1. Group members
1; Kayf omar Hassan
2. Sunsus Mohamed mohamud
3. Naima Abdiaziz Ahmed
4. Amino Ismail Mohamud
5. Rodo Abdi Ahmed
2. Conflict
Conflict
Violence
Marital Conflict Domestic Violence
Defination: Domestic Violence is defined as a pattern of abusive
behavior in an intimate or family relationship that is used by one person
to gain or maintain control over the other person.
WHAT IS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ?
3. Why do abusers abuse?
“Women
have too
much
power in
the U.S.”
“If only she
hadn’t done
that…”
“She knows I
don’t like being
talked to like
that.”
“I don’t know what came
over me. I’m not like that.”
“I was
drunk. I
wasn’t
thinking.
”
“This is
what
couples
do.”
“Women need
to be taught
how to
behave.”
“I’ve been
under a lot
of stress at
work.”
4. Why do survivors stay?
Emotional
• Belief that abuser will
change (that she can help)
• Feeling responsible to
keep marriage intact
• Attachment to partner
• Wanting children to have a
father
• Feeling responsible for the
abuse
• Feeling hopeless, trapped
• Fear that abuser will kill
her if she leaves
Situational
• Nowhere safe to go
• Social isolation
• Financial and other
dependence on abuser
• Family and community
pressure
• Fear about lack of skills
(English, job)
• Unaware that help is
available
• Fear of law enforcement
5. Domestic Violence, Refugees, and
Somalia’s Response Systems
• Perception of domestic violence as a family matter
• Social customs that men are in charge of women
• Multiple stakeholders in keeping marriages intact
• Community as first line of response
• Protecting community reputation
• Fear and hesitancy to use legal options
• Overly protective or controlling partner
6. • Delay seeking medical care for injuries
• Secrecy or discomfort discussing relationship
• Isolation from friends and family
• Frequent absences from work or school
• Vague or chronic health symptoms
• Body language and nonverbal communication
Cont….
7. i. People have the right to live a life free from violence.
ii. Survivors are not at fault or to blame for the violence they experience.
iii. Survivors should not be stigmatized, shamed, or ridiculed for the violence
they have experienced.
iv. Survivors speak the truth about the violence they have experienced.
v. Survivors should not be forced to disclose or report their experience to
anyone.
vi. Survivors have the right to make their own decisions about their care and
about their lives.
vii. Survivors can recover and heal from their history and experiences of
violence.
Survivor-Centered Attitudes
8. WHAT IS SEXUALL ASSAULT ?
SEXUAL ASSAULT IS: Any sexual act or attempt did to obtain
any sexual contact or behavior that occurs without explicit
consent of the victim through threats of harm or physical force
EFFECTS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT IN HUMAN LIFE
• Unwanted pregnancy
• Sexual dysfunction
• Unsafe abortion
• Infertility
9. • STI including Hiv/Aids
• pelvic pain
• Post traumatic stress disorder
• Self harm
• Suicide
• Flashbacks
• Eating disorder
• Depression
F.g: there are many other impacts of sexual assault in human life.
Cont…
10. Management
• Step 1
Assess and treat serious injuries first
Obtain verbal consent to conduct physical examination
Take full history and document all findings
Conduct full physical examination and document all findings
Document all facts regarding the assault.
• Step 2
Manage physical effects of the assault such as wounds and
bruises including antibiotics to prevent wound infection,
tetanus booster if required, medication for pain relief or
anxiety.
11. • Step 3
Provide emergency contraception if the victim has started menarche
and presents within 72 hours post-assault.
Postionor-2-take 1 tablet orally, to be repeated after 12 hours or
Lo-femenal 4 tabs to be repeated after 12 hours.
Provide HIV Testing Counseling
Conduct an HB baseline reading (if available)
If the Victim Presents within 72 hours of penetrative assault, and
is HIV negative upon initial testing, and consents to PEP
treatment, provide PEP treatment with Duovir BD x 30 days
Step 4
Editor's Notes
What makes domestic violence different from arguing/fighting between spouses?
Marital conflict: essentially similar power between men and women in the relationship
DV: Constant imbalance of power, use violence to maintain imbalance (Is it permanent? Does that mean it can’t change?)
READ MARIAM STORY – Think about 3 questions: 1. What forms of violence are present? 2. Why does Jean abuse? 3. Why is Miriam vulnerable to abuse?
“Miriam lived with her husband, Jean, and her three children in a small house near the market. When they got married, Jean paid a dowry (or bride price) to her family and, from the beginning, expected Miriam to work hard to make up for it. He would often tell her that he had paid a good price for her so she better work and be a good wife, or else he would send her back and demand the money back from her family.
Miriam worked from early in the morning until late in the evening selling vegetables in the market. When she got home, she would be tired, but she had to cook dinner, fetch water, wash clothes, and look after her young children as well.
Jean would often take the money that Miriam had earned at the market and go out in the evening. He would not come home until late, and often he would be drunk and start shouting at Miriam. He would beat her in front of the children. Sometimes he would make her sleep outside to punish her if the food was cold or not cooked to his liking and to show the neighbors that he was the boss in his house. Many of their neighbors were afraid of Jean and ignored Miriam. Miriam was too ashamed to talk with her friends or neighbors about Jean. Although they would often see her with bruises on her face, they just kept quiet.”
Link to why Jean used abuse – he felt entitled, sees violence as normal
Is it because… They are uneducated? They are traumatized? They can’t manage their anger? They are unhappy in their marriage? They have witnessed violence? They are stressed? No. (root causes and choice)
Most abusers do not believe that they have a problem or that there is any reason to change. They can be very good at justifying their behavior (especially within their cultural frame of reference). They may blame the abusive behavior on stress, abuse of alcohol, loss of control, or the behavior of the survivor.
According to WHO, risk factors for being a perpetrator include low education, exposure to child maltreatment or witnessing violence in the family, harmful use of alcohol, attitudes accepting of violence and gender inequality.
Abusive behavior is something only the abuser can stop, and he has to make a decision to change.
Link to why Miriam was vulnerable – community said nothing, parents told her it was normal, and people blamed her for being bad wife.
Risk factors for being a victim of domestic violence include low education, witnessing violence between parents, exposure to abuse during childhood, and attitudes accepting violence and gender inequality (WHO). Note that many of these risk factors are the same for becoming a perpetrator of domestic violence. Refugee women may find themselves at particular risk because of their traditional levels of dependence on men (reinforced in U.S.), restricted educational opportunities, and limited ability to protect themselves.
Women in abusive relationships are often judged for not leaving and perhaps thought of as ‘passive victim.’ Evidence suggests, however, that women often adopt strategies to maximize their safety and that of their children. What might be interpreted as a woman’s inaction may in fact be the result of a calculated assessment about how to protect herself and her children.
Emotional and situational reasons for staying (sometimes situational used to justify emotional). Abusers are not abusive 100% of the time, survivors believe that they can change (and abuser reinforces that message). And survivors believe that they can change abusers (if I stop doing this…) but women are not responsible for abuse. Remember the power imbalance that we looked at in the beginning. Survivors do not hold enough power in their relationship with the abuser to change his behavior. Someone who has equal power may be able to help the abuser change his behavior, but the survivor will not.
