This document provides an introduction to the Unix operating system. It defines Unix as a portable, multitasking, multiuser operating system. It describes key Unix features such as its simple design, portability, hierarchical file system, multi-user capability, and security features. The document outlines the three main components of the Unix architecture: application programs, the kernel, and the shell. It provides details on the roles of the kernel and shell. It also lists some common Unix commands and notes that files are organized hierarchically in directories to form the file system.

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1. INTRODUCTION TO UNIX 11/02/2022 14/02/2022 3
2. UNIX COMMAND 14/02/2022 04/03/2022 9

3. INTRODUCTION TO UNIX
Definition: Unix is a portable, multitasking,
multiuser, time sharing operating system.
Features of Unix
1. Simple design, organization and functioning.
2. Portability: The code can be changed and compiled
on a new machine.
3. UNIX Shell: The user interface UNIX Shell provides
the services that the user wants.
4. Hierarchical file system: UNIX uses a hierarchical
file structure to store information.
5. Multi user: UNIX allows more than one user to
share the same computer system at the same time.
6. Multi- tasking: More than one program can be run
at a time.
7. Security UNIX provides high security level (System
level security and file level security). 8. Pipes and
Filters in UNIX, we can create complex programs from
simple programs.
9. Utilities UNIX has over 200 utility programs for
various functions.
10. Machine Independence.
UNIX Architecture
The three main components of Unix architecture:
1. Application program
2. Kernel
3. Shell
Application program:
It is a computer program designed to carry out a
specific task other than one relating to the
operation of the computer itself, typically to be
used by end users. E.g.: word processers, media
players, accounting software are examples.
UNIX SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

4. Kernel: Kernel is the heart of the operating
system.
• It interface between Shell and Hardware. Computer
hardware such as memory, disc, printers, etc. are
controlled by the kernel.
• The kernel schedules the processes, control
executes various userdefined tasks.
• Most of the tasks such as memory management, task
scheduling, file management and so on are performed
by kernel.
• It manages external commands in Unix.
• In other words, we can say that it’s a platform
consisting the specific set of libraries and
infrastructure for the new application made and thus

5. help in interaction among them.
Shell: Shell is a collection of UNIX Commands.
• The Shell acts as an interface between the user and
the kernel.
• Shell uses standard syntax for all commands.
• Only one Kernel running on the system, but several
shells in action-one for each user who is logged in.
There are 3 types of Shell:
1. C Shell
2. Bourne Shell
3. Korn Shell
Commands and Utility: There are various
commands and utilities which you can make use of in
your day-to-day activities. cp, mv, cat and grep,
etc. are few examples of commands and utilities.
There are over 250 standard commands plus numerous
others provided through 3rd party software. All the
commands come along with various options.
File and Directories: All the data of Unix is
organized into files. All files are then organized
into directories. These directories a further
organized into a tree-like structure called the file
system.
cal, ncal — displays a calendar and the date of
Easter
who - show who is logged on
who - show who is logged on