This document summarizes a research paper that assessed climate change reporting in four Nigerian newspapers between 2009-2010. The paper found that the newspapers gave significant coverage to climate change issues, with 55% of stories being news articles. The newspapers portrayed climate change as being human-induced and did not publish stories that fueled uncertainty about climate change. However, the newspapers inaccurately linked climate change only to changes in weather patterns in Nigeria. The document recommends that Nigerian newspapers include more in-depth analysis and non-news stories about climate change to better inform the public about solutions.
Analysis of editorial discourse on environmental challenges in nigerian newsp...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed editorial discourse in Nigerian newspapers regarding the 2012 flooding in Nigeria. The study examined how editorials attributed sources, assigned responsibility, advocated for behavior change, and proposed solutions in their coverage of the flooding issue. It reviewed literature on editorial discourse strategies and analyzed a sample of editorials from four Nigerian newspapers. The study found that editorials largely used expert sources for attribution and advocated for systemic, policy-based solutions. The document provides background on flooding in Nigeria and the role of editorials in influencing public policy debates.
This document provides a literature review on media as a tool for environmental awareness. It discusses several key points:
1. Environmental problems in Nigeria include deforestation, soil erosion, oil spills, pollution, and health issues due to poor sanitation. More than 65% of Nigerians rely on natural resources for their livelihoods.
2. Developing countries face additional challenges like poverty, ignorance, and illiteracy that make environmental conservation efforts difficult. Traditional and modern media must be used together to spread awareness messages to both literate and illiterate audiences.
3. Effective environmental communication involves understanding audiences' belief systems about nature, communicating accurate scientific information credibly, and motivating audiences to take sustainable
GIS as Information Technology’s Answer to the Environmental Pollution Problem...Celestine Achi
The document discusses how geographic information systems (GIS) can help address environmental pollution issues in Nigeria's Niger Delta region. It begins by introducing the topic and defining environmental pollution. It then discusses the global effects of pollution and different countries' responses. The author argues that GIS can help monitor, track, and prevent pollution better than traditional reactive approaches. An action plan is proposed that establishes awareness campaigns, adopts technologies like GIS, encourages environmental education, and enforces relevant laws. The conclusion states that GIS can help track, analyze, and predict pollution effects to facilitate proactive responses.
Exploring motivations for volunteers in nature conservation to inform local p...SUSAN MARANGO
This document summarizes a study that explored the motivations of volunteers involved in nature conservation projects in Lincolnshire, UK. The study found that volunteers' primary motivation was interest in environmental protection. It also found that local conservation activities addressed themes of sustainable development better than local policies. The study concludes that involving volunteers in local policymaking could help inform policies with local knowledge, complementing expert knowledge and leading to more effective nature conservation policies that translate to local action.
The document examines 10 community-based childhood injury prevention programs that have been evaluated. It investigates the nature of each intervention, their targeting, length, and involvement of multiple agencies. The programs are summarized in a table, which outlines the intervention, evaluation method, effectiveness, and strengths of evidence. The document concludes that there is increasing evidence that community-based approaches to injury prevention can be effective when they involve long-term strategy, leadership, multi-agency collaboration, and tailoring to the local community.
Environmental concerns are increasingly relevant to everyone, and an informed public is a critical ingredient in the necessary practical steps and policy changes needed to alleviate the developing crisis. Environmental issues have become more entwined as communication technologies proliferate. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the media dynamics with reference to the environmental issues alarmingly challenging to human continued survival. The scientists are disturbed for its insecurity, mis-governance, degradation, management and conservation which have gradually come to capture the centre stage. At this juncture, the role of media becomes pertinent in spreading environmental awareness and making the public aware of the formidable crisis looming large over our heads. Although environmental problems are typically discovered by scientists but it is media that often play a central role in disseminating information, influencing peoples attitude and promoting public awareness. Media are the cornerstone of any public opinion and acts as a catalyst for change.The ultimate objective of this paper is to find the most decisive factors in creating awareness since this is the first step in developing effective campaigns to promote and protect the integrity of the natural environment for prosperity amongst the population. This paper is an attempt to review the meaning of environment education, its aims and objectives, and ways of promoting environmental awareness in the society.A major challenge to environmental reporting is how to convey complex concepts and impart a sense of the urgency of these challenges in a way that engages the reader .The paper also explores the evolving field of environmental journalism which prefers objectivity over advocacy (Sachsman, 2006:112) with utmost professionalism and scientific information. There is a need for more accurate and unbiased reporting in framing and forming some of the main determinants of public opinion. Sociologist Gaye Tuchman(1978) argues that the news reconstruct social world and are a window to the world, determining, what we want to know, what we have to know and what we should know. Vineet Kaul"Environmental Crisis and the Role of Media" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2217.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/2217/environmental-crisis-and-the-role-of-media/vineet-kaul
Critical issues in India , understanding the difference between conventional behavior vs Sustainable behavior , sustainable development , what are the issues ,which media should focus on? ,
1. Mass media plays an important role in increasing environmental awareness among the public by disseminating information through various outlets like newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet.
2. While schools and colleges aim to educate students on environmental issues, mass media is better able to reach a wider population, including the illiterate. Newspapers, radio, and television in India have all covered important environmental topics to varying degrees.
3. Social media platforms are also useful for sharing and discussing environmental news and information. However, the media needs to provide more continual coverage of issues beyond just political priorities and encourage greater public participation and response.
Analysis of editorial discourse on environmental challenges in nigerian newsp...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed editorial discourse in Nigerian newspapers regarding the 2012 flooding in Nigeria. The study examined how editorials attributed sources, assigned responsibility, advocated for behavior change, and proposed solutions in their coverage of the flooding issue. It reviewed literature on editorial discourse strategies and analyzed a sample of editorials from four Nigerian newspapers. The study found that editorials largely used expert sources for attribution and advocated for systemic, policy-based solutions. The document provides background on flooding in Nigeria and the role of editorials in influencing public policy debates.
This document provides a literature review on media as a tool for environmental awareness. It discusses several key points:
1. Environmental problems in Nigeria include deforestation, soil erosion, oil spills, pollution, and health issues due to poor sanitation. More than 65% of Nigerians rely on natural resources for their livelihoods.
2. Developing countries face additional challenges like poverty, ignorance, and illiteracy that make environmental conservation efforts difficult. Traditional and modern media must be used together to spread awareness messages to both literate and illiterate audiences.
3. Effective environmental communication involves understanding audiences' belief systems about nature, communicating accurate scientific information credibly, and motivating audiences to take sustainable
GIS as Information Technology’s Answer to the Environmental Pollution Problem...Celestine Achi
The document discusses how geographic information systems (GIS) can help address environmental pollution issues in Nigeria's Niger Delta region. It begins by introducing the topic and defining environmental pollution. It then discusses the global effects of pollution and different countries' responses. The author argues that GIS can help monitor, track, and prevent pollution better than traditional reactive approaches. An action plan is proposed that establishes awareness campaigns, adopts technologies like GIS, encourages environmental education, and enforces relevant laws. The conclusion states that GIS can help track, analyze, and predict pollution effects to facilitate proactive responses.
Exploring motivations for volunteers in nature conservation to inform local p...SUSAN MARANGO
This document summarizes a study that explored the motivations of volunteers involved in nature conservation projects in Lincolnshire, UK. The study found that volunteers' primary motivation was interest in environmental protection. It also found that local conservation activities addressed themes of sustainable development better than local policies. The study concludes that involving volunteers in local policymaking could help inform policies with local knowledge, complementing expert knowledge and leading to more effective nature conservation policies that translate to local action.
The document examines 10 community-based childhood injury prevention programs that have been evaluated. It investigates the nature of each intervention, their targeting, length, and involvement of multiple agencies. The programs are summarized in a table, which outlines the intervention, evaluation method, effectiveness, and strengths of evidence. The document concludes that there is increasing evidence that community-based approaches to injury prevention can be effective when they involve long-term strategy, leadership, multi-agency collaboration, and tailoring to the local community.
Environmental concerns are increasingly relevant to everyone, and an informed public is a critical ingredient in the necessary practical steps and policy changes needed to alleviate the developing crisis. Environmental issues have become more entwined as communication technologies proliferate. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the media dynamics with reference to the environmental issues alarmingly challenging to human continued survival. The scientists are disturbed for its insecurity, mis-governance, degradation, management and conservation which have gradually come to capture the centre stage. At this juncture, the role of media becomes pertinent in spreading environmental awareness and making the public aware of the formidable crisis looming large over our heads. Although environmental problems are typically discovered by scientists but it is media that often play a central role in disseminating information, influencing peoples attitude and promoting public awareness. Media are the cornerstone of any public opinion and acts as a catalyst for change.The ultimate objective of this paper is to find the most decisive factors in creating awareness since this is the first step in developing effective campaigns to promote and protect the integrity of the natural environment for prosperity amongst the population. This paper is an attempt to review the meaning of environment education, its aims and objectives, and ways of promoting environmental awareness in the society.A major challenge to environmental reporting is how to convey complex concepts and impart a sense of the urgency of these challenges in a way that engages the reader .The paper also explores the evolving field of environmental journalism which prefers objectivity over advocacy (Sachsman, 2006:112) with utmost professionalism and scientific information. There is a need for more accurate and unbiased reporting in framing and forming some of the main determinants of public opinion. Sociologist Gaye Tuchman(1978) argues that the news reconstruct social world and are a window to the world, determining, what we want to know, what we have to know and what we should know. Vineet Kaul"Environmental Crisis and the Role of Media" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2217.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/2217/environmental-crisis-and-the-role-of-media/vineet-kaul
Critical issues in India , understanding the difference between conventional behavior vs Sustainable behavior , sustainable development , what are the issues ,which media should focus on? ,
1. Mass media plays an important role in increasing environmental awareness among the public by disseminating information through various outlets like newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet.
2. While schools and colleges aim to educate students on environmental issues, mass media is better able to reach a wider population, including the illiterate. Newspapers, radio, and television in India have all covered important environmental topics to varying degrees.
3. Social media platforms are also useful for sharing and discussing environmental news and information. However, the media needs to provide more continual coverage of issues beyond just political priorities and encourage greater public participation and response.
This document outlines Concern Universal's experience and lessons learned from community-managed disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation work globally. It discusses the guiding principles behind effective DRR planning, which include making DRR community-owned and managed, ensuring infrastructure is disaster resilient, integrating livelihoods, partnering with stakeholders, seeing disasters as long-term issues, including gender and youth, and incorporating advocacy. Case studies from various countries demonstrate programs applying these principles in reducing conflict-related risks, building disaster-resilient water and sanitation, integrating DRR and livelihoods, supporting government DRR planning, linking emergency response to long-term recovery, building capacity, and using advocacy to improve DRR work.
Sustainability, characteristics and scientific rootsNuno Quental
This document summarizes the key scientific approaches and principles underlying the concept of sustainability. It identifies three relevant scientific approaches - ecological economics, sustainability transition, and sustainability science. By analyzing these approaches, the document derives four common sustainability principles: 1) acknowledging biophysical limits to economic scale, 2) focusing on societal welfare and development, 3) understanding systems have minimum needs for viability, and 4) recognizing system complexity. It then examines the scientific roots of each principle and discusses how understandings have progressed from static views of limits and impacts to more dynamic, integrated visions.
THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME: A CASE STUDY OF DAVAN...AkashSharma618775
India is the agriculture based country in the world and most of the people were depend on agriculture
mode of life. The major livelihoods in this area of the study are related to irrigation based agricultural practices.
How far irrigation has influence on income of youth cultivators? What is the other non-water related factors
influencing income level of youth cultivators? The paper addresses these questions. Irrigation plays an important
role in improving production and productivity of agriculture.
The present research study try to highlight the involvement of youth in agricultural activities and income impact
of irrigation study has been done in Nalluru village of Davanagere district, Karnataka. Consisting of 150
households, having different livelihoods, a set of 55 respondents have been found out whose main occupation is
cultivation and annual income comes under below poverty line (BPL). Among these 55 cultivators a sample of 20
youth cultivators has been selected by using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) method
and further required data have been collected for this sample group using a pre-tested questionnaire consisting of
both quantitative and qualitative variables. Finally, conclude the findings of study.
The document discusses sustainable development issues facing Vietnam and provides suggestions. It analyzes Vietnam's economic growth, exports, population trends, urbanization, environmental problems like pollution and waste management, resource use, and social challenges. Solutions proposed include expanding renewable energy, green building standards, public transit, wastewater recycling, and international cooperation on conservation.
World Vision considers environment and climate change adaptation to be important issues in their programming. Some of the key things they are doing include:
1) Promoting tree planting and farmer managed natural regeneration techniques.
2) Supporting community disaster preparedness committees and helping communities develop response plans.
3) Conducting research on climate resilience and disaster risk reduction through the ACCRA consortium.
4) Promoting energy efficient stove technologies to reduce fuel wood use and environmental degradation.
5) Improving access to weather information for farmers through translating forecasts and disseminating on local radio.
The document discusses the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in managing health-related problems from pre-disaster to post-disaster. It outlines how ICT can help with risk assessment, response planning, monitoring disease patterns, and involving communities in preparedness. The focus is on how ICT can effectively coordinate response efforts and improve public health outcomes after disasters and emergencies.
This document provides a summary of a report on the future state of New Zealand that was prepared for a world conference. It identifies 21 global drivers of change that could impact New Zealand's future and groups them into primary and secondary change agents as well as wild cards. For each driver, it outlines potential obstacles and opportunities for New Zealand, noting issues like climate change, population growth, ecosystem vulnerability, and energy supply challenges but also opportunities in technology adoption, agricultural productivity, and protecting biodiversity. The full report will analyze how these drivers may influence New Zealand's future context in more detail.
AIDS - Status & challenges of the epidemicGreenFacts
In just 25 years, HIV has spread relentlessly from a few widely scattered “hot spots” to virtually every country in the world, infecting 65 million people and killing 25 million.
What has been done since 2001 and what can be done in the future to halt the spread of AIDS?
Note: Figures have been updated in 2008.
Crop farmers' knowledge level of climate change in ilorin east local governme...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined crop farmers' knowledge level of climate change in Ilorin East Local Government Area of Nigeria. It found that most farmers were between 41-60 years old and married, with over half having no formal education. While farmers had knowledge of various climate change effects, the study found that 68.6% of farmers had a low knowledge level of climate change. Factors like age, marital status, and farming as the primary occupation were found to positively correlate with higher knowledge levels. The study recommends providing training to farmers and increasing efforts by governmental and non-governmental organizations to raise awareness of climate change issues among farmers.
Mateo Bedoya is a Colombian-American high school senior from Hialeah, Florida. He has a weighted GPA of 3.98 and is interested in art, mathematics, and business management. He has gained skills in public speaking, teaching, business development, and art through his involvement in clubs, community service, tutoring, and campaign work. His goals are to attend college to gain knowledge for managing a business and showcasing his art.
This document summarizes the process of improving cook stove designs in Nicaragua. It describes testing an existing stove model called Inkawasi, which was designed for other Latin American countries. The initial stove built had issues with cracks forming as the exterior dried. More research was done into using adobe construction techniques. This led to understanding optimal soil mixtures and curing processes to prevent cracking. An improved stove was then successfully built using these adobe methods. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of user-friendly stove designs that can be widely adopted.
This document provides an agenda and overview for a search marketing training. It begins with an introduction to key concepts like search engine optimization (SEO), search engine marketing (SEM), and pay-per-click (PPC) advertising. The rest of the document outlines the topics to be covered, including best practices for PPC campaigns, different ad formats, remarketing, and tools like Google Display Network, YouTube, Facebook, LinkedIn, and Google+. The goal is to teach attendees how to optimize their search marketing strategies across multiple channels.
Este documento presenta un resumen de los números reales y complejos. Introduce los números racionales e irracionales y cómo forman juntos el conjunto de los números reales. Explica brevemente la necesidad de los números complejos y define la notación i. Finalmente, resume algunas aplicaciones importantes de los números complejos en áreas como la ingeniería eléctrica y la aerodinámica.
El programa tiene como objetivos ampliar la base exportadora de Castilla-La Mancha, iniciar y fomentar la actividad exportadora de las empresas, aumentar el número de profesionales especializados en comercio exterior, y fomentar una relación continua entre el profesional y la empresa una vez finalizado el programa. El programa asigna un gestor de exportación a cada empresa participante por un periodo de hasta un año para ayudarla a exportar mediante funciones como el estudio de mercados, la prospección, la promoción y el cierre de operaciones de exportación
El documento describe los diferentes componentes de la estructura salarial de un trabajador, incluyendo el salario base, complementos salariales como primas e incentivos, y deducciones como aportaciones a la seguridad social. Explica los conceptos de bases de cotización, cuotas empresariales, deducciones por impuestos y cómo calcular el salario líquido total.
- The document advertises HarborTouch, a point-of-sale (POS) system designed for single-store retailers and restaurants. It highlights features like increased efficiency, profitability, and customer service as well as inventory management and reporting capabilities.
- Sample return on investment calculations are provided for both a restaurant and retail setting, showing thousands of dollars in annual profits gained through using the HarborTouch POS system over traditional methods. The system aims to streamline business operations at an affordable cost.
Este documento describe diferentes mecanismos de participación ciudadana en Venezuela de acuerdo a la Constitución Bolivariana, incluyendo las instancias de atención ciudadana, la autogestión, la cogestión y varios tipos de cooperativas como cooperativas de trabajo asociado, producción industrial, producción pesquera, de servicios, ahorro y crédito, consumo y mixtas. El documento también menciona los artículos 51 y 118 de la CRBV que establecen estos mecanismos.
Isla Colón es la isla más grande y poblada del archipiélago de Bocas del Toro, Panamá. La mayoría de los hoteles, restaurantes, bares y negocios de la provincia se encuentran en la ciudad de Bocas Town, localizada en el extremo sur de Isla Colón, que también alberga el aeropuerto internacional. La isla tiene varias playas populares para nadar y actividades como avistamiento de aves.
This document outlines Concern Universal's experience and lessons learned from community-managed disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation work globally. It discusses the guiding principles behind effective DRR planning, which include making DRR community-owned and managed, ensuring infrastructure is disaster resilient, integrating livelihoods, partnering with stakeholders, seeing disasters as long-term issues, including gender and youth, and incorporating advocacy. Case studies from various countries demonstrate programs applying these principles in reducing conflict-related risks, building disaster-resilient water and sanitation, integrating DRR and livelihoods, supporting government DRR planning, linking emergency response to long-term recovery, building capacity, and using advocacy to improve DRR work.
Sustainability, characteristics and scientific rootsNuno Quental
This document summarizes the key scientific approaches and principles underlying the concept of sustainability. It identifies three relevant scientific approaches - ecological economics, sustainability transition, and sustainability science. By analyzing these approaches, the document derives four common sustainability principles: 1) acknowledging biophysical limits to economic scale, 2) focusing on societal welfare and development, 3) understanding systems have minimum needs for viability, and 4) recognizing system complexity. It then examines the scientific roots of each principle and discusses how understandings have progressed from static views of limits and impacts to more dynamic, integrated visions.
THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME: A CASE STUDY OF DAVAN...AkashSharma618775
India is the agriculture based country in the world and most of the people were depend on agriculture
mode of life. The major livelihoods in this area of the study are related to irrigation based agricultural practices.
How far irrigation has influence on income of youth cultivators? What is the other non-water related factors
influencing income level of youth cultivators? The paper addresses these questions. Irrigation plays an important
role in improving production and productivity of agriculture.
The present research study try to highlight the involvement of youth in agricultural activities and income impact
of irrigation study has been done in Nalluru village of Davanagere district, Karnataka. Consisting of 150
households, having different livelihoods, a set of 55 respondents have been found out whose main occupation is
cultivation and annual income comes under below poverty line (BPL). Among these 55 cultivators a sample of 20
youth cultivators has been selected by using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) method
and further required data have been collected for this sample group using a pre-tested questionnaire consisting of
both quantitative and qualitative variables. Finally, conclude the findings of study.
The document discusses sustainable development issues facing Vietnam and provides suggestions. It analyzes Vietnam's economic growth, exports, population trends, urbanization, environmental problems like pollution and waste management, resource use, and social challenges. Solutions proposed include expanding renewable energy, green building standards, public transit, wastewater recycling, and international cooperation on conservation.
World Vision considers environment and climate change adaptation to be important issues in their programming. Some of the key things they are doing include:
1) Promoting tree planting and farmer managed natural regeneration techniques.
2) Supporting community disaster preparedness committees and helping communities develop response plans.
3) Conducting research on climate resilience and disaster risk reduction through the ACCRA consortium.
4) Promoting energy efficient stove technologies to reduce fuel wood use and environmental degradation.
5) Improving access to weather information for farmers through translating forecasts and disseminating on local radio.
The document discusses the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in managing health-related problems from pre-disaster to post-disaster. It outlines how ICT can help with risk assessment, response planning, monitoring disease patterns, and involving communities in preparedness. The focus is on how ICT can effectively coordinate response efforts and improve public health outcomes after disasters and emergencies.
This document provides a summary of a report on the future state of New Zealand that was prepared for a world conference. It identifies 21 global drivers of change that could impact New Zealand's future and groups them into primary and secondary change agents as well as wild cards. For each driver, it outlines potential obstacles and opportunities for New Zealand, noting issues like climate change, population growth, ecosystem vulnerability, and energy supply challenges but also opportunities in technology adoption, agricultural productivity, and protecting biodiversity. The full report will analyze how these drivers may influence New Zealand's future context in more detail.
AIDS - Status & challenges of the epidemicGreenFacts
In just 25 years, HIV has spread relentlessly from a few widely scattered “hot spots” to virtually every country in the world, infecting 65 million people and killing 25 million.
What has been done since 2001 and what can be done in the future to halt the spread of AIDS?
Note: Figures have been updated in 2008.
Crop farmers' knowledge level of climate change in ilorin east local governme...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined crop farmers' knowledge level of climate change in Ilorin East Local Government Area of Nigeria. It found that most farmers were between 41-60 years old and married, with over half having no formal education. While farmers had knowledge of various climate change effects, the study found that 68.6% of farmers had a low knowledge level of climate change. Factors like age, marital status, and farming as the primary occupation were found to positively correlate with higher knowledge levels. The study recommends providing training to farmers and increasing efforts by governmental and non-governmental organizations to raise awareness of climate change issues among farmers.
Mateo Bedoya is a Colombian-American high school senior from Hialeah, Florida. He has a weighted GPA of 3.98 and is interested in art, mathematics, and business management. He has gained skills in public speaking, teaching, business development, and art through his involvement in clubs, community service, tutoring, and campaign work. His goals are to attend college to gain knowledge for managing a business and showcasing his art.
This document summarizes the process of improving cook stove designs in Nicaragua. It describes testing an existing stove model called Inkawasi, which was designed for other Latin American countries. The initial stove built had issues with cracks forming as the exterior dried. More research was done into using adobe construction techniques. This led to understanding optimal soil mixtures and curing processes to prevent cracking. An improved stove was then successfully built using these adobe methods. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of user-friendly stove designs that can be widely adopted.
This document provides an agenda and overview for a search marketing training. It begins with an introduction to key concepts like search engine optimization (SEO), search engine marketing (SEM), and pay-per-click (PPC) advertising. The rest of the document outlines the topics to be covered, including best practices for PPC campaigns, different ad formats, remarketing, and tools like Google Display Network, YouTube, Facebook, LinkedIn, and Google+. The goal is to teach attendees how to optimize their search marketing strategies across multiple channels.
Este documento presenta un resumen de los números reales y complejos. Introduce los números racionales e irracionales y cómo forman juntos el conjunto de los números reales. Explica brevemente la necesidad de los números complejos y define la notación i. Finalmente, resume algunas aplicaciones importantes de los números complejos en áreas como la ingeniería eléctrica y la aerodinámica.
El programa tiene como objetivos ampliar la base exportadora de Castilla-La Mancha, iniciar y fomentar la actividad exportadora de las empresas, aumentar el número de profesionales especializados en comercio exterior, y fomentar una relación continua entre el profesional y la empresa una vez finalizado el programa. El programa asigna un gestor de exportación a cada empresa participante por un periodo de hasta un año para ayudarla a exportar mediante funciones como el estudio de mercados, la prospección, la promoción y el cierre de operaciones de exportación
El documento describe los diferentes componentes de la estructura salarial de un trabajador, incluyendo el salario base, complementos salariales como primas e incentivos, y deducciones como aportaciones a la seguridad social. Explica los conceptos de bases de cotización, cuotas empresariales, deducciones por impuestos y cómo calcular el salario líquido total.
- The document advertises HarborTouch, a point-of-sale (POS) system designed for single-store retailers and restaurants. It highlights features like increased efficiency, profitability, and customer service as well as inventory management and reporting capabilities.
- Sample return on investment calculations are provided for both a restaurant and retail setting, showing thousands of dollars in annual profits gained through using the HarborTouch POS system over traditional methods. The system aims to streamline business operations at an affordable cost.
Este documento describe diferentes mecanismos de participación ciudadana en Venezuela de acuerdo a la Constitución Bolivariana, incluyendo las instancias de atención ciudadana, la autogestión, la cogestión y varios tipos de cooperativas como cooperativas de trabajo asociado, producción industrial, producción pesquera, de servicios, ahorro y crédito, consumo y mixtas. El documento también menciona los artículos 51 y 118 de la CRBV que establecen estos mecanismos.
Isla Colón es la isla más grande y poblada del archipiélago de Bocas del Toro, Panamá. La mayoría de los hoteles, restaurantes, bares y negocios de la provincia se encuentran en la ciudad de Bocas Town, localizada en el extremo sur de Isla Colón, que también alberga el aeropuerto internacional. La isla tiene varias playas populares para nadar y actividades como avistamiento de aves.
Admire Mare: Mediating climate change in selected southern african newspapersAfricaAdapt
The document discusses media coverage of climate change in South Africa and Zimbabwe. It analyzes content from the Sunday Mail and Mail & Guardian newspapers over 12 months in 2010. The analysis found that coverage of climate change issues was sporadic, event-driven, focused on official sources, and used technical language. Representations in the media risked demobilizing the public by portraying climate change as overwhelming and out of human control. The role of media in mediating climate change stories and influencing public understanding and action requires further examination.
The document discusses the role of media in creating environmental awareness in Masaka District, Uganda. It begins with background on global environmental issues and challenges. It then discusses the need for environmental awareness and protection in Uganda. The objectives of the study are to identify how residents obtain environmental knowledge, investigate media coverage of environmental issues in Masaka District, and explore how understandable and relevant this media coverage is to the community. The significance of the study is that it can provide information to policymakers and empower communities to better protect the environment.
This document discusses a presentation about the relationship between dengue fever and climate change in Japan. It begins with an introduction and literature review on the topics. It then outlines the research objectives, methodology, and study sites in Japan. The results sections shows findings from surveys of local departments on awareness of dengue fever, control strategies, and perceptions of climate change risks. Geographic information system analysis projects increasing average temperatures in Japan by 2100, which could expand mosquito habitat. The discussion analyzes variations in perceptions and strategies between regions and the impact of temperature on dengue risk. Limitations and areas for future work are also presented.
The document analyzes print media coverage of environmental issues in the Philippines based on a content analysis of selected publications. Some key findings include:
- Environmental stories made up only 1.96% of the total newshole analyzed, with community papers devoting more coverage than national dailies.
- The majority (77.84%) of environmental stories were placed inside the publications, with headlines and front page coverage being less common.
- Most environmental stories took the form of straight news reports (71.31%), while features, op-eds, photos and special reports were less frequent.
- Coverage focused on issues like natural disasters, climate change, and environmental degradation rather than providing sufficient background on
This document proposes a new framework for studying online climate change communication based on an encoding/decoding model that accounts for pluralistic internet texts and audiences. It summarizes previous research that focused on risk communication, media framing, and the information deficit model. It argues more research is needed on cultural discourses, conceptualizing audiences beyond passive recipients, and analyzing communication on digital platforms given their rise. A new approach is needed to understand audiences as both consumers and producers of online content regarding climate change.
Greetings from Climate Change 2023!
We cordially invite you to collaborate with us (as Speaker/Delegate/Student/ Media/supporting partner/ Exhibitor) for our upcoming conference "2nd International Conference on Climate Change and Human Health Impacts” scheduled on March 23-24, 2023 at Berlin, Germany. The conference will gather grand expertise at the global platform to feature the recent innovations. The scientific events planned by the organizing committee will make of this conference a memorable international event that will undoubtedly thrill you and satisfy your curiosity.
For event details visit: https://climateconference.euroscicon.com/
Please do not hesitate to contact us back for more details and benefits.
Regards
Lenora Lisa | Program Manager
Climate Change 2023
Email: climatechange@globaleuroscience.com
This document reviews 53 studies on climate change in Nigeria over the past two decades. The studies fall into several categories: those examining the reality and conceptual issues of climate change; studies of the causal factors; impacts on sectors like health, environment and agriculture; vulnerability and adaptation; economic costs; and forecasting. The broad consensus is that climate change poses major risks to Nigeria's development through impacts on key sectors like agriculture, water resources, and health. Future research needs to better integrate climate change into policies and strategies to manage associated risks.
This document provides a summary of a report on the future state of New Zealand that was prepared for a world conference. It identifies 21 global drivers of change that could impact New Zealand's future, including climate change, population growth, energy supply, and ecosystems/biodiversity. It analyzes obstacles and opportunities for New Zealand presented by each driver, such as the need for international cooperation on climate change but also the ability to quickly adopt new green technologies. The report aims to help New Zealand pursue its preferred sustainable future by addressing or leveraging these global trends.
Challenges Faced by the Media in an Attempt to Play Their Roles in Public Awa...ijtsrd
This study set out to examine challenges faced by the media in their attempt to play their roles in public awareness on waste management in Buea and Douala in the Southwest and Littoral Regions of Cameroon. The study was supported by the Agenda Setting Theory 1972 by McCombs and Shaw, Knowledge Gap Theory 1970 by Philip Tichenor, George Donohue and Claire Olien, and the Transtheoretical Model also called the Stages of Change Model developed by Prochaska and Diclemente, 1970 . It employed a concurrent nested mixed method combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in a survey design. The estimated sample size comprised of 415 community members involved in the study conveniently. As for other stakeholders, notably, Community Leaders, Media Houses, Waste Disposal Companies and Municipal Councils, they were sampled purposively and conveniently. The study was stratified between French and English speaking Cameroon. Data were collected using a semi structured questionnaire and analyzed based on frequency, proportions and the process of thematic analysis. The qualitative approach was substantiated by the positivism paradigm considering qualitative interpretation as the dominant theoretical perspective. The main challenge was poor or no audience, that is people not interested in news related to waste management, environment, hygiene and sanitation and inadequate coverage. They suggested as response measures adequate sensitization and education of the communities on waste management more attractive slots and time, programmes or mechanisms to gain the attention of people. It was recommended that social media, community radio and television should be further used to create awareness on issues concerning waste disposal and management, and helping media to be adequately equipped. Agbor Vivan Ada | Mpoche Kizitus Nformi | Atenga Thomas Ireneé | Nana Célestin "Challenges Faced by the Media in an Attempt to Play Their Roles in Public Awareness on Waste Management in Buea and Douala" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63429.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/63429/challenges-faced-by-the-media-in-an-attempt-to-play-their-roles-in-public-awareness-on-waste-management-in-buea-and-douala/agbor-vivan-ada
To identify if the U.S. Media presents a biased view of global warming, the following are discussed
1) the theoretical perspective of media and the environment;
2) scientific overview and history of global warming;
3) media coverage of global warming, and
4) research findings from the content analysis of three countries' newspaper articles and two international scientific journals produced in 2000 with comparison of these countries economies, industries, and environments.
WWF Intl Climate Witness Greenaccord November2009Claire Carlton
Presentation given at Greenaccord Conference Italy November 2009 by Claire Carlton Manager of World Wide Fund for Nature Intl Climate Witness Programme
Mayang Krisnawardhani is a third year social welfare student from the University of Indonesia who has been actively involved in MUN conferences. She has chaired several prestigious MUN conferences and also works on environmental issues, interning with organizations like the Indonesia National Board of Climate Change and PricewaterhouseCoopers on sustainability and climate change. Neta Cynara is a sophomore studying international relations at the University of Indonesia with interests in human rights, warfare, and the Middle East. She has participated in several international conferences. Nilam Laksitarasmi is a third year accounting student at the University of Indonesia who loves MUN conferences and is involved in other organizations like AIESEC and her university
Patrick Luganda: Role of the media in climate change adaptationAfricaAdapt
The document discusses the role of media in climate change adaptation and communication. It defines mass media and its ability to shape public perceptions. The media can inform, educate, entertain and advocate. Regarding climate change, the media needs to understand the issues, disseminate information relevant to audiences, and help stimulate action. Specifically, the media should communicate how climate change affects areas like food security and explain concepts like adaptation and mitigation in simple terms. It also discusses challenges like skepticism and the need to build media capacity to effectively report on climate change.
DRAFT document. Posted for discussion related to this piece on the Dot Earth blog: "On the Allure of Ostriches and New Paths in Climate Communication" http://nyti.ms/KiJmTD
Communicating Climate Change - Session with Panos South Asia Media Fellows - ...Nalaka Gunawardene
Presentation made by science writer Nalaka Gunawardene to Panos South Asia Climate Change Media Fellows at a regional workshop in Kathmandu, Nepal, from 23 to 25 April 2013.
This is part of a Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) project for enhancing climate change awareness and understanding among journalists in South Asia. The project, which is currently in its second phase, has already produced several quality outputs across the region on Climate change–related issues.
Details at http://www.panossouthasia.org/Left_read.asp?leftStoryId=224&leftSectionId=3
This document discusses the challenges of conveying climate change science to policymakers and the public. It describes how the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established to provide objective information on climate change through comprehensive assessments. The IPCC assessments involve hundreds of scientists and reviewers and have transformed the international debate on climate change. However, regional and local impacts of climate change are still not fully understood due to differences from global models and the complex interactions of climate with local environmental and social systems.
UNDP: ADVANCING DEVELOPMENT THROUGH AN INTEGRATED GENDER PERSPECTIVE Dr Lendy Spires
The Africa Adaptation Programme (AAP) is pleased to present the first edition of its Discussion Paper Series. Each paper in this series will focus on one issue related to climate change adaptation and sustainable development.
These papers are intended to stimulate intellectual discussions as well as share early lessons learned from the design and initial implementation stages of the AAP with adaptation and development practitioners. This first paper in the Discussion Paper Series focuses on the links between gender and climate change adaptation. The AAP has made gender equality an important goal in each of its 20 participating countries. To promote equitable and gender-sensitive adaptation to climate change, the AAP is actively supporting countries to increase their capacities to integrate gender perspectives into both the design and implementation of climate change strategies and national development plans.
This is in line with Millennium Development Goal 3 – promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women. The AAP is a strategic climate change adaptation initiative designed to help create more informed adaptation decision-making and more e ective implementation of those decisions in the 20 participating African countries. The AAP supports the long-term e orts of targeted countries to further develop their capacity to successfully identify, design and implement holistic climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction programmes.
It was established under the Japan-UNDP Joint Framework for Building Partnership to Address Climate Change in Africa, which was established at the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on Africa Development (TICAD IV) organized in Yokohama, Japan (May 2008). The AAP was launched in 2008 by UNDP in partnership with UNIDO, UNICEF and WFP, with funding of US$92 million from the Government of Japan. This discussion paper consists of three sections. The first section, ‘Key Challenges for Reducing Gender-Based Vulnerability’, provides a background on the relationship between climate change and gender, and presents three key factors contributing to the disproportionate effects of climate change upon women.
The second section on ‘Gender-Sensitive Approaches in the AAP’ outlines some of the methods the AAP is using to main-stream gender into climate change adaptation planning and decision-making to ensure equal participation and benefits.
Similar to Nigerian newspaper coverage of climate change, 2009 2010 (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
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Nigerian newspaper coverage of climate change, 2009 2010
1. New Media and Mass Communication www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3267 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3275 (Online)
Vol 5, 2012
Nigerian Newspaper Coverage of Climate Change, 2009-2010
Ukonu, Michael Onyekachi
Department of Mass Communication,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka(+234 8033836059)
Akpan, Church Solomon Ph.D,
Senior Lecturer,
Department of Mass Communication,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka (+234 8030884919)
Anorue, Luke Ifeanyi,
Senior Lecturer,
Department of Mass Communication,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka (+234 8069579008)
Abstract
This paper assessed the reportage of climate change in selected Nigerian newspapers, namely The Guardian, Daily Sun,
ThisDay, and Vanguard. This work was done to situate Nigerian newspaper reportage of climate change within the domain
of global discourses on climate change. Results indicated that the newspapers gave significant attention to issues on climate
change. News stories constituted 55% of stories analysed; non news, 45%. The newspapers portrayed climate change as
human-induced. Thus, stories fuelling uncertainty about climate change were not visible in the newspapers. The newspapers
portrayed the Nigerian public as believing in the truth of climate change but inaccurately linked it to changes in weather
patterns. Nigeria was reported as dependent on foreign aid to fight climate change. This study recommended that Nigerian
newspapers should use lots of non-news stories in reporting climate change to enable them handle more analysis needed to
portray the important issues in climate change solutions.
Key words: Climate change, climate scepticism, emission cuts, anti-emission solutions, pro-emission solutions, portrayals,
framing, climate talks
1. Introduction
Climatic extremes experienced around the world are the greatest environmental challenge confronting the world
today. Increasing global temperatures have continued to trigger changes in weather patterns, rising sea levels and increased
frequency and intensity of extreme weather. It is worse for people in regions that are particularly at risk, such as Central
America. In Africa, the greatest effects have been on food security, as rising temperatures and shifting rain patterns lessen
access to food across the continent (Boykoff 2007).
In eastern Nigeria, there were very dry winds (harmattan) deep in June 2008. In the North, Niger State suddenly
went from a prolonged drought to flooding in August 2010, causing crop failure, death of livestock and submerging of
whole villages. An AFP news report of August 24, 2010 showed that the Nigerian Metrological Agency had forecast low
rainfalls, but it came pouring down. Flooding also affected seven other States in northern Nigeria, where it displaced two
million people according to BBC news of September 24, 2010. The States include Borno, Sokoto, Katsina, Kano, Jigawa,
Zamfara, and Kebbi. The Nigerian media reported the 2010 flooding of Lagos (and Ogun State in western Nigeria), which
sacked schools in Ajegunle and other parts of the State (Daily Triumph, October 21, 2010). The Nigerian Television
Authority (NTA) reported the death of 10 people from flooding in Lagos on August 26, 2011.
The NTA in its network news on November 12, 2009 reported the anomaly in rain patterns in Nigeria. The report
was a news interview with the Director General, Nigeria Meteorological Agency, Dr. Anthony Anuforo, who said the
agency had issued a warning on February 19, 2009 about shifting rain patterns. Dr. Anuforo regretted that authorities did
not take the warning serious. The shifting patterns have continued.
The catastrophic consequences of climate change make it a core media issue. It is one of the topics that have
triggered international events and, as a result, media coverage. According to Weingart, Engels, and Pansegrau, (2000,
p.263), “how the mass media cover scientific subjects matters in many ways, whether scientists like it or not. … whatever
the subject, media coverage has helped to shape public perception and, through it, affected how science is translated into
policy, most notably in regard to the environment, new technologies and risks”. Mosser (2007, p.43) observes that the “need
for effective communication, public outreach and education to increase support for policy, collective action and behaviour
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change is ever present, and is perhaps most pressing in the context of anthropogenic climate change. The challenges
associated with communicating climate change in order to facilitate societal response are enormous”.
Sampei and Aoyagi-Usui, (2009, p.8) similarly argue that “due to their crucial role in contemporary society and their
influence on people’s perceptions of climate change issues, the media have emerged as an important setting for the
(re)construction of environmental discourses”. This paper examines the portrayals of climate change among four selected
Nigerian newspapers.
2. Statement of the Problem
Given the central place of the media in the (re)construction of climate change discourses, there have been political
and economic interests that have long tried to influence media reportage of climate change to affect public's understanding
and perception, Sampei and Aoyagi-Usui, (2009, p.8). Many views are portrayed in the mass media that undermine climate
change mitigation measures and introduce scepticism into climate change discourses. Some scholars (Bast, 2010; Idso,
Singer and Fred, 2009; Pielke, 2009) say that reporting climate change as an issue with two or more sides (its truth/falsity;
and how much humans cause climate change) introduces diversionary debates, uncertainty and scepticism into the
discourse. This can negatively affect public understanding and government response to climate change. There are at least
seven theories of climate change, i.e. six others opposed to anthropogenic (human-induced) climate change (AGW) (Bast,
2010, pp. 6-10).
In addition, some media theorists have accused the media of ‘vulture reporting’ (Downs, 1972) in connection with
climate change, showing interest mostly when a newsy (especially catastrophes) climate change issue happens. Nigerian
newspapers will not truly drive climate change agenda and reflect/protect Nigeria’s interest in global climate discourses if
they report mostly (foreign) news, views and events on climate change. Furthermore, some researchers have noted that
Nigerian newspapers do not give significant coverage to, as well as capture appropriate issues as subject matter in, stories
on environment generally (Oso 2006, Galadima 2006, Nwabueze 2007, Moeti, Maraisane & Marou, 2008). Nigeria (and
indeed newspapers) cannot afford a slow and unapt response to climate change (communication) because it is an urgent
environmental challenge. This study therefore examines newspaper reportage of climate change.
3. Objectives of the Study
The study pursued the following specific objectives:
1. The extent to which Nigerian newspapers report climate change.
2. What Nigerian newspapers mostly report as the cause(s) of climate change
3. The kind of reports Nigerian newspapers carry as subject matter (story content) on climate change (i.e. focus of
stories, solutions portrayed, portrayal of international issues on climate change, portrayal of climate change stories
on Nigeria, portrayal of public attitude).
4. Research Questions
The following questions have been formulated to guide this study:
1. To what extent do Nigerian newspapers report climate change stories?
2. What do the Nigerian newspapers report as the causes of climate change?
3. What kind of reports do Nigerian newspapers carry as subject matter (story content) on climate change?
5. LITERATURE REVIEW
5.1 Research on Media Reportage of Environment in Nigeria
According to Nwabueze (200, p.107), “the Nigerian mass media play their basic roles of information, education
and entertainment in the society. The information role includes message dissemination on environmental or green issues in
the nation and in the global scene. When incidents with great significance to the environment and to the health of people
take place in the society, the media expose such incidents and make the public aware of them.” However, the basic
questions, according to Nwabueze, are – “what is the nature of media coverage of environmental issues in Nigeria? Do the
media give adequate coverage to the environment in view of its vital place in human existence? Even when the media cover
environmental issues, what approach is adopted in treating environmental news or what is the nature of message content of
the coverage? Can the coverage be said to be purposeful and capable of achieving societal change towards ensuring an
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environmentally sustainable nation?” (p.107). These questions touch the core of environmental reporting, and this study
addresses them from the angle of climate change.
In Nigeria, the Koko (now in Delta State) waste dump disaster of 1987 triggered unique media interest in
environmental pollution (Nwabueze 2007, p.98). The disaster occurred when an Italian businessman named Gianfrance
Raffaelli, imported some drums into Nigeria containing toxic wastes. “The toxic contents of the drums killed 20 of the 100
men who evacuated the drums from the vehicle that conveyed them (the drums) to Koko” (Akaeze 2010, p.22). Much of
media interest in oil pollution in the Niger Delta as from the 1990s stemmed from the pollution consciousness triggered by
the Koko incident. Nevertheless, the Nigerian media, ever since, are said to show interest in climate science on the basis of
oddity, magnitude and significance: when something extraordinary happens or when an important event on climate change
is ongoing. This study is a test of this alleged tradition: to assess newspaper reportage of climate change in Nigeria.
Nwabueze (2007) observes that empirical data show that the Nigerian mass media have not been doing well in the
coverage of the environment, with specific reference to environmental pollution in the Niger Delta region, which seems to
dominate environmental agenda in Nigeria. Udoudo (in Ashong and Udoudo, 2006, p.12) observes that “the media have not
done well in the coverage of pollution in the region especially in the area of empathizing with, and expressing the views of,
local communities hit by the pollution”. Oso (2006, p.66) adds that the mass media give haphazard coverage to
environmental issues with mainly spot news reports. The Koko waste dump issue, which took place in 1987, is said to have
contributed immensely in awakening the attention of the media to the environment.
Newswatch devoted five editions (September 29, 2008; May 4, 2009; October 19, 2009; November 9, 2009; and
December 14, 2009) to the Niger Delta crisis between September 2008 and December 2009. One edition (April 10) was
devoted to the crisis in 2010. The May 4, 2009 edition was devoted to the losses, especially in human lives and money so
far lost (i.e. as at 2009). None of these editions had a word on the environmental degradation of gas flaring as well as
general oil exploration. Yet gas flaring contributes 30% of total carbon emissions into Nigeria’s atmosphere (Chigbo, 2008,
p.56). It should be a source of worry. Tell and The News magazines each had editions for December 7 and 14 (and
December 28), 2009. None of the magazines had anything on climate change talks in Copenhagen, Denmark even as the
talks were on.
Nwabueze (2005, p.26) also found out in a study that the Nigerian press do not give adequate coverage to erosion
in the nation. After a study of selected national newspapers in 2004, it was discovered that one of the newspapers did not
carry a single story on erosion in the southern zone throughout the year that was studied. This was when some buildings in
some communities in Anambra State were being swallowed by erosion. Erosion is caused nowadays by too much rain,
which in turn is believed to be triggered by climate change.
In another study on print media coverage of World Environment Day (WED) activities, Olatunji (2006, p.17)
observed that from 2000-2004, dominant environmental issues in the media were environmental awareness, water pollution
and sea/ocean pollution. “However, little or no attention was paid to other equally critical environmental problems such as
unsustainable practices of natural resources exploitation, conservation, air pollution, flooding/erosion,
deforestation/desertification and urban waste management. In another study on media images of environmental issues and
problems in Nigeria, Nwosu and Uffoh (2005, p.23) discovered that the media gave poor quality coverage to environmental
issues they handled within the period of study. Galadima (2006, p.92) studied news magazines and found that they also gave
inadequate attention to environmental issues.
In an interview with Newswatch (2008, p.59) M.S. Barkindo, former coordinator, special projects, Nigerian National
Petroleum Corporation, NNPC, was asked: “Why has it taken Nigeria so long to be part of the Kyoto Protocol?” Barkindo
replied: “… Nigeria and Africa are lagging behind simply because environment has not been on the top priority of our
national corporate agenda.” His answer is an indictment of government and the mass media, among other institutions, which
have failed to do more to shore up awareness, capacity and action aimed at combating environmental risks.
One can then ask: given the urgency of climate change, could the Nigerian media and other stakeholders such as
government be in an ‘oversight’ function? This is another gap for this study to fill. With the newspaper angle to the
reportage of climate change, this research will speak authoritatively on the Nigerian print media’s reportage of climate
change.
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5.2 Factors Affecting Media Reportage of Climate Change Stories
The important factors in terms of climate change reporting are those determining the focus of textual matter, or
contents of whatever is reported (as causes or solutions to climate change) in news, feature, and opinion. Among the factors
are: the interests/intersection/dynamics of climate science, climate scepticism, policy and carbon-based industries. The
second set of factors is expertise, and journalistic norms/ethics (Boykoff and Ravi 2004, 2007, Antilla, 2005).
Various studies have examined the intersection between science, policy and the role of the media in reporting
climate change. In all, media portrayals reflect the tussle among carbon industries, scientists/climate researchers, politicians
and the media. What is clear though is that science and policy shape media reporting and public understanding. Media
reports in many countries (the US, UK, India, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Japan,) have shown that journalism and
public concern shape climate science and policy decisions and activities (Boykoff & Boykoff 2004, Antilla, 2005).
In fact, media coverage of climate change takes place in the larger context of regulatory frameworks, political
constraints and economic drivers. “Cultural as well as regional and national differences too contribute to differences in how
these interactions take place. The above factors all contribute to the ways in which climate change is communicated via
media representations” (Uusi-Rauva and Tienari, 2010, p.2). It is worth saying, however, that literature search by this
researcher indicated that Nigeria was rarely mentioned in several international studies on media and climate change. This
study has filled this gap by looking into Nigerian newspaper reportage of climate change.
Studies demonstrate a disparity between the US and Europe in the media coverage of climate change. In the US, the
use of climate sceptics as primary definers of the debate has often resulted in climate change being constructed as uncertain
(Uusi-Rauva and Tienari, 2010; Zehr, 2000; Boykoff and Boykoff, 2004, 2007; Antilla, 2005). In Europe, in turn, the press
has in general framed climate change as certain (Weingart et al., 2000; Carvalho, 2005, 2007). This is also the case in India
(Billett, 2010). The US, India and Europe are all major emitters of greenhouse gases.
Furthermore, journalistic norms themselves have affected the content of news stories on climate change,
sometimes to the impediment of improved communication between climate science and policy (Boykoff & Boykoff, 2007).
These norms, such as 'objectivity', 'neutrality', 'impartiality' and 'balance' have emerged as standards of professional
journalism in the twentieth century. The great American writer and journalist Walter Lippman pushed for the development
and use of such standards and norms (Carey, 1989, p.23).
Among these practices, the norm of 'balanced reporting' (appendix 4) has had a rather detrimental effect on the media
coverage of climate science and other scientific topics (Boykoff & Boykoff, 2004, para8). Journalists stress balance because
it has been considered a vital tool for neutral or objective reporting, by providing "both sides in any significant dispute with
roughly equal attention" (Entman, 1993, p.51). However, media researchers believe that balance is often "a surrogate for
validity checks", because "the typical journalist, even one trained as a science writer, has neither the time nor the expertise
to check the validity of claims" (Dunwoody & Peters, 1992, p.199). Mooney (2004, para12) notes that “this can in fact lead
to lopsided reporting if the article gives too much space and attention to views held by only an insignificant minority of the
scientific community”.
In politics, balanced reporting may be appropriate for portraying the manifestoes of parties and contestants. But
truth and fairness may not be served in science reporting if reporters give equal attention to both genuine and falsified
evidence. To quote climate scientist Stephen Schneider (Schneider, 2005, para 8): “In science, it’s different. Extreme
examples bring this point home. Does a flat-earth proponent deserve equal time to a modern astrophysicist? Following this
logic, some experts argue that it is misleading to give scientific mavericks or advocates equal time with established
mainstream scientists”. Yet some contend that this is what the media are doing. This research will prove or disprove this
view in the Nigerian context.
In a survey of 636 articles from four top United States newspapers between 1988 and 2002, Boykoff &. Boykoff,
(2004) found that most articles gave as much time to the small group of climate change doubters as to the scientific
consensus view. Some scholars thus argue that given the real consensus among climatologists over global warming, many
scientists find the media’s desire to portray the topic as a scientific controversy to be a gross distortion. As Stephen
Schneider (2005) puts it: “a mainstream, well-established consensus may be ‘balanced’ against the opposing views of a few
extremists, and to the uninformed, each position seems equally credible.”
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5.3 Theoretical Framework
5.3.1 Framing Theory
This work is based on the framing theory. Scheufele (2000) notes that framing involves activation of entire
interpretive schemas –not merely prioritization of individual objects or attributes. His words:
Framing … is based on the concept of the prospect theory; that is, on the assumption that
subtle changes in the wording of the description of a situation might affect how audience
members interpret this situation. In other words, that influences how audiences think
about issues, not by making aspects of the issue more salient, but by invoking interpretive
schemas that influence the interpretation of incoming information. (Scheufele, 2000,
p.309)
Following Entman (1993, p.52), framing refers to how journalists decide on which sides of an issue to make
salient, and then make connections between these issues so that particular interpretations, evaluations, or solutions are
promoted over others. As a platform for explaining this study, framing helped to specify the ways in which journalists
interpret and evaluate climate change stories and represent particular sides in given debates. This will add to our
understanding of the dynamics of environmental discussions. McQuail (2005, p.82) notes that the media can select parts of
experience for special attention, closing off other views and voices, whether deliberately or not.
6. METHODOLOGY
This work adopted content analysis (quantitative and qualitative) as its research method. All the national daily
newspapers in Nigeria made up the population for content analysis. The national dailies include: Champion, Daily Trust,
The Guardian, The Nation, Nigerian Tribune, The Punch, Business Day, Daily Sun, ThisDay, Vanguard, Leadership, New
Nigerian, Compass, Daily Independent and Daily Triumph. The consideration for choosing these papers was national spread
(because of the extent of readership and influence attributed to national newspapers) and total bias in news. Using the Taro
Yamane’s (1967) formula, a sample of 352 newspapers was drawn from 2009 and 2010 editions of the four newspapers (88
issues for each newspaper for two years).
6.1 Instrument for Data Analysis
Figures were used to present quantitative data. For textual analysis of content, this study adopted the constant comparative
technique first articulated by Glasser and Strauss (1967), and refined by Lincoln and Guba (1985). The process consists of
four steps as described in Wimmer and Dominick (2005, p. 112):
1. Comparative assignment of incidents to categories
2. Elaboration and refinement of categories
3. Searching for relationships and themes among categories
4. Simplifying and integrating data into a coherent and theoretical structure.
6.2 Description of the Sample
Out of 352 sample editions of the newspapers selected for the study, 204 editions had stories on climate change. There were
213 stories on climate change in the 204 editions. The number of stories (213) was a little higher than the number of
editions studied (204) because some issues in The Guardian had multiple stories on climate change.
7. Findings
7.1. Nigerian newspapers report climate change to a large extent
In view of the proportion of stories on climate change, it was evident that newspapers gave significant attention to
climate change. Given that there were 204 editions within a sample of 352 (58%), which contained stories on climate
change shows that the newspapers reported climate change to a great extent. However, 38% (82 stories) of stories on
climate change were written between November and December 2009 and November and December 2010. During those
periods, two UN-organized conferences held in Copenhagen, Denmark, and Cancun, Mexico. Global events were thus great
sources of climate change stories. The Guardian had four stories in one page on December 7, 2009 and six stories in one
page on December 14, 2009. This showed that climate change reporting was event-based especially given the fact that many
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controversial issues that were thrown up during those events were not followed up in subsequent months (Vanguard,
Tuesday, June 29, 2010, P.41, Thisday, Sunday, November 22, 2009, p. 22, Thisday, Monday December, 21, 2009, p.61 and
Thisday, Thursday, September 2, 2010, p.46).
Reduced attention to climate change outside periods of global events is understandable given the space constraints
of newspapers as well as the tendency to report prominent, current and timely events. The finding above, nonetheless, is
different from the findings of Nwabueze (2007, p.107) and Oso (2006, p.66) who found that newspapers devote inadequate
time to stories on the environment. Out of 213 stories, 177 (83%) were news stories, and 129 (61% of all stories) were
sourced from outside Nigeria (figure 1). This study proved Oso (2006) right with the finding that environmental issues in
Nigeria are mainly reported in spot news. Reporting climate change in news stories made Nigerian newspapers not to give
in-depth analysis to climate change stories.
7.2. Causes of climate change (Climate change as human-induced)
On causes of climate change, 212 out of 213 stories demonstrated or implied belief in human-induced climate
change (). One statement in The Guardian captured very well the belief of the newspapers on the causes of climate change:
“Global warming is real, it is the most dangerous, most man-made and the fastest way to achieve the goal of destroying
mankind” (The Guardian, Monday January 11, 2010, p. 37). All the newspapers studied believed in the theory of
anthropogenic climate change. No other theory found space in the newspapers. Nigerian newspapers are in league with
European and Indian newspapers wherein climate change has been constructed largely as certain (Weingart P., Engels A.,
and Pansegrau P. 2000, 2004; Carvalho, 2005, 2007; 2010, Billet, 2010) and portrayed as the greatest crisis of the global
age (Lester and Cottle, 2009 pp.71-91).
The four newspapers, in addition, did not toe the line of some major international media on the debates on the
causes of climate change. Thus, the debate on the truth or falsity of climate change did not feature in any newspaper as
headlines. In contrast, climate change deniers are part of the major definers of debate on climate change in Europe and the
US (Boykoff and Ravi 2004, 2007). Their views penetrate major media, which portray climate change as uncertain, and
carbon as no major polluter (Sandell and Blakemore 2006). Stories in Nigerian newspapers were written completely with
the implication that newspapers believed in the truth of anthropogenic climate change. This was also reflected in the fact
that 51% of stories were solution-focused. In addition, most of the solutions proffered had very little to do with carbon
credits, carbon tax and climate risk insurance which do not imply emission cuts, but refer to managing the effects of even
more emissions.
7.3. The kind of reports carried in the newspapers on climate change
7.3.1Solutions to climate change (Pro-emission vs. anti-emission solutions)
Nigerian newspapers did not give significant attention to pro-emission solutions to climate change (figure 3).
Experts have been worried that some climate change solutions do not support emission cuts; rather the solutions are geared
towards allowing carbon-based industries to pay carbon tax or to buy carbon credits to emit more carbon (Gelbspan, 1998).
The only pro-emission solution that received a great deal of attention was funding to developing countries. This pointed out
that oil companies were not sponsoring stories a lot. Thus the activities of the so-called carbon club, climate sceptics and
climate contrarians were not visible in Nigerian newspapers.
7.3.2 Developed countries as obstacles to reaching emission cut targets
The 2009 and 2010 climate change conferences were depicted as huge global events (The Guardian Tuesday,
December 8, 2009, p.1). Most stories were about the developed countries, which were portrayed as calling the shots in
negotiations on climate change. Developed nations were always expressing hopes about reaching a treaty as conferences
approached (Thisday, December 24, 2009, p. 47and Thisday, Monday December, 21, 2009, p.61), but were portrayed as the
ones who stood in the way of reaching binding deals during conferences (stories The Guardian Wednesday, June 24, 2009,
p. 10, The Guardian, Tuesday November 10, 2009, p. 79, Thisday, Wednesday, November 4, 2009, p.58).
In The Guardian, Monday January 18, 2010, p. 35, US, European and Australian investors said: “we cannot wait
for a global treaty” to act. But they were not interested in a global treaty on meaningful emission cut as pointedly
demonstrated in Thisday, November 29, 2009, p.20: “A summit of leaders from the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
forum, including Mr. Obama earlier this month, dropped plans to reach a binding agreement in Copenhagen” This tone was
again echoed in The Guardian, Monday, November 9, 2009. P. 35 with the headline: Climate deal unlikely this year; says
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UK, EU ministers. In a story in the Daily Sun, Friday, December 18, 2009 entitled New Climate Deal to wait until 2012,
“the Danish presidency of the climate summit in Copenhagen dropped hopes that a deal would be brokered in Copenhagen”.
In The Guardian, Tuesday October 19, 2010 (story 103), the Ethiopia Prime Minister, Zenawi Meles summarized
the attitude of developed nations: “The political leaders are not ready to take risks on climate change issues. You have all
sorts of strange opinions among the most advanced countries of the world. Their basic interests thrive in an atmosphere of
parochialism”. In The Guardian, Monday October, 18, 2010, p. 23, it was noted that the US and a few other countries
spearheaded the Copenhagen Accord in line with their desire to avoid a binding treaty on emission cut targets. These
countries had known that with the action of US, China and other developed countries, a climate deal was unlikely.
7.3.3. Nigeria and Africa as aid dependent
The developed countries consistently portrayed developing countries as aid-dependent and corrupt, insisting that
corruption was the bane of access to, and prompt use of, promised climate funds (The Guardian, Monday January 25,
2010). Unfortunately, the developing countries joined in painting the picture of aid seekers about themselves. Out of 9 times
in which the then Nigerian Minister of Environment, John Odeh, came up in stories, it was only in one story that he did not
talk about funds or aid to Nigeria to tackle climate change. Promises of funds were made in 93 stories, yet no story
showcased an instance wherein such promises were fulfilled.
In some cases, foreign aid was in form of products as shown in Thisday, Tuesday, November2, 2010, p.45,
Vanguard, October 26, 2010, p.37 and Vanguard, Tuesday, September 14, 2010, p. 36. The Guardian, Wednesday
December 8, 2010, p. 27, Daily Sun, Friday, May 1, 2009, p. 12 and Thisday, Friday January 29, 2010, p.30 showcased
ICT-based solutions that were, in fact, ways to introduce products to Africans. Thus, some promises of aid were business
opportunities, making Africa the one really paying for climate change as against the entire clamour for funding/aid made by
African representatives to climate talks.
In the Vanguard, Tuesday, December 15, 2009, the US promised to provide, as a measure against climate change,
LED lanterns to millions in the developing world who lack access to electricity, and low cost alternative to expensive and
polluting kerosene lamps. Is it the responsibility of the US to make such provisions? Has the US fulfilled its obligations
towards cutting GHG emission? These are possible follow up stories.
In addition, promises of products to help fight climate change often followed research evidence about given
situations. Six in seven researches reported in the newspapers were done by foreign bodies outside Africa (Thisday,
Wednesday, November 25, 2009, p.60, Thisday, Tuesday September 7, 2010, p.42, The Guardian, Tuesday, October 12,
2010, p.33, The Guardian, Monday March 9, 2009, p. 31, and Daily Sun, Wednesday, June 2, 2010, pp 2-3). After painting
grim findings, the foreign researchers projected a product that will supposedly save Nigeria from all the dangers of climate
change (Vanguard, October 26, 2010, p.37 and Vanguard, Tuesday, September 14, 2010, p. 36).
The only African research was done by a Kenyan researcher (Africa: Farming solutions to climate change,
Thisday, October 7, 2010, p.46), and she called for indigenous solutions. The story quoted scientist Sarah Ogalley Ayeyi
(the researcher) as saying that “it was important that new adaptation methods be localized, then evaluated and tested before
they are released for use by local farmers. In many cases, farmers were introduced to new technologies that they failed to
sustain in the long run”. It was, however, in Vanguard, Tuesday, May 18, 2010, P.35 and Thisday, Friday, August 7, 2009,
p. 53 that a Nigerian (Lagos) summit called attention to indigenous measures.
7.3.4. Impact of climate change
Stories on the impact of climate (figures 2 and 3) change pointed out the economic implications of climate change,
especially in view of the effects of climate change on agriculture. Such stories painted dismal pictures of the effects of
climate change on Nigeria, giving the country the status of helplessness and facing potential doom (Thisday, Sunday,
November 22, 2009, p. 22). Some stories on impact of climate change were also solution-focused. The solutions prescribed
were often renewable, greener energy in view of the possibility of the world turning away from fossil fuel (Vanguard,
Thursday, February 5, 2009, p.40, Thisday, Wednesday, December 2, 2009, P. 24 and Thisday, Tuesday December 1, 2009,
P. 40). Most stories on impact of climate change were therefore not only raw predictions of doomsday; they gave attention
to solutions too (figure 4). It was only a story in The Guardian Friday, May 15, 2009, p. 12 that contained grim pictures of
climate change-associated calamity.
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On news values (figure 7), Progress was the most important news value stressed in news stories. Many stories on
solution always looked at the way forward, and so had progress dimensions as news value. The stories that stressed
progress also stressed novelty and the human interest dimension of issues raised. Impact was another important news value
in the stories. All the stories on impact of climate change as story focus also had impact as news value. Oddity was
subsumed in the impact value in stories on impact of climate change. This was perhaps because climate change is known to
cause disasters, thus newspapers did not use a tone of oddity when reporting the dreadful effects of extreme weather
occurrences. Stories that stressed prominence were often on the conflicts among developed nations on emission cut targets.
As such, dual-angle stories that had prominence as news value often had conflict as another news value. Proximity was
notable because of the stories on Nigeria/stories that bore significance for Nigeria.
7.3.5. Gender (Women as handicapped)
There were five stories on gender. Women issues dominated discussions more than men’s issues in gender-related
stories. The newspapers represented gender issues as an attempt to factor in women into solutions to climate change.
However, it was the men who painted a pitiable picture of women in stories (Thisday, The Sunday Newspaper, November
28, 2009, P. 23, Vanguard, Thursday, November 26, 2009, Thisday, Tuesday September 7, 2010, p.42). The story in The
Guardian, Monday July, 5, 2010, p. 1 was a half-page story in which women did not see themselves as helpless and
suffering the worst consequences of climate change. The only paragraph in which the minister of environment spoke, he
portrayed women and children as dearly in need of protection.
7.3.6. Nigeria’s willingness to end gas flaring
Stories on gas flaring expressed the Nigerian government’s willingness to end gas flaring. The former minister of
Foreign Affairs, Chief Ojo Maduekwe, who represented President Musa Yar’adua at the Copenhagen conference, pledged
that Nigeria was committed to ending gas flaring, adding that “the political will is there and the economy is right to make it
work” Thisday, Wednesday, December 16 2009, p. 71. The story also appeared in The Guardian Wednesday, December 16,
2009, p. 1.
However, a story in The Guardian, Monday, December 28, 2009, p. 13 was the opposite of the two stories above
(both news) as it exposed the tricks played by Nigeria at the conference in Copenhagen so as to keep receiving financial aid
from the United Nation’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The story in The Guardian, Monday, December 28,
2009, p. 13 was a feature; therefore it had the time to put facts in clearer perspective for the reader to see that Nigeria had
not been serious with ending gas flaring after over three decades of making the first commitment towards ending gas
flaring.
Against the backdrop of gas flaring in Nigeria, most sources in the Nigerian newspapers called Nigeria major
emitter (Thisday, Tuesday, April 14, 2009, p.xv, Thisday, Monday November 23, 2009, p. 30). “Nigeria is still a major
emitter of CO2 (figure 6). In 1998, our emission due to gas flaring was put at about 42,119 metric tons or 8% of global CO2
levels.” The tone of writing in Thisday, April 14, 2009 contrasted with that of Ed Miliband when the latter talked about the
UK (Thisday January 9, 2009 (back page) and Thisday, November 5, 2009) as a country making effort to reduce emission.
Nigerians were harsher with their government than the British and the US writers on issues about efforts towards tackling
climate change.
7.3.7. The public as ignorant of, and powerless in fight against, climate change
All the stories on public attitude towards climate change were feature. Many feature stories, like the one in
Thisday, Wednesday, August 2009, p. 25, began with a definition of climate change, and attributed its aggravation to human
causes. The story portrayed the public as ignorant of the meaning of climate change, but not oblivious of drastic weather
changes. According to the story, “Of the 10 Nigerians interviewed about their knowledge or understanding of the global
warming phenomenon, seven were ignorant”. The story even quoted Mrs. Akuoma Ifeanyichukwu, a journalist, who said
she knew little about the implication of global warming. In a story in The Guardian, Monday, January 18, 2010, p. 35, it
was clearly shown that the reporter did not understand at all what he was writing about or he did not want anyone to
understand him. Right from the title (Forest CO2 market in the balance, says report), the story was profoundly
meaningless. The story in the Daily Sun, Wednesday, November 18, 2009, p. 43 said “the average Nigerian associated
climate change with ozone depletion but its more than that”. Thisday, Tuesday, November 24, 2009, P. 18 portrayed the
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public as partly doubtful. It was a story in the Vanguard, Wednesday, January 20, 2010, p. 34 that captured it all with a
Nigeria-wide research on public awareness of climate change conducted by the BBC. The newspaper noted:
For some, it is an act of God, while many see it as a product of man’s inhumanity to his environment
…. Even though Nigeria had a presence in Denmark, it is widely believed that the country does not
have policy on climate change. The absence of capacity to analyse climate change and data on the issue
makes Nigeria’s case more disturbing. This explains why experts believe climate change will have a
strong impact on Nigeria especially in the areas of agriculture, land use, energy and water resources.
According to the British Broadcasting Corporation’s (BBC) findings, climate change is believed to be from God in
Nigeria. The report said, “Religious leaders and groups as well as local people said since change in weather pattern had
been ordained, the logic of what had been planned and set on course by divine agency naturally led to iron cast fatalism.
People saw themselves as powerless and could do little or nothing to change events”.
The findings continued: “the understanding of climate change is hazy among every segment of society. The
knowledge of the impact from the private sector on their activities on the environment is linked only to waste disposal and
pollution. They do not link climate change to carbon”. The report further stated that “With this startling revelation, it shows
that the nation is not sufficiently equipped for climate change”.
The story mentioned above also appeared in The Guardian, Monday March 9, 2009, p. 31 (story 145). The
Guardian version noted that the research was carried out by the British Council Nigeria in collaboration with the BBC
World Service on climate change and perception of Nigerians. Findings from the research indicated that “awareness of
climate change or global warming as defined by the environmental community is low. Climate change terminology
currently fails Nigerians. Most Nigerians associate climate change with weather and the resulting impacts of the weather on
their environment. The associations with weather create a framework dominated by God, which evolved a sense of
powerlessness”.
The research adds that:
Most Nigerians do not connect local issues such as desertification, coastal flooding, gully erosion and
urbanisation to climate change. With the exception of Jigawa State, there is little evidence of Nigerians
taking substantive steps to adapt to the effects to climate change. Most Nigerians are not empowered to
address environmental issues and responsibility for dealing with these problems is often attributed to
the government and Nigerians want practical, local information that is grounded in local examples of
how to deal with the environmental challenges they face (p. 31).
The second sentence in the paragraph above is in contrast with what this study found about the efforts of Lagos
state government, citizens and environmental bodies. This study found that Lagos was making a lot of effort to tackle
climate change.
7.3.8. Portrayal of Nigerian regions
It was only Lagos, Delta and Ondo States that were portrayed as taking a lot of proactive action in the fight against
climate change. Lagos appeared more than any other State, with the focus being either the effort made by the State
government or the threat of sea rise. The Nigerian government twice recognized the efforts of Lagos and other States such
as Cross River, Akwa Ibom, Delta and Ondo (Daily Sun, Friday, May 8, 2009, p. 4 and Thisday, Wednesday, September22,
2010, p.42). The Niger Delta featured prominently, with the issue being environmental pollution due to oil exploration.
Stories on Niger Delta were not discussed in conjunction with marginalization of the area. The South East States were not
mentioned by name specifically, but the region was portrayed generally in the light of being swallowed by erosion (figure
5).
Governors Donald Duke, Emmanuel Uduaghan, Timipre Sylva, Olusegun Mimiko and Babatunde Fashola of
Cross River, Delta, Bayelsa, Ondo and Lagos States respectively were the voices heard in stories (Thisday, Wednesday
December 9, 2009, P. 24, The Vanguard, Wednesday March 24, 2010, P.39, Daily Sun, Thursday, December 17, 2009, p.8).
The efforts of other state governments were barely shown. The States were also the ones that organised events to seek
solutions to climate change in addition to Ogun and Oyo States (Thisday, Tuesday, August3, 2010, p.38 and The Guardian,
Monday, May 11, 2009, p.37). Lagos organised the most events, having been mentioned in seven different events prominent
among which was the series of Lagos State Climate Change Annual Summits. Lagos designated July 14 every year as tree
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planting month (The Guardian, Wednesday, March 25, 2009, p. 6). The State has Climate Change Clubs in secondary
schools with yearly anniversaries (Thisday, Monday April5 2010, p.46).
For the North, it was desertification. Kebbi, Sokoto, Kaduna, Kano, Jigawa and Bauchi were mentioned. Sokoto
appeared the most among northern States due to flooding experiences in 2010. Namadi Sambo, former Kaduna State
governor, was the lone voice among the governors of the northern region in the newspapers. And he spoke during the
second Lagos State Climate Change Summit (Thisday, Wednesday December 9, 2009, P. 24, Vanguard, Tuesday May 25,
2010, P.30, Thisday, Wednesday, September22, 2010, p.42).
8. Conclusion
In view of the findings of this research work, this study concludes as follows:
1.
The newspapers reported climate change significantly, but they did not put the whole context within
climate change was occurring in clear view for the readers. This was because news items were the
dominant genre, and they focused on new issues each time, without putting former climate change reports
in context.
2. Climate change reporting was event-based, and many issues thrown up in news were not followed up.
Choice of topics was therefore not planned.
3. Nigerian newspapers constructed climate change as certainly occurring, and as mostly human-induced.
9. Recommendations
1. Climate change is now a specialist area. Newspapers should train journalists in the area to report it
effectively.
2. There should be more reasonable distribution of stories across other months of the year, not merely
periods of global events.
3. The reporters should use lots of non-news in reporting climate change, with Nigerian views and interests
to offer them (reporters) the opportunity to drive debate and opinion on climate change. Even when
newspapers are constrained to report only news stories, journalists can ask questions based on issues they
want to present to their audience.
4. Opinion polls are necessary to see where audience interests lies as well as how much newspaper views
influence public understanding in terms of communication effectiveness.
5. Newspapers should build climate information system (CIS) that would help them know what kind of
topics to allow, and where to seek stories as well as track down the whole context within which climate
change discussions occur. This will offer newspapers a firm base to anchor Nigeria’s, nay, Africa’s
views in global discourses on climate change. This is especially as it affects debates on the causes of
climate change.
6. Reporters should cultivate sufficient local sources to help them get more local stories, especially on
research and adaptation measures. More importantly, reporters should learn about the environmental
legal framework in Nigeria, to help them cultivate Nigerian environmental sources and know what to
expect from various stakeholders in environmental issues. They can even suggest amendments to the
legal framework from time to time.
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Figure 1: Story Genre
THE GUARDIAN
80
DAILY SUN
70
VANGUARD
60 THISDAY
50
40
30
20
10 THISDAY
VANGUARD
0
NEWS DAILY SUN
FEATURE
COLUMN THE GUARDIAN
EDITORIAL
ARTICLE
LETTER
Figure 2 Portrayal of Causes of Climate Change
60
50
40
30 THE GUARDIAN
DAILY SUN
20
VANGUARD
10 THISDAY THISDAY
VANGUARD
0
DAILY SUN
SCEPTICISM
HUMAN THE GUARDIAN
NATURAL
NOT
DECIDED OTHERS
(i.e.
ON THE
CAUSES theories)
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Figure 5: Type of Solution Portrayed Figure 5: Portrayal of Nigerian regions
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Figure 6: Type issues raised about Nigeria
70
THE GUARDIAN
60 DAILY SUN
VANGUARD
50
THISDAY
40
30
20
THISDAY
10 VANGUARD
0 DAILY SUN
MAJOR OF THE GUARDIAN
EMITTER MINOR
EMITTER DOING
ENOUGH DOING LITTLE
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Figure 7: Basic Values Stressed in Stories
37
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