences in interpreting these values have led to divisions between the Republican and Democratic parties.
This document discusses the concept of significance and provides examples of significant historical figures like Hitler, Lenin, and Jesus. It examines why these individuals are considered significant and to whom. The document also categorizes different ways someone can be significant, such as in politics, culture, military achievements, social reform, religion, economics, science and more. It asks the reader to think about how significance and impact can be measured over time and discusses whether change always means progress. Martin Luther King Jr. is used as a case study to analyze debates around his role and significance within the US civil rights movement.
Martin Luther King Jr was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee in 1968 while supporting a sanitation workers strike. King had risen to become the most prominent leader and spokesperson for the American civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Through nonviolent protests and civil disobedience, King helped achieve major legal victories that dismantled racial segregation. His "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963 came to symbolize the hopes and aspirations of African Americans. King's assassination deepened racial tensions in the U.S. and sparked riots in many cities, though his message of nonviolence and racial equality continued to inspire future generations.
1. Early Americans distrusted political parties due to factions prioritizing personal gain over public good in Britain. However, Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson differed significantly on key issues like federal power and economic policy.
2. As Hamilton and Jefferson organized supporters of their opposing views, the first American political parties emerged. Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans supported states' rights and agriculture while Hamilton's Federalists backed a strong federal government and manufacturing.
3. These divisions deepened in the election of 1796 as John Adams and Thomas Jefferson became the first presidential candidates of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties respectively.
The document discusses several Asian American politicians who have held or currently hold elected office in the United States. It provides biographical details and accomplishments for each person, including dates held in office, background, and key policy initiatives or historic aspects of their political careers. The politicians span different ethnic backgrounds and include those who were the first Asian American to hold certain offices.
Crear un blog en Blogger es una forma fácil de compartir tus pensamientos e ideas con el mundo. Solo necesitas una cuenta de Google y seguir unos sencillos pasos para configurar tu blog, personalizarlo y comenzar a publicar entradas. Una vez creado, podrás escribir sobre tus temas favoritos y hacer crecer una comunidad de lectores interesados en lo que tienes que decir.
The ultra-wealthy elite, consisting of roughly 147 corporations and financial institutions, control a significant portion of the global economy. They exert influence through their ownership of major banks and corporations, secret societies, think tanks, charities, and by dominating politics through lobbying and campaign donations. They also influence society through their control of major media corporations and the education system. This small group of elitists is able to indirectly control government policy and global institutions like the IMF to benefit their own interests.
Biodata Devia Munisa yang lahir di Brebes pada 9 Desember 1997. Ia tinggal di Bumi Cikande Indah blok D9/4 dan hobinya makan dan menyanyi. Motto hidupnya adalah jangan berusaha menjadi yang pertama, berusaha menjadi yang terbaik.
This document outlines a special computer training program for students, teachers, parents, and employees. The program covers basic computer skills like using Microsoft Windows, Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook. It also covers internet browsing, Google searching, using smartphones, tablets, and VOIP. Trainees will learn to create a free website and use computers remotely. The 30-35 hour curriculum is offered for just Rs. 1000 and includes training, Microsoft certification, and printed materials. It is provided by Impeccable Educational Society in Ghaziabad, India.
Nisa memperkenalkan dirinya sebagai Anisa Wahyuni yang lahir di Cilegon pada 8 Desember 1997. Ia memberikan informasi tentang nama, nomor HP, tempat dan tanggal lahir, serta alamat rumahnya. Riwayat pendidikannya meliputi TK Cendikia (2003), SDIT AL-IZZAH (2004), dan SMPIT AL-IZZAH (2010). Motto hidupnya adalah "Be yourself".
The document summarizes the key characteristics of teenage identity and development between ages 11-17. It notes that this stage is defined by transition and instability as the body, mind and social roles change rapidly. Moods, interests, behaviors, and self-perceptions fluctuate dramatically as teenagers struggle with physical maturation, independence from adults, and finding their place among peers.
This document provides information about a spring catalog from Miche handbags. It highlights several spring fashion trends including details, bright colors, animal prints, neutrals, patterns, retro styles, and jewel tones. It promotes three handbag styles - Petite, Classic, and Demi - in different sizes that can be customized with interchangeable shells and accessories. The catalog encourages readers to choose a base bag and then select matching shells and accessories to create unique styles.
Miche spring 2014 to order www.reneethompson.miche.comRenee Thompson
This document promotes a spring fashion line from Miche. It highlights interchangeable handbags and accessories that allow women to change the look of their bag easily. It encourages readers to host parties to get items for free or at a discount and become a representative to earn commissions. The document features different bag and jewelry styles and colors that are trendy for the spring season.
This document contains a test slide with no other information provided. It lists "Test slide" three times but does not include any details, context, or meaningful content to summarize.
This document discusses the Indian automobile industry and its potential as an investment option. It aims to analyze the industry through a fundamental analysis of the past growth performance, economy, industry life cycle, and SWOT analysis. Three companies - Tata Motors, Mahindra & Mahindra, and Maruti Suzuki - will be chosen for financial and non-financial analysis. Technical analysis will also be conducted to determine the intrinsic value and future price directions of company shares. Recommendations will be provided based on the analysis.
The document discusses key elements of American civic culture, including individualism, religion, patriotism, and community service. It explores how individualism has shaped American society and politics. Religion has also been very influential despite the separation of church and state. Patriotism is expressed through symbols, rituals and military service. Community service has become an important part of American culture through civic organizations and voluntary work.
This document summarizes a chapter about American political culture. It discusses key aspects of American political culture including levels of trust in government, acceptance of wealth inequality, differences from other countries, and the persistence of conflict. It also examines the political system, economic system, and the civic role of religion in American politics. Graphs and tables are included showing trends in government trust, civic engagement, and political tolerance over time. The document concludes by outlining arguments for and against expanding a law allowing more government funding of faith-based social programs.
Crear un blog en Blogger es una forma fácil de compartir tus pensamientos e ideas con el mundo. Solo necesitas una cuenta de Google y seguir unos sencillos pasos para configurar tu blog, personalizarlo y comenzar a publicar entradas. Una vez creado, podrás escribir sobre tus temas favoritos y hacer crecer una comunidad de lectores interesados en lo que tienes que decir.
The ultra-wealthy elite, consisting of roughly 147 corporations and financial institutions, control a significant portion of the global economy. They exert influence through their ownership of major banks and corporations, secret societies, think tanks, charities, and by dominating politics through lobbying and campaign donations. They also influence society through their control of major media corporations and the education system. This small group of elitists is able to indirectly control government policy and global institutions like the IMF to benefit their own interests.
Biodata Devia Munisa yang lahir di Brebes pada 9 Desember 1997. Ia tinggal di Bumi Cikande Indah blok D9/4 dan hobinya makan dan menyanyi. Motto hidupnya adalah jangan berusaha menjadi yang pertama, berusaha menjadi yang terbaik.
This document outlines a special computer training program for students, teachers, parents, and employees. The program covers basic computer skills like using Microsoft Windows, Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook. It also covers internet browsing, Google searching, using smartphones, tablets, and VOIP. Trainees will learn to create a free website and use computers remotely. The 30-35 hour curriculum is offered for just Rs. 1000 and includes training, Microsoft certification, and printed materials. It is provided by Impeccable Educational Society in Ghaziabad, India.
Nisa memperkenalkan dirinya sebagai Anisa Wahyuni yang lahir di Cilegon pada 8 Desember 1997. Ia memberikan informasi tentang nama, nomor HP, tempat dan tanggal lahir, serta alamat rumahnya. Riwayat pendidikannya meliputi TK Cendikia (2003), SDIT AL-IZZAH (2004), dan SMPIT AL-IZZAH (2010). Motto hidupnya adalah "Be yourself".
The document summarizes the key characteristics of teenage identity and development between ages 11-17. It notes that this stage is defined by transition and instability as the body, mind and social roles change rapidly. Moods, interests, behaviors, and self-perceptions fluctuate dramatically as teenagers struggle with physical maturation, independence from adults, and finding their place among peers.
This document provides information about a spring catalog from Miche handbags. It highlights several spring fashion trends including details, bright colors, animal prints, neutrals, patterns, retro styles, and jewel tones. It promotes three handbag styles - Petite, Classic, and Demi - in different sizes that can be customized with interchangeable shells and accessories. The catalog encourages readers to choose a base bag and then select matching shells and accessories to create unique styles.
Miche spring 2014 to order www.reneethompson.miche.comRenee Thompson
This document promotes a spring fashion line from Miche. It highlights interchangeable handbags and accessories that allow women to change the look of their bag easily. It encourages readers to host parties to get items for free or at a discount and become a representative to earn commissions. The document features different bag and jewelry styles and colors that are trendy for the spring season.
This document contains a test slide with no other information provided. It lists "Test slide" three times but does not include any details, context, or meaningful content to summarize.
This document discusses the Indian automobile industry and its potential as an investment option. It aims to analyze the industry through a fundamental analysis of the past growth performance, economy, industry life cycle, and SWOT analysis. Three companies - Tata Motors, Mahindra & Mahindra, and Maruti Suzuki - will be chosen for financial and non-financial analysis. Technical analysis will also be conducted to determine the intrinsic value and future price directions of company shares. Recommendations will be provided based on the analysis.
The document discusses key elements of American civic culture, including individualism, religion, patriotism, and community service. It explores how individualism has shaped American society and politics. Religion has also been very influential despite the separation of church and state. Patriotism is expressed through symbols, rituals and military service. Community service has become an important part of American culture through civic organizations and voluntary work.
This document summarizes a chapter about American political culture. It discusses key aspects of American political culture including levels of trust in government, acceptance of wealth inequality, differences from other countries, and the persistence of conflict. It also examines the political system, economic system, and the civic role of religion in American politics. Graphs and tables are included showing trends in government trust, civic engagement, and political tolerance over time. The document concludes by outlining arguments for and against expanding a law allowing more government funding of faith-based social programs.
American political culture emphasizes values such as liberty, equality, democracy, civic duty, and individual responsibility. There is also a strong emphasis on free enterprise but with some acceptance of limits. Americans believe in equality of opportunity but not necessarily equality of outcome. Political and religious beliefs have played an important role in American politics. However, trust in government and feelings of political efficacy have declined somewhat since the 1950s.
Slide 5 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. America’s Democratic Republic
2. Partisanship & Political Profiling
3. Party Competition
4. America’s Two Party System
5. Power Of The Vote
6. Power Of Money In The Political System
7. Elections As Symbolic
8. Candidate Image
9. Political Campaign Rhetoric
10. Interest Groups Protecting Elite Values
11. Lobbyists And The Power They Possess
12. Political Action Committees (PACs)
13. Invisible Hand: Capitalism & Democracy
14. Elite To Mass Communication
15. Messages & Manipulation
16. Elitism Take On Communication
17. Pluralism Take On Communication
PS 1010, American Government 1 Course Learning Out.docxadkinspaige22
PS 1010, American Government 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Summarize the origins of American political thought.
1.1 Identify how the Enlightenment and philosophers such as John Locke influenced the Founding
Fathers.
1.2 Indicate the major goals of the Founding Fathers.
1.3 List the events preceding the creation of the Articles of Confederation and the weaknesses that
led to the Articles' demise.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1
Unit I Lesson
Reading: “2. Foundations of American Government”
Unit I Assignment
1.2
Unit I Lesson
Unit I Assignment
1.3
Unit I Lesson
Reading: “2a. The Colonial Experience”
Reading: “2b. Independence and the Articles of Confederation”
Unit I Assignment
Reading Assignment
To access the following resources, click the links below.
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). 2. Foundations of American government. Retrieved from
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2.asp
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). 2a. The colonial experience. Retrieved from
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2a.asp
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). 2b. Independence and the Articles of Confederation. Retrieved from
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2b.asp
UNIT I STUDY GUIDE
Foundations of American Government
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2.asp
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2a.asp
http://www.ushistory.org/gov/2b.asp
PS 1010, American Government 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
Many of us have a general concept and
understanding of the leadership of the Founding
Fathers working to establish a government with more
democratic principles and ideals. While the term
Founding Fathers is used a great deal, one must note
that there was a general sense of agreement on the
need for a new government and country, but there
were differences in their political ideologies. Some
Founding Fathers were for a more powerful federal
government, while others were more focused on state
powers. The point to be made here is that the
Founding Fathers were not an ideologically unified
group of people. The Founding Fathers had a vision
of making America a melting pot, but the path of
setting up a different style of government had many
trials and tribulations. After many obstacles were
overcome, the United States was formed under the
political structure of a democratic republic, which is
mentioned in the Pledge of Allegiance. In this unit, the
thoughts and strategies behind the founding of the
United States and the ideas and principles utilized to
create the Constitution will be examined.
In the Beginning
What is politics? What part do citizens have in the political process? The United States has a political culture
that began during Colonial times and was refined during the Revolutionary War. When the colonists declared
their independence from Great Britain, the Founding Fathers declared.
PS 1010, American Government 1 Course Learning Out.docxShiraPrater50
This document outlines the learning outcomes for Unit I of a course on American government. Upon completing the unit, students should be able to: 1) summarize the origins of American political thought by identifying how philosophers like John Locke influenced the founding fathers and indicating the major goals of the founding fathers; and 2) list the events preceding the creation of the Articles of Confederation and the weaknesses that led to its demise. The unit will address these outcomes through lessons, readings, and assignments related to the colonial experience, the Declaration of Independence, and the Articles of Confederation.
Comment on “Preserving Indigenous Democracy” by Duane ChampagneChe-Wei Lee
1) Indigenous democracies in North America tended to be decentralized, consensus-based systems focused on kinship and community, unlike the centralized states of European powers. While indigenous influence on new American democracies is debated, indigenous nations now seek recognition and compatible relations with nation-states.
2) Most nation-states prefer to incorporate indigenous peoples as individual citizens rather than recognize indigenous political entities, conflicting with indigenous political processes based on family and territory. Some successful examples include the Mexican and Canadian systems that allow for indigenous self-governance compatible with the larger state.
3) As indigenous nations regain self-determination, they will challenge nation-states to rethink liberal democracy and accommodate diverse indigenous
American political culture is characterized by beliefs in liberty, individualism, and equality. Liberty and individualism emphasize limited government and self-reliance. Equality focuses on equal opportunity and political equality more than economic equality. Americans also value democracy, civic duty, pragmatism, and the rule of law. However, there is distrust of government that has increased since the 1960s. Politically, Americans hold a range of ideological views including liberalism, conservatism, libertarianism, and socialism, though most are moderate. Public opinion is measured through polls and elections, but voter turnout in the U.S. is relatively low compared to other countries.
Democratic Theory and American Political CultureChristopher Rice
PowerPoint for Democratic Theory and American Political Culture lecture series for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor
This document provides an overview and outline of key topics in a chapter on introducing government in America, including:
- The functions and purposes of government and how policies impact citizens.
- Defining politics and assessing how citizens can influence policymaking through linkage institutions and how policies then impact people.
- The key principles of democracy, different theories about how it works in practice, and current challenges to democracy in America.
It includes learning objectives for each section and provides examples and definitions to explain the concepts.
Here are some of the major lasting effects of Social Progressivism:
- Improved living conditions through laws regulating safety of foods, medicines, tenement housing, and improved sanitation in cities.
- Better working conditions through workplace safety laws, limits on work hours (especially for women and children), minimum wage laws, workers' compensation laws, and the right for workers to unionize and strike.
- Greater protections and opportunities for children through bans on child labor, compulsory education laws, and expanded access to schools, nurseries, and kindergartens.
- Advancement of minority groups and immigrants through anti-discrimination efforts, equal access to jobs and services, Americanization programs, and organizations fighting
The document discusses American political culture. It notes that while early Americans were not completely united, sharing common beliefs about governance helped unite the country more than religious or ethnic differences. American political culture is defined by ideas of individualism, freedom, equality and limited government derived from classical liberalism and civic republicanism. Americans generally support equality of opportunity over equality of outcomes and a capitalist economic system over socialism. Ideologies in the US include liberalism, conservatism and libertarianism.
The Context of Political Life in the Untied States and BritainAimen Bousbia Laiche
This document provides an overview of the political cultures in the United States and Britain. It discusses factors that shape political behavior such as values, attitudes, and practices held by citizens. Some key factors that influence British political culture include class, regionalism, and history. American political culture is shaped by history such as the American Revolution, religious beliefs, and family transmission of values like liberty, equality, democracy, and individual responsibility. While the US and UK share similarities like commitment to democracy and consensus around political processes, there are differences such as the federal system in the US versus the constitutional monarchy in the UK.
Dr. Frank Kaufmann, the President of the Twelve Gates Foundation and Settlement Project, speaks on religious freedom at The Voice of the Voiceless, hosted by the Universal Peace Federation.
Gregory Johnson burned an American flag as a protest against nuclear weapons. He was arrested and convicted, but appealed his case to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruled that burning the flag was an act of free speech protected by the Constitution. This case shows that the Constitution can protect minority opinions even when they go against the wishes of the majority. The document being summarized is a chapter about the US Constitution that provides background on this Supreme Court case regarding flag burning and explains how the Constitution places limits on government power.
This document provides information about political parties in the United States. It defines a political party as a group that seeks to control government by winning elections and holding public office. The two major parties are the Republicans and Democrats. Political parties serve several functions, including nominating candidates, informing and inspiring voters, and ensuring candidates are qualified. Minor parties also exist but do not have wide support. The US system encourages two major parties due to single-member districts and plurality voting.
Similar to O connor essentials.chapter1-179505 (20)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
3. Video: The Big Picture 1
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_
MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/OConner_Ch01_American
_Government_Seg1_v2.html
4. Learning Objectives 1
Trace the origins of American
1.1
government
Evaluate the different types of
1.2 governments countries may employ
5. Learning Objectives 1
Explain the functions of American
1.3
government
Describe American political culture,
1.4 and identify the basic tenets of
American democracy
6. Learning Objectives 1
Analyze the changing characteristics
1.5
of the American public
Assess the role of political ideology
1.6 in shaping American politics
7. Learning Objectives 1
Characterize changes in Americans’
1.7
attitudes toward and expectations of
government
8. Video: The Basics 1
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_
SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg2_
IntroAmrGov_v2.html
10. 1.1
Earliest Inhabitants of the
Americas
Indigenous peoples
30,000 years
Not homogeneous
100 million inhabitants
European diseases
Warfare
11. 1.1
First Colonists
Reasons for immigration
Religious tradition takes root
“A city on a hill”
Lack of religious tolerance
12. FIGURE 1.1: What did colonial settlement 1.1
look like before 1700?
13. 1.1 In which state did the Puritans 1.1
first settle?
a. Massachusetts
b. Virginia
c. New York
d. Rhode Island
14. 1.1
1.1 In which state did the Puritans
first settle?
a. Massachusetts
b. Virginia
c. New York
d. Rhode Island
16. 1.2
Definitions
Classification of governments
Types of governments:
Monarchy
Aristocracy
Totalitarianism
Oligarchy
Democracy
Direct democracy
Representative democracy
17. TABLE 1.1: How did Aristotle classify the 1.2
types of governments?
18. 1.2
Devising a National
Government in the American
Colonies
Rejected monarchy/aristocracy
Rejected direct democracy as unworkable
Chose republic
Indirect democracy
19. 1.2
1.2 Which form of government did
the colonists choose for their new
nation?
a. Direct democracy
b. Aristocracy
c. Oligarchy
d. Republic
20. 1.2
1.2 Which form of government did
the colonists choose for their new
nation?
a. Direct democracy
b. Aristocracy
c. Oligarchy
d. Republic
21. 1.3
Functions of American
Government
Establishing Justice
Ensuring Domestic Tranquility
Providing for the Common Defense
Promoting the General Welfare
Securing the Blessings of Liberty
22. 1.3
1.3 Freedom to protest and criticize
the government is considered the best
way to
a. establish justice
b. insure domestic tranquility
c. provide for the common defense
d. secure the blessings of liberty
23. 1.3
1.3 Freedom to protest and criticize
the government is considered the best
way to
a. establish justice
b. insure domestic tranquility
c. provide for the common defense
d. secure the blessings of liberty
24. 1.4
American Political Culture
and the Basic Tenets of
American Democracy
Liberty and Equality
Popular Consent, Majority Rule, and Popular
Sovereignty
Individualism
Religious Faith and Religious Freedom
25. 1.4
Liberty and Equality
Which is most important?
Freedom from versus freedom to
Political equality
26. 1.4
Popular Consent, Majority
Rule, and Popular Sovereignty
Popular consent
Governments derive power by consent of the governed
Majority rule
Bill of Rights protects minority rights
Popular sovereignty
Natural law
28. 1.4
Religious Faith and Religious
Freedom
Religious conflict motivation for immigration
Colonists sought freedom of religion
Did not want to grant it to others
Religious freedom enshrined in Constitution
Tolerance still more of an ideal
29. 1.4
1.4 What is the idea that society
should be governed by certain ethical
principles that are part of nature and,
as such, can be understood by
reason?
a. Biblical law
b. Natural law
c. Majority rule
d. Oligarchy
30. 1.4
1.4 What is the idea that society
should be governed by certain ethical
principles that are part of nature and,
as such, can be understood by
reason?
a. Biblical law
b. Natural law
c. Majority rule
d. Oligarchy
31. 1.4
Explore the Constitution: How
Do You Measure Freedom?
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/lon
g_oconnor_mpslag_12/pex/pex1.html
32. 1.4
Video: In Context
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA
_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg
3_PoliticalCulture_v2.html
33. 1.5
The Changing American
Public
Racial and Ethnic Composition
Aging
Religious Beliefs
Regional Growth and Expansion
Family and Family Size
34. 1.5
Racial and Ethnic Composition
Immigration from Eastern Europe
Growth of Hispanic population
Minorities now the majority
35. Figure 1.2 How does population affect 1.5
representation?
39. 1.5
Family and Family Size
Gender roles
Declining marriage rate
Same sex marriage
40. 1.5
1.5 Regional differences in America
include:
a. North versus South
b. East versus West
c. Urban versus rural
d. All of the above
41. 1.5
1.5 Regional differences in America
include:
a. North versus South
b. East versus West
c. Urban versus rural
d. All of the above
42. 1.5
Explore the Simulation: You
Are a City Council Member
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long
_longman_media_1/2013_mpsl_sim/sim
ulation.html?simulaURL=4
43. 1.6
Political Ideology
What Is a Political Ideology?
Finding Your Political Ideology
Problems with Ideological Labels
44. 1.6
What Is a Political Ideology?
Four functions of ideologies:
Explanation
Evaluation
Orientation
Political program
45. 1.6
What Is a Political Ideology?
Four functions of ideologies:
Explanation
Evaluation
Orientation
Political program
49. 1.6
1.6 Which ideology seeks to change
the political, economic, and social
status quo to foster the development
of equality and the well-being of
individuals?
a. Conservative
b. Liberal
c. Libertarian
d. Social conservative
50. 1.6
1.6 Which ideology seeks to change
the political, economic, and social
status quo to foster the development
of equality and the well-being of
individuals?
a. Conservative
b. Liberal
c. Libertarian
d. Social conservative
51. 1.6
Video: Thinking Like a
Political Scientist
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_
SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg4_
Constitution_v2.html
52. 1.7
Toward Reform: People and
Politics
What Is Politics
American Dream
Redefining Our Expectations
Loss of faith in American institutions
53. FIGURE 1.4: Do Americans have 1.7
confidence in political institutions?
54. 1.7
1.7 What has happened to faith in
public institutions over the last half
century?
a. It has stayed the same.
b. It has risen.
c. It has declined.
d. It has ceased to exist.
55. 1.7
1.7 What has happened to faith in
public institutions over the last half
century?
a. It has stayed the same.
b. It has risen.
c. It has declined.
d. It has ceased to exist.
56. 1.7
Video: In the Real World
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA
_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg
5_IntroAmrGov_v2.html
57. 1.7
Discussion Question
In what ways has America changed since
the first permanent settlement of European
immigrants at Jamestown? Consider ethnic,
racial, religious, geographic, economic,
political, and other changes.
58. 1.7
Video: So What?
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_
MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/OConner_Ch01_American
_Government_Seg6_v2.html
59. Further Review: 1
On My PoliSciLab
Listen to the Chapter
Study and Review the Flashcards
Study and Review the Practice Tests
Editor's Notes
Conditions in the Jamestown, Virginia, settlement of 1607 were harsh. While eventually life in the settlement improved, it is important to remember the sacrifices of early colonists and the trials other waves of immigrants have faced to be part of the American dream. Much has changed since the days of the Jamestown Colony, and the people who live in America today differ greatly from those early settlers. The experiences and values of those settlers, however, continue to influence politics. This chapter explores the political process, placing people at its center.
Is it really possible for anyone born in the United States to become president? Author Karen O’Connor describes how the political landscape in America has radically changed over time due to shifting demographics, and explains why these changes are going to affect policy decisions in the future. TO THE INSTRUCTOR: To access the videos in this chapter, please enter your Pearson or MyPoliSciLab username and password after clicking on the link on the slide.
We’ll learn in this chapter about the beginnings of our government and how our government compares to other types of government. Keep these learning objectives in mind as we begin our exploration of American government.
As you can see, we’ll learn about the functions of government and the meaning of democracy in America.
We will continue to explore political identity and ideology in America.
Americans expect a lot from the government. We’ll learn how attitudes about the function of government have changed.
Before we begin, let’s learn what function government serves. In this video, you will analyze this question and explore the core values that shape our political system and how the growing diversity of our population is changing—and reaffirming—the definition of what it means to be American.
American government is rooted in the cultures and experiences of early European colonists as well as interactions with the indigenous populations of the New World. The first colonists sought wealth. Later pilgrims came for religious freedom. The colonies set up systems of government that differed widely in terms of form, role, and function. As they developed, they sought more independence from the British monarchy.
By the time the first colonists arrived in what is now known as the United States, indigenous peoples had been living in the area for more than 30,000 years. The indigenous peoples were not a homogeneous group; their cultures, customs, and values varied widely, as did their political systems. It’s impossible to know for certain the numbers of these indigenous peoples. Estimates have ranged as high as 100 million. Their numbers quickly diminished when European colonists arrived and brought with them to the New World a range of diseases to which the indigenous peoples had not been exposed. Those who were not killed by disease died in warfare or were displaced as the settlers pushed westward.
We’re well familiar with the Puritans coming to the New World in search of religious freedom. But the majority of colonists came seeking to enhance their fortunes, not their faith. The earliest settlers came not just from Britain but also from The Netherlands, Germany, Finland, Sweden, and included free blacks. The Puritans initially settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts, and believed the Old Testament charged them to create “a city on a hill” that would shine as an example of righteousness. To help achieve this goal, they enforced a strict code of authority and obedience, while simultaneously stressing the importance of individualism. Colonists with religious views that the Puritans considered heretical were thrown out of the colony and forced to settle elsewhere, founding places such as Providence, Rhode Island; Hartford, Connecticut; and Pennsylvania.
Prior to 1700, pockets of colonial settlement existed along the east coast of what became the United States, from present-day Virginia to what is now Maine. These settlements were divided among a number of colonial powers, including the English in the Northeast and around the Chesapeake Bay, the Dutch in what is present-day New York, and the Swedes, largely in present-day Delaware.
Now let’s answer this brief question about the early settlement.
Puritans arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620.
Aristotle classifies types of governments according to who rules, and in whose interest. Types of governments include monarchy, totalitarianism, aristocracy, oligarchy, polity, and democracy. Fears about mob rule and the vast size of the United States led the Framers to create a republican democracy that relies on the role of representatives to filter citizens’ viewpoints.
We classify governments according to who participates, who governs, and how much authority those who govern enjoy. Monarchy is defined by the rule of one hereditary king or queen in the interest of all of his or her subjects. An aristocracy is government by the few in the service of the many. In totalitarian systems, the leader exercises unlimited power, and individuals have no personal rights or liberties. An oligarchy occurs when a few people rule in their own interest. In an oligarchy, wealth, social status, military position, or achievement dictates participation in government. The term democracy applies to a system of government that gives power to the people, either directly, or indirectly through elected representatives.
Aristotle classified types of governments by who ruled, in whose interest they ruled, and how much power they enjoyed.
American colonists rejected a system with a strong ruler, such as the British monarchy, when they declared their independence. The colonists also feared replicating the landed and titled system of the British aristocracy. Due to the vast size of the new nation, direct democracy was unworkable. They viewed a republican form of government as most in keeping with their values and situation, with an indirect democracy in which people vote for representatives who work on their behalf. Activity: The idea of direct democracy has gained increasing traction as the Internet expands the possibility of expanding the role of citizens in the development of public policy. But the framers explicitly rejected the idea of direct democracy, even when the United States was a much smaller country. Ask students if recent technological innovations make the idea of direct democracy more attractive and feasible. Assume, for example, that millions of American televisions could be hooked up to a centralized computer system that in turn could instantly register the public’s view on issues (yes or no responses). Would this be an improvement to the American political system? Why or why not?
Can you answer this brief question about what we’ve covered?
The colonists decided on a form of indirect, or representative, democracy. They used the term republic.
One of the first tasks expected of any government is the creation of a system of laws. Societies must abide by the rule of law so that justice can be dispensed fairly to the citizens. The Constitution authorized Congress to create a federal judicial system to dispense justice. The role of governments in ensuring domestic tranquility is a subject of much debate. In crises, such as the terrorist attacks of 9/11, government can take extraordinary measures to contain the threat. In normal times, local governments have police forces, states have national guards, and the federal government can always call up troops to quell any threats to order. The Framers recognized that a major purpose of government is to provide defense for its citizens against threats of foreign aggression. Thus, the Constitution calls for the president to be commander in chief of the armed forces, and Congress has the authority to raise an army. Promoting the general welfare was more of an ideal than a mandate for the new national government. Over time, though, our notions of what governments should do have expanded along with governmental size. Americans enjoy a wide range of liberties and opportunities to prosper. These freedoms to criticize the government and to petition it are perhaps the best way to “secure the Blessings of Liberty.”
Let’s see how well you understand the Preamble to the Constitution. Can you determine what protest represents?
Exercising freedoms reflects how Americans can secure the blessings of liberty
Political culture is a group’s commonly shared attitudes, beliefs, and core values about how government should operate. Key tenets of Americans’ shared political culture are: • liberty and equality • popular consent, majority rule and popular sovereignty • individualism • and religious freedom.
Liberty and equality are the most important characteristics of the American republican form of government, with liberty being valued over equality. The Framers wrote the Constitution itself to ensure liberty. Over the years, however, our concepts of personal liberty have changed and evolved from freedom from to freedom to. The Framers intended Americans to be free from governmental infringements on freedom of religion and speech, from unreasonable searches and seizures, and so on. But subsequent laws have expanded Americans’ concept of liberty to include freedom to work or go to school free from discrimination. Another key feature of our democracy is political equality, the principle that all citizens are the same in the eyes of the law. Notions of political equality have changed dramatically from the founding time. Activity: Although there is widespread support for the basic concepts of freedom and liberty in the United States, there have been many intrusions on basic rights in American history. From the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II to proposals to establish a constitutional amendment prohibiting flag burning, to the indefinite detention of enemy combatants without trial, Americans sometimes seem to turn a blind eye to encroachments on freedom and liberty in the country. Ask students why we find such discrepancies in an area where we also find complete public support for the basic principles. How might we reconcile such competing perspectives?
Popular consent is the principle that governments must draw their powers from the consent of the governed. Derived from political philosopher John Locke’s social contract theory, the notion of popular consent was central to the Declaration of Independence. Majority rule means that election of officials and transformation of policies into law will take place only if the majority of citizens support such changes. The American system also stresses preservation of minority rights, as evidenced by protections of individual liberties found in the Bill of Rights. Popular sovereignty is the notion that ultimate authority in society rests with the people. It has its basis in natural law, a doctrine that certain ethical principles are part of nature and can be understood by reason, so they should govern society.
American democracy places heavy importance on the individual, an idea that may be traced back to the Puritans. This emphasis on individualism makes Americans quite different from citizens of other wealthy democracies. Community-focused societies reject the American emphasis on individuals and try to improve the lives of their citizens by making services and rights available on a universal basis. In contrast, individuals in the U.S. are deemed endowed, as Thomas Jefferson proclaimed in the Declaration of Independence, “with certain unalienable rights.”
Religious conflicts in Europe brought many settlers to the New World. Seeking an opportunity to practice their religious faith, colonists initially settled large sections of the East Coast. However, that faith did not always imply religious tolerance. The clashes that occurred within settlements led the Framers to agree that notions of religious freedom must form the foundation of the new nation. Religious tolerance, however, has often proved to be more of an ideal than a reality.
Now I want to test your comprehension by asking you to answer this question.
Natural laws cannot be taken away from people.
Before we consider the contexts in which we will be studying American government this semester, let’s conduct a short exercise on measuring the freedom of citizens.
Let’s consider the values that are part of our identity as Americans. In this video, University of Oklahoma political scientist Allyson Shortle examines the core values that make up American political culture. She also discusses how these values gave rise to the American Dream.
Changing demographics have had a significant effect on American political culture. Diversity in race and ethnicity, generational differences, and regional differences impact the way Americans see themselves and how they view the role of the government.
The American population has changed constantly with the arrival of immigrants. Immigration to the United States peaked in the first decade of the 1900s, when nearly 9 million people, many from Eastern Europe, entered the country. Today, nearly 40 million people in the United States can be classified as immigrants, and most of them are Hispanic. Immigration has led to significant alterations in American racial and ethnic composition. The majority of babies born in the United States are now members of a minority group. By 2050, minorities will be the majority in America. While many people still view the United States as a Christian nation, a great variety of religious groups have established roots in the country and with this growth have come different political and social demands. Regional sectionalism emerged immediately in the colonies and sectional differences continued as the United States developed into a major industrial nation and waves of immigrants with various traditions arrived. All brought unique views about the role of government. Subsequent generations handed down these political views, and many regional differences continue to affect public opinion. One of the most long-standing and dramatic is between the South and the North. The South continues to lag behind the rest of the nation in supporting civil rights. The West was populated by those seeking free land and chasing dreams of gold. Some people have moved there to avoid city life and have an anti-government bias. Other Westerners are interested in water rights and seek governmental solutions to their problems. Significant differences in attitude also arise in rural versus urban areas. Those in rural areas are more conservative than those in cities. The American family has also changed. Gender roles have become less defined, family size has shrunk, and marriage rates have declined. These changes affect the demands citizens place on government.
As the population increases, the number of representatives in the House has not kept pace. The increase in Hispanic Americans and other immigrants may change the face of Congress.
Just as the racial and ethnic composition of the American population is shifting, so, too, is the average age. An aging America imposes a great financial burden on working Americans, whose proportion in the population is rapidly declining.
While many people still view the United States as a Christian nation, a great variety of religious groups have established roots in the country and with this growth have come different political and social demands. For example, evangelical Christians have requested school textbooks with particular views on evolution. American Jews want policies that favor Israel, while Muslims want policies that support a Palestinian state.
Regional sectionalism emerged immediately in the colonies. Sectional differences continued as the United States developed into a major industrial nation and as waves of immigrants with various traditions arrived. All brought unique views about the role of government. Subsequent generations handed down these political views, and many regional differences continue to affect public opinion. One of the most long-standing and dramatic is between the South and the North. The South continues to lag behind the rest of the nation in supporting civil rights. The West was populated by those seeking free land and chasing dreams of gold. Some people have moved there to avoid city life and have an anti-government bias. Other Westerners are interested in water rights and seek governmental solutions to their problems. Significant differences in attitude also arise in rural versus urban areas. Those in rural areas are more conservative than those in cities.
The American family has also changed. Gender roles have become less defined, family size has shrunk, and marriage rates have declined. These changes affect the demands citizens place on government.
Now let’s test your understanding about regional differences in America. What is the answer to this question?
Regions across the United States have different traditions, which can affect the inhabitants ’ views on government. In addition to regions, urban areas differ from rural areas; people in rural areas tend to be more conservative than people in urban areas.
Most scholars agree that American political culture is shaped by the ideas of individualism, community responsibility, liberty, equality, free market principles, and populism. In this simulation, you will explore these shared political values as you play the role of a city council member in Columbus, Ohio.
Ideologies, the belief systems that shape the thinking of individuals and how they view the world, affect people’s ideas about government. The major categories of political ideology in America are conservative, liberal, and moderate.
Ideologies are sets or systems of beliefs that shape the thinking of individuals and how they view the world, especially in regard to issues of “race, nationality, the role and function of government, the relations between men and women, human responsibility for the natural environment, and many other matters.” A political ideology, specifically, is the coherent set of values and beliefs people hold about the purpose and scope of government. Ideologies are a potent political force, due to the four functions they fulfill. Ideologies can offer explanations for why social and political conditions are the way they are, especially in time of crisis. Ideologies can also provide standards for evaluating social conditions and political institutions and events. Americans’ belief in the importance of individual ability and personal responsibility helps explain the opposition of some people to the Obama administration’s health care reforms.
And, much like a compass, ideologies provide individuals with an orientation toward issues and a position within the world. When many African American women decided to campaign for Barack Obama and not Hillary Rodham Clinton in the 2008 Democratic presidential primary, their identity as African Americans may have trumped their identity as women. Finally, ideologies help people make political choices and guide their political actions. Thus, since the Republican Party is identified with a steadfast opposition to abortion, anyone with strong anti-abortion views would find the party’s stance on this issue a helpful guide in voting.
Conservatives tend to believe that a government is best when it governs least. They want less government, especially in terms of regulating the economy. Conservatives favor local and state action over federal intervention. Conservatives are also likely to believe that the private sector is better equipped than the government to address domestic problems such as homelessness, poverty, and discrimination. A growing percentage of voters can be classified as social conservatives, who believe that moral decay must be stemmed and that government should support and further traditional moral teachings. These voters favor government intervention to regulate sexual and social behavior and have mounted effective efforts to restrict contraceptives, abortion, and same-sex marriage. Liberals seek to change the political, economic, and social status quo to foster the development of equality and the well-being of individuals. Modern liberals generally value equality over other aspects of shared political culture. They support well-funded government social welfare programs that seek to protect individuals from economic disadvantages or to correct past injustices, and they generally oppose government efforts to regulate private behavior or infringe on civil rights and liberties. Moderates take a relatively centrist view on most political issues. Aristotle actually favored moderate politics, believing that domination in the center was better than any extremes. Approximately 35 percent of the population today consider themselves political moderates.
Americans’ political ideologies have shifted dramatically over time. What was once a largely moderate nation has today become much more closely divided between liberals, conservatives, and moderates. These divisions can make governing particularly challenging and lead to gridlock in our political institutions.
Some critics charge that a simple left-to-right continuum cannot capture the full complexity of most citizens’ political ideologies. People can be liberal on social issues and conservative on economic issues or vice versa. Statists tend to be in favor of government intervention but may not hold policy views that align with liberals or conservatives. Libertarians tend to oppose government intervention in all areas, regardless of how liberal or conservative their personal views are.
Let’s review what we’ve learned about ideologies by answering this question.
Liberals look to the government for social welfare programs to protect individuals from economic disadvantages. They oppose government regulations on private behavior.
How do political scientists study politics? In this clip, Boston University political scientist Neta Crawford discusses how scholars who once focused on voters and institutions are now looking at deliberation as the primary indicator of the health of a democratic system. Throughout the semester, we will reference how political scientists study politics.
Politics is the study of who gets what, when, and how; in other words, the process by which policy decisions are made. Diversity and political ideology have a great impact on politics. In politics, there are always winners and losers. The American Dream is an ideal of a happy and successful life, predicated on economic freedom, political equality, and civil liberties. The myth of the achievability of the American Dream defines American political culture. As the nation and its economy grew in size and complexity, the federal government took on more responsibilities. Americans’ demands upon government increased, as did their dissatisfaction. Today, many Americans lack faith in the country’s institutions. We want government to do both more and less, and do it with fewer resources. For example, many Americans say they want less government, but as they get older, they don’t want less Social Security and Medicare. They want lower taxes and better roads, but they don’t want to pay road tolls. They want better education for their children, but lower expenditures on schools. They want greater security at airports, but low fares and quick boarding.
This graph shows the percentages of Americans declaring they had a “great deal” of confidence in American institutions. Note the declining trend of trust in all political institutions, as well as Americans’ record low levels of trust in institutions such as Congress and the presidency. Activity : Today’s Americans often question the “American Dream.” Yet the American Dream still reaches around the world. In a short (five minute) writing activity, ask your students to define the American Dream and outline a process by which they could prove it was still alive or is dying. What types of evidence could be used to defend their position?
Can you answer this brief question about content we have just covered?
Distrust of government and its institutions has been steadily increasing.
What is the government’s function in everyday life? Real people share their opinions on how involved the federal government should be in education by evaluating the effectiveness of the No Child Left Behind Act, which encourages standardized testing.
What is your government doing for you? Author Karen O'Connor lays out the most pressing issues that America faces today—including student loans and Social Security—and argues that students must understand how the government works in order to be taken care of later on.