Norms-Shifting for Digital and Online Arts Practice
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This document summarizes the results of a survey conducted in 2016 on norms-shifting for digital and online arts practice. Some key findings include: - Over 1900 respondents were surveyed, primarily academics, museum professionals, and artists. - The majority of respondents use copyrighted works for their creative practice, but only about 20% employ fair use. Many avoid, delay, or abandon projects due to copyright concerns. - While fair use is seen as valuable, uncertainty around it limits creativity for 43% of respondents. - Awareness of the Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for the Visual Arts has increased since it was issued in 2015, but licensing is still the norm despite difficulties. However, more
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Norms-Shifting for Digital and Online Arts Practice
- 1. NORMS-SHIFTING FOR DIGITAL AND ONLINE ARTS PRACTICE PATRICIA AUFDERHEIDE, ARAM SINNREICH AND LOUISA IMPERIALE OCTOBER,2016 ASSOCIATION OFINTERNETRESEARCHERS
- 2. SURVEY • A year after creating Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for the Visual Arts • C. 1900 U.S. respondents • Via College Art Association • Academics, museum professionals, editors, artists • Early career, mid, veteran • Compare with 2013 survey
- 3. QUESTIONS • How high was awareness? • Did awareness bring trust? • Did awareness change behavior?
- 5. ONE-THIRD OF RESPONDENTS AVOID, ABANDON, AND DELAY PROJECTS DUE TO COPYRIGHT 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Avoided or abandoned Delayed Always Frequently Sometimes
- 6. FAIR USE IS UNDERUSED More than four-fifths of CAA members use copyrighted work, but only one-fifth employ fair use whenever they do. Alwa… Frequent ly 19% Sometime s… Rar… Never 11% Unsur e… Used copyrighted works Always 41% Frequently 19% Sometimes 15% Rarely, 12% Never 11% Sought permission Always 38% Frequently 27% Sometimes 16% Rarely 6% Never 4% Unsure 9% Relied on fair use Didn’t always seek permission Yes (80%) (59%)
- 7. 0% 500% 1000% 1500% 2000% 2500% 3000% 3500% Absolutely necessary for creators very useful somewhat useful Not sure Somewhat damaging Very damaging Totally unfair for creators 29% 29% 12% 23% 5% 1% 1% FAIR USE VALUED BUT... “How useful or damaging do you think fair use rights are for creative expression?”
- 8. MANY SEEK OTHER UNLICENSED OPTIONS Always 3% Frequently, 11% Sometimes , 16% Rarely 9%Never 47% Unsure, 14% Used Open License to Share Own Work Always 3% Frequently 19% Sometimes 26% Rarely 13% Never 26% Unsure, 14% Used Others’ Openly Licensed Work Always 6% Frequently 36% Sometimes, 32% Rarely 10% Never 10% Unsure, 5% Used Others’ Public Domain Work
- 9. RESPONDENTS VALUE CREATIVE COPYING 91% 90% 82% 89% 82% 68% 95% 93% 87% 95% 92% 76% Creative appropriation can be “original” Creative appropriation shouldn’t necessarily require permission CAA Members Documentary Filmmakers General Population U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. Non-U.S. Non-U.S. Non-U.S. Non-U.S. Non-U.S.
- 10. RESPONDENTS: UNCERTAINTY LIMITS MY CREATIVITY Yes 43% No 57% What would change: • More appropriative art • Publish more • Share work online • Improve educational techniques • Fewer meetings/calls/emails
- 11. 2013/2016 •Strongly similar overall patterns •Licensing is still the norm, despite difficulties •Visual arts professionals have reasons to find alternatives
- 13. AWARENESS AND TRUST 64.1% 35.9% 2/3 HAVE HEARD ABOUT THE CODE 67.2% 32.8% 1/3 HAVE TOLD SOMEONE ABOUT IT
- 14. WHO THEY TOLD ABOUT THE CODE 87% 35% 31% 21% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Colleagues Students Administrators Conference Atendees
- 15. ASSOCIATIONS ARE POSITIVE “What words would you associate with fair use?”
- 16. CODE USE LEADS TO CHANGE Yes 63% No 37% Aware of Code Yes 51% No 49% Used Code No No No 38% Pre- Code 14%Post- Code 3% Pre & Post 21% N/A 24% No 41% Pre- Code 16% Post- Code 1% Pre & Post 22% N/A 20% No 29% Pre- Code 15% Post- Code 8% Pre & Post 36% N/A 12% Employed Fair Use Yes
- 17. CONCLUSIONS • Education matters; behavior changes with knowledge, confidence • Peer support matters; it validates new knowledge • Institutional action, well publicized, matters • The newest are most likely to change quickly, but the most veteran are in the best position to teach • Teachers need to build into curriculum
Editor's Notes
- It was 63% had heard about the code, and 32% told someone. However, it seems that it was NOT out of the 2/3, but a general question. 1,977 responded to whether they had heard about the code, and 1,633 responded to the question whether they had told someone (525 said yes).