This document provides information on nutritional assessment using anthropometric measurements. It begins by defining nutritional assessment and describing direct and indirect assessment methods. The direct methods include anthropometry (A), biochemical tests (B), clinical exams (C), and dietary assessments (D).
The document focuses on anthropometric assessments (A) which involve direct body measurements. It describes several anthropometric measurements used to assess growth in children, such as weight, height/length, mid-upper arm circumference, and head circumference. The document also discusses deriving indices from these measurements, such as weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height, which are used to evaluate nutritional status. Finally, it provides classifications systems
Nutritional Assessment METHOD POWER POINT.pptMoamoiAddoo
This document provides information on nutritional assessment methods. It discusses direct and indirect assessment methods. Direct methods include anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary assessments. Anthropometric assessments measure body dimensions and proportions. Key anthropometric measurements discussed are head circumference, length/height, weight, and indices derived from these measurements. The document outlines several methods to classify nutritional status based on anthropometric indices, including Gomez, Wellcome Trust, and Waterlow classifications. It also discusses using anthropometry to assess body composition in adults.
This document provides an overview of anthropometric assessments. It defines anthropometry as the measurement of human physical dimensions and composition. It discusses various anthropometric measurements including height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference, and skin folds that are used to assess growth in children and body composition in adults. It also describes how indices like weight-for-age, height-for-age, and body mass index are derived from these measurements and used to classify nutritional status. Quality control measures for anthropometric surveys are also outlined to ensure accurate data collection.
This document provides an overview of nutritional assessment methods. It discusses both direct and indirect assessment approaches. Direct methods include anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and dietary assessments. Anthropometric assessments measure the body and include indices like BMI, MUAC and skin fold thickness. Biochemical assessments involve laboratory tests. The document focuses on anthropometric methods and their purposes in assessing growth in children and body composition in adults. It provides details on specific anthropometric measurements and derived indices along with their clinical meanings and cut-off points.
The nutritional status of an individual is determined by a complex interaction between internal constitutional factors like age, sex, nutrition, and diseases, and external environmental factors like food safety, and socioeconomic circumstances. Nutritional status can be optimal, undernourished, overnourished, or malnourished. Nutritional assessment methods include anthropometric measurements like height, weight, and BMI; clinical examination; dietary evaluation; and biochemical tests to identify individuals at risk of malnutrition and evaluate nutritional programs.
The document discusses various methods for assessing nutritional status, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods include anthropometric measurements, clinical assessment, dietary evaluation, and biochemical/laboratory tests. Anthropometric measurements include height, weight, mid-arm circumference, and skin fold thickness. Clinical assessment examines physical signs of malnutrition. Dietary evaluation involves dietary recalls, food frequency questionnaires, and food diaries. Biochemical tests include hemoglobin levels and micronutrient levels in blood and urine. Indirect methods assess broader community factors like economic conditions, food availability, and health statistics.
Nutritional assessment involves direct and indirect methods to evaluate community nutritional status. Direct methods include anthropometric measurements, dietary evaluations, clinical assessments, and biochemical tests. Anthropometric measurements like height, weight, and body mass index are key to assessing malnutrition. Dietary assessments like 24-hour recalls and food frequency questionnaires evaluate food and nutrient intake. Clinical exams identify physical signs of deficiencies. Biochemical tests like hemoglobin levels also help establish nutritional status. Collectively, these methods provide important data for identifying nutritional problems and developing effective intervention programs.
nutritional status assessment using Anthropometry, Biochemical, Clinical and ...DrVaishali3
The document discusses various methods for assessing nutritional status, including anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary assessments. Anthropometric methods like height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference, and skin fold thickness measurements are described as the most widely used and provide objective data on nutritional status. Biochemical indicators like hemoglobin and micronutrient levels in blood and urine are also evaluated. Clinical examination can detect early signs of nutritional deficiencies. Dietary assessment methods ranging from national food balance sheets to individual food recalls and records are outlined.
Nutritional Assessment METHOD POWER POINT.pptMoamoiAddoo
This document provides information on nutritional assessment methods. It discusses direct and indirect assessment methods. Direct methods include anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary assessments. Anthropometric assessments measure body dimensions and proportions. Key anthropometric measurements discussed are head circumference, length/height, weight, and indices derived from these measurements. The document outlines several methods to classify nutritional status based on anthropometric indices, including Gomez, Wellcome Trust, and Waterlow classifications. It also discusses using anthropometry to assess body composition in adults.
This document provides an overview of anthropometric assessments. It defines anthropometry as the measurement of human physical dimensions and composition. It discusses various anthropometric measurements including height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference, and skin folds that are used to assess growth in children and body composition in adults. It also describes how indices like weight-for-age, height-for-age, and body mass index are derived from these measurements and used to classify nutritional status. Quality control measures for anthropometric surveys are also outlined to ensure accurate data collection.
This document provides an overview of nutritional assessment methods. It discusses both direct and indirect assessment approaches. Direct methods include anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and dietary assessments. Anthropometric assessments measure the body and include indices like BMI, MUAC and skin fold thickness. Biochemical assessments involve laboratory tests. The document focuses on anthropometric methods and their purposes in assessing growth in children and body composition in adults. It provides details on specific anthropometric measurements and derived indices along with their clinical meanings and cut-off points.
The nutritional status of an individual is determined by a complex interaction between internal constitutional factors like age, sex, nutrition, and diseases, and external environmental factors like food safety, and socioeconomic circumstances. Nutritional status can be optimal, undernourished, overnourished, or malnourished. Nutritional assessment methods include anthropometric measurements like height, weight, and BMI; clinical examination; dietary evaluation; and biochemical tests to identify individuals at risk of malnutrition and evaluate nutritional programs.
The document discusses various methods for assessing nutritional status, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods include anthropometric measurements, clinical assessment, dietary evaluation, and biochemical/laboratory tests. Anthropometric measurements include height, weight, mid-arm circumference, and skin fold thickness. Clinical assessment examines physical signs of malnutrition. Dietary evaluation involves dietary recalls, food frequency questionnaires, and food diaries. Biochemical tests include hemoglobin levels and micronutrient levels in blood and urine. Indirect methods assess broader community factors like economic conditions, food availability, and health statistics.
Nutritional assessment involves direct and indirect methods to evaluate community nutritional status. Direct methods include anthropometric measurements, dietary evaluations, clinical assessments, and biochemical tests. Anthropometric measurements like height, weight, and body mass index are key to assessing malnutrition. Dietary assessments like 24-hour recalls and food frequency questionnaires evaluate food and nutrient intake. Clinical exams identify physical signs of deficiencies. Biochemical tests like hemoglobin levels also help establish nutritional status. Collectively, these methods provide important data for identifying nutritional problems and developing effective intervention programs.
nutritional status assessment using Anthropometry, Biochemical, Clinical and ...DrVaishali3
The document discusses various methods for assessing nutritional status, including anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary assessments. Anthropometric methods like height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference, and skin fold thickness measurements are described as the most widely used and provide objective data on nutritional status. Biochemical indicators like hemoglobin and micronutrient levels in blood and urine are also evaluated. Clinical examination can detect early signs of nutritional deficiencies. Dietary assessment methods ranging from national food balance sheets to individual food recalls and records are outlined.
This document provides an overview of nutritional assessment methods. It discusses direct methods like anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and dietary assessments. Anthropometric methods measure body height, weight and proportions to evaluate undernutrition and overnutrition. Biochemical tests measure nutrient levels in the body. Clinical assessment examines physical signs associated with malnutrition. Dietary assessment evaluates food intake. Indirect methods include analyzing ecological, economic and vital health statistics that reflect nutritional influences. The document outlines each assessment method in detail and their advantages and limitations. The goal of nutritional assessment is to identify individuals and groups at risk of malnutrition and to evaluate nutritional programs.
This document discusses various methods for assessing nutritional status, including direct methods like anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, clinical exams, and dietary evaluations as well as indirect methods using community health data. It provides details on anthropometric indicators like BMI, waist circumference, and hip measurements. Clinical exams can identify signs of deficiencies in hair, mouth, eyes, nails, skin, thyroid, and bones. Biochemical tests of blood and urine are useful to detect early nutritional changes. Dietary assessments include 24-hour recalls, food frequency questionnaires, and food diaries.
This document provides an overview of nutrition assessment and classification. It discusses the importance of nutrition assessment, different types of assessments including anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and dietary assessments. It describes nutrition screening and explains how to prioritize clients for assessment. Key aspects like frequency of assessment and indicators used to classify nutritional status are also outlined. The document is an educational resource for health workers on conducting comprehensive nutrition assessments.
1. Nutritional status can be assessed through direct methods like anthropometric measurements, clinical exams, dietary evaluations and biochemical tests or indirect methods using community health data.
2. Anthropometric measurements include height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference and skin fold thickness which provide objective measures of nutritional status.
3. Clinical exams evaluate physical signs associated with malnutrition and deficiencies in organs and tissues.
4. Dietary assessments like 24-hour recalls and food frequency questionnaires aim to understand usual nutrient intake.
5. Biochemical tests like hemoglobin levels can detect early metabolic changes and validate dietary data.
This document discusses various methods for nutritional assessment, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods measure anthropometry, biochemical/biophysical markers, clinical signs, and dietary intake. Anthropometry includes measurements like height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference, and skin folds which can assess growth in children and body composition in adults. Biochemical tests measure nutrient levels in tissues or fluids. Clinical methods observe signs of deficiencies. Dietary assessments evaluate past and current nutrient intake. Indirect methods examine broader health and socioeconomic indicators related to malnutrition. The document provides details on each assessment type and their advantages and limitations.
Nutritional assessment is an important tool that involves evaluating an individual's food and nutrient intake, lifestyle, medical history, and anthropometric, body composition, and biochemical measurements. It can identify people at risk of malnutrition and determine the effectiveness of nutrition programs. Common methods of assessment include analyzing anthropometric data like height, weight, and skin fold thickness; dietary intake; clinical exams; and biochemical tests. Assessments help design interventions, provide baseline data, and evaluate progress in addressing malnutrition at individual and population levels.
Growth monitoring is used to assess whether a child's growth is normal or indicates potential health issues. It involves regularly measuring a child's height, weight, and other factors and plotting them on standardized growth charts. Abnormal growth may signal problems like malnutrition or disease. Key aspects of growth monitoring include using accurate measuring techniques and growth charts, identifying growth patterns outside the normal range, and taking appropriate actions like counseling or referral for further evaluation if issues are suspected.
The document discusses various methods for assessing nutritional status, including direct methods like anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, clinical exams, and dietary assessments, as well as indirect demographic and health metrics. Anthropometric measurements like height, weight, waist circumference, and body mass index are useful but have limitations. Clinical exams can detect signs of deficiencies but miss early cases. Biochemical tests provide accurate data but are complex and expensive. Dietary assessments include 24-hour recalls, food frequency questionnaires, and food diaries. Overall, a combination of assessments is best to evaluate both individuals and populations.
Nutritional assessment of foods and its methodsThiviKutty
The document discusses various methods for assessing nutritional status, including direct methods like anthropometric measurements, clinical examinations, biochemical tests, and dietary evaluations. It provides details on anthropometric indicators like BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and growth charts. Clinical signs of nutrient deficiencies are also outlined. The advantages and limitations of different assessment methods are reviewed.
Mannan 6b anthropometricand nutritional status indicatorsSizwan Ahammed
The document summarizes concepts and measurement of nutrition status. It discusses various indicators used to assess malnutrition including anthropometric measurements like stunting, wasting, underweight; BMI; and biochemical indicators of micronutrient deficiencies. Stunting, wasting and underweight are defined based on height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age z-scores. Mid-upper arm circumference is also used. The most common micronutrient deficiencies are vitamin A, iodine and iron which are measured using biochemical indicators like serum retinol, urinary iodine and serum ferritin levels respectively.
The document discusses various methods for assessing nutritional status, including direct methods like anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, clinical exams, and dietary evaluations. It describes techniques for anthropometry like measuring height, weight, waist circumference, and calculating BMI. Clinical exams can identify signs of deficiencies. Dietary assessments include 24-hour recalls, food frequency questionnaires, and food diaries. Both direct and indirect community-level methods are used to identify nutritional risks and evaluate programs.
The document discusses various methods for assessing nutritional status, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods include anthropometric measurements like height, weight, skin folds, and body mass index (BMI). Clinical examination looks for signs of deficiencies. Dietary assessment methods are 24-hour recall, food frequency questionnaires, and food diaries. Laboratory tests include hemoglobin, micronutrient levels, and biomarkers. Anthropometry is useful but has limitations. Dietary assessment and clinical exams provide additional information. Biochemical tests can detect early changes but are more complex. Overall, a combination of methods is recommended to fully evaluate nutritional status.
Assessment Methods For Nutritional StatusDrSindhuAlmas
By the end of this lecture the you should be able:
To know the different methods for assessing the nutritional status To understand the basic anthropometric techniques, applications, & reference standards
nutritional assessment - a community based survey/study performed in children.
Anthropometry holds an important position in the assessment of nutrition.
it comprises easy and simple tools that can be analysed by ASHAs and ANMs at community level too apart from physicians.
This document discusses methods of nutritional assessment. It defines nutritional status and outlines the purpose of nutritional assessment as identifying those at risk of malnutrition and measuring the effectiveness of nutrition programs. Methods of assessment include direct anthropometric measurements like height, weight, and body mass index, as well as indirect methods like economic factors and health statistics. Clinical assessment examines physical signs associated with malnutrition. Both direct and indirect methods are used to evaluate undernutrition and overnutrition.
ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN CHILDREN.pptxchiesonunzeduba1
An essential and integral part of clinical care in paediatrics
No single method is complete in itself, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. A combination of the different methods is essential.
Height, weight and OFC measures indicate growth status while MUAC and SFT indicate body composition
ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN CHILDREN.pptxchiesonunzeduba1
An essential and integral part of clinical care in paediatrics
No single method is complete in itself, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. A combination of the different methods is essential.
Height, weight and OFC measures indicate growth status while MUAC and SFT indicate body composition
Determination of Nutritional Status semester 4.2.pptAkuraUkukAjabu
This document discusses various methods for assessing nutritional status, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods include anthropometric measurements like height, weight, skin folds; clinical examination of signs of deficiency; and dietary assessments like 24-hour recalls and food frequency questionnaires. Anthropometry is useful for evaluating undernutrition and overnutrition by comparing measurements to reference standards. Clinical examination identifies individuals at nutritional risk by checking for physical signs associated with deficiencies. Dietary assessments provide information on nutrient intake. Indirect methods consider community-level factors like food production and health statistics. Laboratory tests can detect early nutritional changes and validate other assessment methods.
Nutritional Assessment of Individual, Family & Community CM 5.2.pptxCommunityMedicine46
This document provides an overview of methods for assessing nutritional status, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods include clinical, anthropometric, dietary, and laboratory assessments. Clinical assessment involves a physical exam to identify signs of malnutrition. Anthropometric methods measure height, weight, and other body proportions. Dietary assessment evaluates food intake through methods like 24-hour recalls. Laboratory tests analyze blood and other biomarkers. Indirect methods review health statistics, ecological variables, and socioeconomic factors that influence nutrition. The document outlines the advantages and limitations of each assessment type.
Nutritional status is determined by the balance between food intake and energy expenditure, and is influenced by both internal factors like age and diseases as well as external environmental factors like food safety and socioeconomics. Nutritional assessment involves evaluating subjective and objective data related to food/nutrient intake, lifestyle, and medical history to identify undernutrition, overnutrition, deficiencies, and those at risk. It is done through various methods including dietary surveys, anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, and clinical examinations. Regular growth monitoring is important for screening for nutritional and health issues in children.
This document discusses endocrine drugs, including pancreatic hormones like insulin and glucagon, thyroid hormones and drugs, and corticosteroids. It describes how these hormones work, the conditions they are used to treat, their mechanisms of action, and types of drugs available. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels, while glucagon increases it. Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism and growth, and drugs like levothyroxine and propylthiouracil are used to treat hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone and prednisone have anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant, and metabolic effects and are used for conditions like adrenal insufficiency, rheumatoid arthritis, and
The document provides an outline and overview of the embryology, anatomy, physiology, investigations, causes and types of thyroid diseases. It discusses the synthesis of thyroid hormones, tests of thyroid function, imaging techniques, FNAC classification, hyperthyroidism (causes, Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma), hypothyroidism, thyroid cancers (papillary, follicular, medullary), and thyroid emergencies. It also covers the clinical features, investigations and management of various thyroid disorders.
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This document provides an overview of nutritional assessment methods. It discusses direct methods like anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and dietary assessments. Anthropometric methods measure body height, weight and proportions to evaluate undernutrition and overnutrition. Biochemical tests measure nutrient levels in the body. Clinical assessment examines physical signs associated with malnutrition. Dietary assessment evaluates food intake. Indirect methods include analyzing ecological, economic and vital health statistics that reflect nutritional influences. The document outlines each assessment method in detail and their advantages and limitations. The goal of nutritional assessment is to identify individuals and groups at risk of malnutrition and to evaluate nutritional programs.
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1. Nutritional status can be assessed through direct methods like anthropometric measurements, clinical exams, dietary evaluations and biochemical tests or indirect methods using community health data.
2. Anthropometric measurements include height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference and skin fold thickness which provide objective measures of nutritional status.
3. Clinical exams evaluate physical signs associated with malnutrition and deficiencies in organs and tissues.
4. Dietary assessments like 24-hour recalls and food frequency questionnaires aim to understand usual nutrient intake.
5. Biochemical tests like hemoglobin levels can detect early metabolic changes and validate dietary data.
This document discusses various methods for nutritional assessment, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods measure anthropometry, biochemical/biophysical markers, clinical signs, and dietary intake. Anthropometry includes measurements like height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference, and skin folds which can assess growth in children and body composition in adults. Biochemical tests measure nutrient levels in tissues or fluids. Clinical methods observe signs of deficiencies. Dietary assessments evaluate past and current nutrient intake. Indirect methods examine broader health and socioeconomic indicators related to malnutrition. The document provides details on each assessment type and their advantages and limitations.
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The document discusses various methods for assessing nutritional status, including direct methods like anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, clinical exams, and dietary assessments, as well as indirect demographic and health metrics. Anthropometric measurements like height, weight, waist circumference, and body mass index are useful but have limitations. Clinical exams can detect signs of deficiencies but miss early cases. Biochemical tests provide accurate data but are complex and expensive. Dietary assessments include 24-hour recalls, food frequency questionnaires, and food diaries. Overall, a combination of assessments is best to evaluate both individuals and populations.
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The document summarizes concepts and measurement of nutrition status. It discusses various indicators used to assess malnutrition including anthropometric measurements like stunting, wasting, underweight; BMI; and biochemical indicators of micronutrient deficiencies. Stunting, wasting and underweight are defined based on height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age z-scores. Mid-upper arm circumference is also used. The most common micronutrient deficiencies are vitamin A, iodine and iron which are measured using biochemical indicators like serum retinol, urinary iodine and serum ferritin levels respectively.
The document discusses various methods for assessing nutritional status, including direct methods like anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, clinical exams, and dietary evaluations. It describes techniques for anthropometry like measuring height, weight, waist circumference, and calculating BMI. Clinical exams can identify signs of deficiencies. Dietary assessments include 24-hour recalls, food frequency questionnaires, and food diaries. Both direct and indirect community-level methods are used to identify nutritional risks and evaluate programs.
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To know the different methods for assessing the nutritional status To understand the basic anthropometric techniques, applications, & reference standards
nutritional assessment - a community based survey/study performed in children.
Anthropometry holds an important position in the assessment of nutrition.
it comprises easy and simple tools that can be analysed by ASHAs and ANMs at community level too apart from physicians.
This document discusses methods of nutritional assessment. It defines nutritional status and outlines the purpose of nutritional assessment as identifying those at risk of malnutrition and measuring the effectiveness of nutrition programs. Methods of assessment include direct anthropometric measurements like height, weight, and body mass index, as well as indirect methods like economic factors and health statistics. Clinical assessment examines physical signs associated with malnutrition. Both direct and indirect methods are used to evaluate undernutrition and overnutrition.
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An essential and integral part of clinical care in paediatrics
No single method is complete in itself, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. A combination of the different methods is essential.
Height, weight and OFC measures indicate growth status while MUAC and SFT indicate body composition
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Height, weight and OFC measures indicate growth status while MUAC and SFT indicate body composition
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2. Learning Objectives
At the end of this session, the learners will
be able to
■ Identify anthropometric measurements of
growth and body composition
■ Differentiate from index an indicator
■ Determine nutritional status based on various
indices
■ Conduct an anthropometric survey
■ Be able to analyze anthropometric and data
4. Definition
Nutritional assessment is an interpretation of
anthropometric, biochemical (laboratory),
clinical and dietary survey data to tell whether a
person/ group of people are well nourished or
malnourished (Over nourished or under
nourished).
There are direct and indirect methods of
assessing Nutritional status.
5. DIRECT METHODS
The direct involve the direct measurement of body
dimensions and proportions, determination of
tissue or body fluid concentrations of nutrients,
dietary intake, appearance of the clinical
symptoms and signs related to a specific
nutrient dependent functional impairment
abbreviated as the ABCDs
A=Anthropometry
B= biochemical/Biophysical,
C= Clinical,
D= Dietary
6. The indirect methods #1
Indirect methods include assessment of
indicators of the food and nutrition situations
in the area/ region of interest by looking at
malnutrition or which are aggravated
certain data that are closely related to
by
malnutrition. These include:
■ Cause specific mortality rates
■ Age specific mortality rates
■ Health service statistics
■ Rate of nutritionally relevant infections
7. The indirect methods #2
■Meteorological data (rainfall data )
■Production pattern and distribution
pattern
■Income levels
■Market price of foods
■Predominance of cash crops
9. ANTHROPOMETRIC
ASSESSMENTS #1
Anthropometry comes from two Greek
words: Anthropo = Human, and
Metry/metron = measurement.
Definition: - Anthropometry refers to
measurement of variations of physical
dimension and gross composition of
human body at different levels and
degrees of nutrition (Jelliff, 1966).
10. ANTHROPOMETRIC ASSESSMENTS #2
Anthropometric measurements could be used
both in the clinical and field set-ups. In the
clinical set-ups they are used to assess the
nutritional status of:
post-operative patient,
post traumatic patient (after acute trauma or
surgery),
chronically sick medical patient,
patient preparing for operation,
severely malnourished patient to assess the
impact of nutritional intervention.
13. ANTHROPOMETRIC
MEASUREMENTS OF GROWTH
Growth performance of children is an
excellent reflection of their underlying
nutritional status.
Children adapt to the chronic
nutritional insult by either reducing
their rate of growth or by totally failing
to grow.
14. Measurement of Child
Growth
■Growing child is healthy child.
■Optimal growth occurs only with a
adequate food, absence of illness,
caring and nurturing, social
environment
■most rapid in first year of life.
15. How to measure growth ?
■ Common anthropometric measurements are
weight, height/length, MUAC, head
circumference
■ Most accurate and sensitive method of
measuring growth is weight gain
■ Weight gain can be measured by regularly
weighing
16. ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS
OF GROWTH
■ Therefore, assessment
performance of children
of growth
is one very
important purpose of anthropometric
measurements.
■ The following body measurements are
good indicators of growth performance of
children at different ages when combined
with the cut-off points.
17. HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE (HC):
Measured using flexible measuring tape
around 0.6cm wide to the nearest 1mm.
It is the circumference of the head along the
supra orbital ridge anteriorly and occipital
prominence posteriorly.
HC is useful in assessing chronic nutritional
problems in under two children.
But after 2 years as the growth of the brain is
sluggish it is not useful.
18. LENGTH
A wooden measuring board (also called
sliding board) is used for measuring
length.
It is measured in recumbent position in
children ≤2 yrs old to the nearest 1mm.
It is always > height by 1-2cm.
One assistant is needed in taking the
measurement
Measurement is read to the nearest mm
20. HEIGHT
Is measured in children > 2 yrs and a adults in
standing position to the nearest 0.1 cm.
The head should be in the Frankfurt plane during
measurement, knees should be straight and the
heels buttocks and the shoulders blades, should
touch the vertical surface of the stadiometer (
anthropometer) or wall.
Stadiometer or portable anthropometer can be
used for measuring.
There is also a plastic instrument called acustat
Stadiometer that is cheaper than the
conventional Stadiometer.
22. WEIGHT
Weighing sling (spring balance) also called
salter scale is used for measurement of weight
in children < 2 years.
In children the measurement is performed to
the nearest 10g.
In adults and children ≥2 years, beam balance
is used and the measurement is performed to
the nearest 0.1 kg.
For both digital (electronic) scales can be used
and are very acurate.
25. INDICES DERIVED FROM THESE
MEASUREMENTS
What is an index? It is a combination of
two measurements or a measurement plus
age. The following are few of them: -
Head circumference-for age
Weight -for-age
Height-for age
Weight for height
26. MEANINGS OF THE INDICES DERIVED FROM
GROWTH MEASUREMENTS
W eight for A ge = x 100
Weight of the child
Weight the normal child of
the same age
Weigh for height = Weight of the child x 100
Weight of the normal child of
the same height
Height for age X 100
= H eight of the child .
Height of the normal child of
the same age
27. Both weigh for age and weight for height are
indices sensitive to acute changes to nutritional
status
Height for age of children in a given population
indicates their nutritional status in the long run.
The best example is change in the average
height of children in the industrialized countries
towards higher values following improvements
in nutrition, control of infectious problems etc.
This is called Secular change (trend) in Height
28. Indicator
An indicator is an index + a cut-off point.
E.g.
W F A < 60% = is indicator of severe
malnutrition
HFA < 85%= indicator of severe stunting
W F H < 70% = is indicator of severe
wasting
29. EXPRESSING ANTHROPOMETRIC
MEASUREMENTS
A. Z- score which is expressed as,
Z = median of the reference population---subject’s value X100
Standard deviation of the reference
-2 Z is a cut-off point for under nutrition
B. Standard deviation score which could be expressed as,
SD =(subject’s value -- the mean of the group)2
Number of subjects—1
- 2 SD if a cut-off point for under nutrition
30. EXPRESSING ANTHROPOMETRIC
MEASUREMENTS
Percent of the median expressed as,
P = Weight or height Value of the subject X 100
(Median height or weight value of the reference of the same age)
80 % of the median is a cut-off point for under nutrition
. Centiles, Expressed according to the value of the subject in reference to
NCHS’s 3rd
,
5tyh, 10th
and 90th
centiles
Usually the 3rd
centiles is taken as a cut off point for labeling
malnourished
subject.
31. Various indices and cut-off points for defining
malnutrition:
Indices Indicators
for malnutrition
Z or SD
from ref-
rerence
median #
Wt-for-ht Wasting < - 2
Ht-for-age Stunting
Cut-off points for defining
malnutrition
Percentile of ref- % of refer-
erence median ence median
< 3rd < 80%
< 3rd < 90% < - 2
Wt-for-age Underweight < 3rd < 80% < -2
“Moderate” malnutrition classified as the percent falling between – 2 to – 3
32. Relationship of conventional cut-off points
for diagnosing moderate malnutrition
Type of
standard
Height for
age
Weight for
height
Weight for
age
Z-score -2 -2 -2
Standard
deviation
-2 -2 -2
Centile 3rd
3rd
3rd
Percent of the
median
90% 80% 80%
34. What is a Percentile?
95th
5th
Major Percentile Divisions
85th
50th
35.
36. Using appropriate methods for
different setups
■ Percentiles are not recommended for
evaluating anthropometric measurements from
less developed countries when reference data
from industrialized countries such as NCHS
are used
■ Because many of the study population may
have indices below the extreme percentiles of
the reference population making it difficult for
accurately classifying large number of
individuals
37. Using appropriate methods
for different setups
■ Standard deviation score is recommended by
waterlow et al(1977) for evaluating
anthropometric data from less industrialized
countries.
■ This is because the deviations scores can be
defined beyond the limits of original reference
data.
■ This allows accurate classification of
individuals below the extreme percentiles of
the reference data.
38. Comparison of the characteristic of
three measures of scale
Characteristic Z score Percentile Percent of
median
Adherence to reference
population
Yes Yes No
Summary statistics
Possible
Yes No Yes
Uniform Criteria across
indices
Yes Yes No
Useful for detecting
changes at extreme of
distribution
Yes No Yes
42. I. Gomez classification (weight-for-age)
(Gomez et al, 1956)
Percentage (%) of NCHS
reference
Level of malnutrition
90-109 Normal
75-89 Mild(grade I)
60-74 Moderate(Grade II)
< 60 Severe (grade III)
43. Disadvantages of Gomez
classification
The cut off point 90% may be too high as many
well-nourished children are below this value,
edema is ignored and yet it contributes to
weight and
It does not indicate the duration of malnutrition
age is difficult to know in developing countries
(agrarian society).
It does not also differentiate between
44. Well-come classification (weight-for-age)
(Welcome trust working party 1970)
Percentage (%) of
NCHS
Level of malnutrition
Reference Edema No edema
60
-80
% Kwashiorkor
Undernou
rishe
< 60% Marasmic-kwashiorkor Marasmus
45. Disadvantages
This method does not differentiate :
Acute malnutrition (for emergency
planning)
Chronic malnutrition( for food security
planning)
Depends on knowledge of the child’s
age
Does not take height differences in to
account
48. ASSESSMENT BODY COMPOSITION #1
Linear growth ceases at around the age
of 25-30 years.
Therefore, the main purpose of
nutritional assessment of adults using
Anthropometry is determination of the
changes of body weight and body
composition.
49. Five levels of body composition
Assessment
1. Atomic level(C, H, N, P, Ca, O)
2. Molecular level(fat, Water, protein)
3. Cellular level(body cell mass, intra/extra
cellular water, intracellular solids)
4. Tissue level(adipose tissue, muscle, bone)
5. Whole body level (Weight, height, skin
folds)
50. Some of the main components at the first four body
composition levels
51. ASSESSMENT BODY COMPOSITION
Using Anthropometry
Whole body level assessment is used
In assessing body composition we consider
the body to made up of two compartments:
The fat mass and the fat free mass. Total
body mass= Fat mass + fat free Mass.
Therefore different measurements are
used to assess these two compartments:
52. Measurements used for assessing
fat free mass:
Mid upper arm circumference***
Mid upper arm Muscle area
Mid thigh circumference
Mid thigh muscle area
Mid calf circumference
Mid calf muscle area
53. Mid upper arm circumference
(MUAC)
Is used for screening purposes especially in
emergency situations where there shortage of human
resource, time and other resources as it is less
sensitive as compared to the other indices.
It is measured half way between the olecranon
process and acromion process using non stretchable
tap
In children the cut-off points are:
Normal > 13.5 cm
Mild to moderate malnutrition 12.5-13.5 cm
Severe malnutrition < 12.5 cm
***These cut-offs could be arbitrarily
modified based on available resources
54. 5/2/2017 1:22 54
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Sig.
95.0% Confidence Interval
for β
β Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound
(Constant) 0.707 0.273 0.0100 0.17 1.243
RUAC 0.961 0.009 <0.0001 0.944 0.978
SEX -0.063 0.042 0.1340 -0.145 0.019
AGE 0.031 0.015 0.0400 0.001 0.060
Table 3 . Multivariable linear regression model predicting Mid upper arm
Circumference (MUAC) using Random arm circumference (RUAC)
55. The following cut-offs are used In community Based
Nutrition (CBN) programs of Ethiopia
Target
Groups
MUAC
Malnutrition
Under
five years
old
children
11-11.9 cm
11.5-12.5(Now)
Moderate
acute
malnutrition
(MAM)
<11 cm
<11.5(now)
Severe acute
malnutrition
(SAM)
Pregnant
women/
Adults
17 to <21cm
Moderate
malnutrition
18 to < 21 cm with
recent weight loss
< 17 cm
Severe
<18 cm with recent
57. MUAC…
It is a sensitive indicator of risk of
mortality
Useful for screening of children for
community based nutrition
interventions
Useful for the assessment of
nutritional status of pregnant women
61. Measurements Used to Assess
Fat Mass :
Weight & Height(Body mass index )
Waist to Hip circumference ratio
Skin fold thickness
62. Indices derived from height
and weight measurements
Different indices could be derived by
measuring the weight and height of
an adult
Body mass index (Quetelet’s index) =
Wt/(Height in meters)2
Weight/height ratio (Benn’s index)P
Ponderal index = Wt/ (ht) 3
63. Correlation between BMI and weight and height
measurements from selected studiesLocation Categories
Number Correlation with
Weight Height
1
UK males 5,000 0.83 to 0.86 (*) -0.1 to 0.08
2
Polynesians males 432 0.88 to 0.92 0.02 to 0.05
1 Khosla & Lowe, 196
2 Evans & Prior, 1969
females 378 0.92 to 0.95 (*) -0.01 to -0.12
3 Florey, 1970.
3
USA males 1,723 0.83 -0.08 4 Smalley et al., 1990.
females 2,202 0.90 -0.20
4
USA females 213 0.94 -0.15
5
Hawaii males 17,657 0.81 to 0.90 (*) -0.01 to -0.12
females 17,866 0.85 to 0.92 (*) -0.23 to -0.09
6
Israel males 9,475 0.83 -0.03
7
New Zealand males 477 0.80 -0.20
females 301 0.93 -0.17
64. Body mass Index(BMI)
Body mass index the best method for
assessing adult nutritional status as
the index is not affected by the height
of the person
Therefore, it is most frequently used
for assessing adult nutritional status
65. Cut-off points for BMI
> 40 kg/m2 = very obese
30-40 kg/m2 = obese
26-30 kg/m2 = overweight
18.5-25kg/m2 = Normal
17-18.4 kg/m2 = mild chronic energy deficiency
16-16.9kg/m2 = Moderate chronic energy
deficiency
< 16 kg/m2 = severe chronic energy deficiency
66. ■What BMI cut‐offs are used in children and
adolescents?
■WHO suggest a set of thresholds based on
single standard deviation spacing.
■• Thinness: <‐2SD
■• Overweight: between +1SD and <+2SD
■• Obese: >+2SD
67. This cut-offs are based on the mortalities
and morbidities associated with extreme
values
The
Safe zone
Chronic diseases
(hypertension,
diabetes, cancer,
coronary heart
disease
Malnutrition
related
infections and
deficiency
diseases
Mortality
And
Morbidity
In %
1
6
18.
5
2
5
3
0
4
0
Body mass index KG/M2