In this interactive and informative presentation, 8th-grade students will explore the fascinating members of our solar system and learn about the crucial role artificial satellites play in space exploration. From the blazing sun to the mysterious outer planets, students will embark on a journey through the cosmos, discovering each celestial body's unique characteristics and features. Through engaging visuals and interactive activities, students will gain a deep understanding of the wonders of our solar system and the important tools used to explore it.
A comprehensive study of Geography for PCS examination
This module is very helpful for the Students who are preparing for the Competitive Examination Like UPSC, BPSC & other State Public Service Commission.
Michael SeedsDana BackmanChapter 8Origin of the So.docxARIV4
Michael Seeds
Dana Backman
Chapter 8
Origin of the Solar System and Extrasolar Planets
*
The solar system is our home in the universe. As humans are an intelligent species, we have the right and the responsibility to wonder what we are. Our kind has inhabited this solar system for at least a million years. However, only within the last hundred years have we begun to understand what a solar system is.
*
You are linked through a great chain of origins that leads backward through time to the first instant when the universe began 13.7 billion years ago.The gradual discovery of the links in that chain is one of the most exciting adventures of the human intellect.
The Great Chain of Origins
*
Earlier, you have studied some of that story:Origin of the universe in the big bangFormation of galaxiesOrigin of starsProduction of the chemical elementsHere, you will explore further and consider the origin of planets.
The Great Chain of Origins
*
By the time the universe was three minutes old, the protons, neutrons, and electrons in your body had come into existence. You are made of very old matter.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Although those particles formed quickly, they were not linked together to form the atoms that are common today.Most of the matter was hydrogen and about
25 percent was helium. Very few of the heavier atoms were made in
the big bang.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Although your body does not contain helium, it does contain many of those ancient hydrogen atoms that have remained unchanged since the universe began.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
During the first few hundred million years after the big bang, matter collected to form galaxies containing billions of stars. You have learned how nuclear reactions inside stars combine low-mass atoms, such as hydrogen, to make heavier atoms.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Generation of stars cooked the original particles, fusing them into atoms such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Those are common atoms in your body.Even the calcium atoms in your bones were assembled inside stars.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Most of the iron in your body was produced by:Carbon fusion in type Ia supernovae Decay of radioactive atoms in the expanding matter ejected by type II supernovae
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Atoms heavier than iron, such as iodine, were created by:Rapid nuclear reactions that can occur only during supernova explosions
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Elements uncommon enough to be expensive—gold, silver, and platinum in the jewelry that humans wear—also were produced: during the violent deaths of rare, massive stars.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Our galaxy contains at least
100 billion stars, of which the sun is one.The sun formed from a cloud of gas and dust about 5 billion years ago.The atoms in your body were part of that cloud.
Th ...
A comprehensive study of Geography for PCS examination
This module is very helpful for the Students who are preparing for the Competitive Examination Like UPSC, BPSC & other State Public Service Commission.
Michael SeedsDana BackmanChapter 8Origin of the So.docxARIV4
Michael Seeds
Dana Backman
Chapter 8
Origin of the Solar System and Extrasolar Planets
*
The solar system is our home in the universe. As humans are an intelligent species, we have the right and the responsibility to wonder what we are. Our kind has inhabited this solar system for at least a million years. However, only within the last hundred years have we begun to understand what a solar system is.
*
You are linked through a great chain of origins that leads backward through time to the first instant when the universe began 13.7 billion years ago.The gradual discovery of the links in that chain is one of the most exciting adventures of the human intellect.
The Great Chain of Origins
*
Earlier, you have studied some of that story:Origin of the universe in the big bangFormation of galaxiesOrigin of starsProduction of the chemical elementsHere, you will explore further and consider the origin of planets.
The Great Chain of Origins
*
By the time the universe was three minutes old, the protons, neutrons, and electrons in your body had come into existence. You are made of very old matter.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Although those particles formed quickly, they were not linked together to form the atoms that are common today.Most of the matter was hydrogen and about
25 percent was helium. Very few of the heavier atoms were made in
the big bang.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Although your body does not contain helium, it does contain many of those ancient hydrogen atoms that have remained unchanged since the universe began.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
During the first few hundred million years after the big bang, matter collected to form galaxies containing billions of stars. You have learned how nuclear reactions inside stars combine low-mass atoms, such as hydrogen, to make heavier atoms.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Generation of stars cooked the original particles, fusing them into atoms such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Those are common atoms in your body.Even the calcium atoms in your bones were assembled inside stars.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Most of the iron in your body was produced by:Carbon fusion in type Ia supernovae Decay of radioactive atoms in the expanding matter ejected by type II supernovae
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Atoms heavier than iron, such as iodine, were created by:Rapid nuclear reactions that can occur only during supernova explosions
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Elements uncommon enough to be expensive—gold, silver, and platinum in the jewelry that humans wear—also were produced: during the violent deaths of rare, massive stars.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Our galaxy contains at least
100 billion stars, of which the sun is one.The sun formed from a cloud of gas and dust about 5 billion years ago.The atoms in your body were part of that cloud.
Th ...
ICSE Class VIII Physics The Universe - TopperLearningAlok Singh
The universe is defined as the vast surrounding space which includes everything that exists from the earth to the most distant parts of space that one can see.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
ICSE Class VIII Physics The Universe - TopperLearningAlok Singh
The universe is defined as the vast surrounding space which includes everything that exists from the earth to the most distant parts of space that one can see.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
3. 1. Will show some images.
2. Each of the images has
a pool of letters in it.
3. Have to form a suitable
word from the image.
4. Only have 10 seconds to
guess the answer.
11. ASTEROIDS
There is a large gap in between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
This gap is occupied by a large number of small objects that
revolve around the Sun. These are called asteroids.
Asteroids can only be seen through large telescopes.
12.
13. Comets
Comets revolve around the Sun in highly elliptical orbits.
However, their period of revolution round the Sun is usually very long.
A Comet appears generally as a bright head with a long tail.
The length of the tail grows in size as it approaches the sun.
The tail of a comet is always directed away from the sun.
Many comets are known to appear periodically. One such comet is Halley’s
comet, which appears after nearly every 76 years.
It was last seen in 1986.
14.
15. METEOrS
bright streaks of light in the sky.
These are commonly known as shooting stars, although they are not stars. They are called
meteors.
A meteor is usually a small object that occasionally enters the earth’s atmosphere.
At that time it has a very high speed.
The friction due to the atmosphere heats it up. It glows and evaporates quickly. That is why the
bright steak lasts for a very short time.
Some meteors are large and so they can reach the Earth before they evaporate completely.
The body that reaches the Earth is called a meteorite.
Meteorites help scientists in investigating the nature of the material from which the solar system
was formed.
16.
17.
18. Introduction to artificial satellites
1. Name of first Indian artificial satellite launched in space.
Ans: Aryabhatta
2. Name of the Earth’s natural satellite.
Ans: Moon
3. Which 2 planets do not have satellites orbiting them?
Ans: Mercury and Venus
4. _______________ are used to collect information about other planets,
stars, galaxies, etc…
Ans: Artificial Satellites
19. Artificial satellites are man-made. They are launched from the Earth. They
revolve around the Earth much closer than earth’s natural satellite, the moon.
India has built and launched several artificial satellites. Aryabhatta was the first
Indian satellite. Some other Indian satellites are INSAT, IRS, Kalpana-1,
EDUSAT, etc… Artificial satellites have many practical applications. They are
used for forecasting weather, transmitting television and radio signals. They are
also used for telecommunication and remote sensing.
20.
21. Conclusion
1) Comets are celestial bodies that orbit around the sun. they are made up of a mixture of
ice, rock and iron.
2) Comets take 200 years or more to complete one revolution around the sun.
3) Comets glow when they are very near to the sun.
4) Asteroids are tiny broken pieces of planets
5) Asteroids are found in the asteroid belt in between Mars and Jupiter.
6) An asteroid or a part of an asteroid that burns after entering into Earth’s atmosphere is
called a meteor.
7) Meteors burn up completely before hitting the ground, and if they don’t are called
meteorites.
8) A meteor shower is a phenomenon in which particles from comets enter into the Earth’s
atmosphere and a swarm of meteors is seen.
22. 9) Artificial satellites are human-built objects orbiting the earth and other
planets in the solar system.
10) Aryabhatta was the first satellite launched by India.
11) Satellites are used for various purposes like :-
o In telecommunication
o In weather forecast
o To gather information about other objects in space
o To locate minerals and study agricultural yields
o In remote sensing & navigation
