Bách khoa bằng hình

1. [)(]().~ NXB DAN TRi

2. r r
Giaidap thdc mac
,
ve moi linh VlfC
Th~ hi~n tAt cit cac th~ manh cua DK,
rnQt NXB v~ sach hinh anh hang dAu
th~ giOi, nhtr sit' dung hinh anh rnQt
each ro rang, hiru ich va ton trong thong tin.
Independent
Bao quat ki~n t a
A
ro
A
•
Voi hang tram chu d~ Ion va hang nghin chu d~ nho, cuon Bach khoa tri thu-c
bdng hinh cung c~p cho ban mot hrong thong tin bao trum moi linh VI,lC rna
ban quan tam tir may vi tinh cho d~n am nhac, nr tharn hiem vii tru cho d@n
th@ gioi tu nhien ...
A ,
lliob anh oc ao
Cac chu d~ duoc thS hien het sire sinh dong voi han 4.500 hinh anh, bando
minh hoa doc dao. Trang cuon sach nay, ban co thS xem cac hinh anh chi ti~t
v~ cac loai dong thirc vat, tim hi~u each thirc lam viec cua may moe, bi~t
them v~ cuoc song cua con nguoi thai xua.
,
Motba r h bam a
•
Ban co thS kham pha cuon sach nay bang each sir dung
hop Xem them. Hop nay se d~n ban d@n voi cac chu
d~ thu vi co lien quan.

3. mw

4. Nhfrng ngum dich:
Thanh Van, Bich Lieu, Minh Tan, Cao Dung
Hieu dinh:
Do Hoang Scm, Vo Hang Nga
va nh6m Tan Thu
l

5. A DORlING KlNDERSLEY BOOK
www.dk.corn
Original Title: Children's Illustra ted Encyclopedia
Copyright © 2000 Dorling Kindersley Limited, London
Ban quyen lieng Vter © C6ng ry Van hoa Dong A, 2009
Cuon sach duoc xu~t ban theo hop dong chuyen nhirong ban quy en gifra
Cong ty Van hoa Dong A va Dorling Kindersley
Allright reserved. No pan of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a rerneval system or transmitted by any means , electronic,
mechanical , photocopying or otherwise,
wi thout the prior permission of the publisher.
MQi rae quyen Mu da diroc bao lio. Khong plian nao cua rae pharn nay
co the duoc tai bin, su dung hay hru truyen dum bat ky hinh thirc hay
bing bat cir phuong nen nao tir di~n nr, may moe, sao chep, ghi am
cho Mn cac hinh tlnrc khac khi rna chua co su dong y tnroc b~g
van ban cua ngum narn giit tac quyen.
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( ue~~~ "
1
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AN DAN TRl
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Chiu trach nhiern bin rhao: Nguyen Phan Hach
Bien tap: Dang NgQc. Minh Tan,
Nguyen 10,Hai va C6ng ty Long Minh.
Thi~t kebia: Tran D~ Thing
Trinh bay: Theo nguyen bin Mng Anh
Sua bin in : VU Ha, Mai Hien, Cao Dun g.
ill 2000 cuon kh6 2,5 x 28 cm . Tai Doanh nghlep in Ha Phat,
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C(p ngay 1/ 912 009.
In xong va nQP hru chieu quy IV nam 2009

6. MUCLUC
. .
CACH su m)NG SACH Doi song hoang da
8-10 tai Australia 71-72
T0 THO DAN UCDEN Ao 73
VUON THU 11-745 Ne n van rninh Aztec .7 4
Tho dan De 12 Ngiroi Babylon 75
Cac mroc c<lng hoa
Quang cao 13 LUng va chon hoi.. 76
vimg Caueasus 132
Chau Phi 14-17 Bale 77
Hang dong 133
Lich Slr chau Phi 18-1 9 Cac tro choi dung bong .. 78
Ngum Celt 134
Doi song hoang da Khinh khi cau va kill cau ..79
Retva cuon chien 135
Cr chau Phi 20 Cac qu oc gia vun g Baltic
Trung Phi 136-137
Khong khi 21 va Belarus 80
Trung My 138-139
May bay 22-23 Ngum man ro 81
Trung A 140-141 ~ .
Khong quan 24 Doi 82
Charlemagne 142
San bay 25 Gau va gau true 83
Hirou, son duong va
Hoa h oe 143
Alexander Dai de 26 Hai ly 84
linh duong 189
Trung Qu a e 144-147
Alfred D~ de 27 Ong va ong b~p cay 85
Dan chu 190
Lich sir
Bang chtr cai 28 BO 86
D~ suy thoai
Trung Quoc 148-149
NOi chien Hoa Ky 29 Vuong qu a e Benin 87
nhimg nam 19 30 191
Co doc giao 150 -1 51
Cach m~g Hoa Ky 30 Xe dap va xe m ay 88
Sa mac 192
Nha tho va nha tho Ian 152
NguOi Anglo-saxon 31-3 2 Vu no Ion 89
Doi son g hoang da
Winston Churchill 153
Dong v~t 33-34 Sinh v~t hoe 90
& sa mac 193-1 94
Xiee 154
Cac giae quan cua Chim 9 1-92
Thiet ke 195- 196
d¢og vat 35-36 Car Chet Den 93 Thanh ph o 155
Charles Dickens 197
KIDhau 15 6
Chau Nam Cue 37-38 Ha den 94
Sir tieu hoa 198
Kien va m oi . 39 Sach 95-96 Dongh6 157
KhUng long 199-200
Khao eo hoc 40-41 Nao va day than kinh ...... 97 QUID ao 158 -1 59
Benh t~t... 201
Kien true 42-43 Brazil.. 98-100 Than da. , H O
Bac si... 20 2
Bk Cue 44-45 Cau l01 Chien tranh lanh 16'1
Ch6. cho soi va cao 203-204
Argentina 4 6-47 Anh quae eo dai 102 Colornhia 162
Ve .' 205
QUID doi 48 De qu oc Anh 103-104 Mau s~c ] 63
ThUDC 20 6
Ao giap 49 Phat thanh va Christopher Columbus ] 64
Vit , ng6ng va thien nga 20 7
Chau A 50-53 truyen hinh 105 Sao chrii va sao bang 165
D~ bang va nlnrng loai
Lich suochau A 54-55 Thoi dai D6 dong 10 6 Chu nghia c¢ng san 166
chim san inoi khac 208
De che Assyria 56 Phat giao 107 Nhac si 167-1 68
Tai : 209
Nha du hanh va Xay dvng ] 08 May tinh 169-17 0 Trai dat 2 10-2 11
du hanh vu tru . 57 Xe buyt 109 Nhling nha chinh phuc... 171 D¢ng dat 212
Thien van hoe 58-5 9 Buorn va Bao ton va nhirng Dong Phi 213-215
Dien kinh 60 buom dern ] 10-111 loai b] de doa 172-173 H~ sinh thai va
Dai Tay Duong 61-62 Nam nroc Byron 112 LVe <$a 174 hroi thirc an 21 6-217
KID quyen : 63 De che Byzantine 1] 3 James Cook 175 Giao due 218-2 19
Ngu yen nr va phan ttr 64 Julius Caesar 114 San ho, sua va hai qu j 176 Ai Cap co dai 220-221
Australia 65-68 Lac da birou va lac da Trau va bo 177 Albert Einstein 222
Lich sir Australia 69 -70 khong birou 115 Cua va nlnrng loai Dien 223 -224
May anh 116 giap xac khac 178 Dien nr 225
D¢ng vat ngvy trang 117 Crike 179
<90-- Voi 226
Canada 118-120 Ca sau 180 Nu hoang Elizabeth I 22 7
Ljch sir Canada 121 Oliver Crowell 18 1 Di ell' va nh~p ell' 228
Vung Caribbean 122-123 QUl. gie cUi va qUl den .. 182 Nan g luQ'llg 229
qch suovUng Th~p t! chinh 183 Don g CO' 230-231
Can bbean.. ............. 124 D ~p nuCrc 184 Anh 232
Xe 6 to 125-1 26 KIDeu vU 185 N¢i chien Anh 23 3
Hi hoa.. 127 Charles Darwin 186 Thang may va
U.u dai 128-129 DOi song hoang da thang euon 234
Meo 130- 131 dum bien sau..... 187-188 Chau Au 235-238

7. Lien minh chau Au 239 Lich sir Yh9C 422-423
Lich su chau Au 240-241 Chau Au thoi
Iran 354
Tien hoa 242-243 Trung co 424-425
Ireland 355-35 6
Nhimg nha Kim loai 42 6
Lich su Ireland 357
tham hiem 244-H~-..,....J· . Mexico 427 -42 8
...L-· Thoi dai D6 s~ t... 35 8
Mac 246 Chuot nhat, chuot cong
Sat va chep 35 9
Nha may 247 va soc 429-430
H " ..
oi giao 360
Dong v~t nuoi trong Kinh hien vi 431
Israel 361
trang trai 24 8-249 Vi sinh var., 432
Italy 362-364
Nong nghiep 250 Trung Dong 433 -4 35
Lich su Italy 365-366
Lich sir nong nghiep 251 SI' di tni cua
Nhat Bin 367-3 69
Le hoi 252 d¢ng v~t 43 6
Lich sir Nha t Bin 370-3 71
Dien anh 253-254 May bay qUID su 437
Jesus Christ 372
Lira 255 N giroi Min oa 438
Joan xu Arc 37 3
Vu dai hoa hoan Tu vien 439
Cay than thao va ngu coc 304 Dao Do Thai 37-±
DLondon 256 Tien 440
CM.u chau va de 305 John F. Kennedy 3 75
Sa ciru 257 De che Mong Co 441
Doi son g hoang da Martin Luther King 376
Ca 25 8-259 Khi va kill khong
tren dong co 306-30 7 Dieu va tau luon 377
Nghe danh ca 260 du oi 442-443
Luc hap dan 308 Hlcp si va huy hieu .. 37 8-379
Co- 261 Mat trang 44+
Hy Lap 309 Trieu Tien 38 0
Ruoi va rnuoi 262 William Morris 445
Hy L;lP co dai 310-311 Doi song hoang da
DQng vat bier bay 26 3-2 64 Reu, reu tan va
Am rmru thuoc sung 312 o song ho 38 1-382
Hoa va diroc thao 265-26 6 dUCJl1g xi ., 446
Sung 313 Ho 383
Thirc an va. cong ngh~ Nui 447
The du e 31 4 Ng on ngu 384
thirc pharn ......... 267 -268 Doi song hoang da
Dong ho Hapsburg 3 15 La-de 385
Bong da va rren nui. 448
Sire kh oe 316-3] 7 Luat phap 386-3 87
bong bau du e .... 269-27 0 Muhammad 449
Tim va mau 3 18 Leonardo da Vinci 388
Lire va chuy en d¢ng ........ 271 Co va sir van dong 450
Nhier. 3 ] 9- 320 Lewis va Clark.. 3 89
Doi song hoang da Bao tang va thu vien 45 1
Nhlm, chuo t chui va Arm san g 390-3.91
tron g rimg 272-27 3 Narn , narn doc va
chuo t chu 32 1 Abraham lincoln 392'
H6a thach 27 4 cac 10?-i nam khac ...... 4 52
May bay true thang 322 Sir nr, h6 va nh-crng
Phap 275-278 Am nhac.. 453 -454
Henry VIII 323 loai kha c trong
Lich sir nuoc Pha p 279-28 0 Nhac cu 455 -45 6
Ngu dong 324 1
19 meo Ian 393-3 94
Cach rn ang Phap 281 Than th oai va
D;lO Hindu 325 Van h9C 395-396
Ech va cac loai tru yen thuyet. 457
Cuoc tan Sat ngum Van hoc Anh. 39 7-3 98
luang cu khac 282
Th ' , ' Napoleon Bonaparte 45 8
Do Thai 326 an Ian 399 -.400
Qua va ha t. 283 -284 Nhimg cuoc chien tranh
Cum nglla 327 Louis XlV 401
Do noi that. ,285 cua Napoleon 459
Ngua, ngva van Cac mroc vimg
Tro choi 286 Cac cong vien
va lira 32 8-329 dat chap 402-403
Khi 287 qu c c gia cua
Benh vien 330 l.ich sir cac mroc
Da quy va do trang sire 28 8 Vuong qu6c Anh ....... 460
Nha D 331 vung dat chap 404-405
Di rruy en hoc 28 9-290 Th6 dan B~c My .... .. 461-462
o the ngum 332-333 phQi va 16 hap 40 6
Dia ly 291 H" ' .
al quan 463
Nhan quy~n 334 May m oc 407-4 08
Hinh h9C 292 Dtlili hUOng tren bien
Cluen tranh Tram nam 33 5 TilP chi 409
• Dlfc 293-296 va tren kh ong 464
De che Inca 336 Dili hi en chuang
Wch su n.uac Duc 297-298 To va hang 4 65
An D(> va tH!u IlC nuOc Anh 4 10
Son g bang va Bao 466
, d.ia An D(> 337-340 Tli tinh 411
, ch6m bang 29 9 I New Zealand 467-468
Ltch su A.n D¢ 341-342 Dong v~t co vU 412-413
, Thuy tmh va. gom 300
An D(> Duang 343- 344 Nelson Mandela 414 Ljch su
Nha nUDc va New Zealand 4 69
Cach miln g Mao Tr;lch Don g 415
chinh trt 301-303 Floren ce Nightingale 470
Cong nghi~p ...... 345-346 Ban do 41 6
Nen van minh thung
1- . ~
ung song An 347
Dm song hoan g da
6' dhil lay 417
Ngum Norm an
Bk Phi
471
4-72 · 4 73
Ceng ngh~ thong tin348-349 Nguyen v~t li~u 418 B~c My 474-4 77
Con trling 350-351 Toan hoc 419 Dm song hoang da
Int ernet 352 Maya 420 6' B~c My 478-479
Ngum Inuit.. 35 3 YhQc 421 Bac Ireland 480

8. MVc q JC
Th01 dai hat nhan 481 Phong trao Cai each ........ 547 Mien nam chau Phi. 630-63 1
Nang luong hat nhan 482 Ton giao 548-549 Lich sir Lieu Xo 632 -633
So 483 Thoi ky Phuc hung 550-551 Bay vao vii. tru 634-635
Bien va dai duong 484-485 Str sinh sin 552-553 Tay Ban Nha 636-639
Doi song hoang da & Loai bo sat.. 554-555 Lich sir Tay Ba.n Nha 640-64 1
dai duong 486-487 Te giac va heo voi . 556 Nhen va ho cap 642
Bach tuoc va rmrc ong 488 Song 557 Di~p vien va hoar dong
Dau 489 DuOng va xa 1<) 558 tinh bao 643
The van hoi Olympie 490 Ngum may 559 The thao 644-645
Op era va hat. 491 Nhac rock va pop 560-561 Tern va hiru dien 646
Dan nhac 492 Ten hra 562 Sao bien va nhim bien 64 7
Da dieu va em u 493 Da va khoang chat ... 563-564 Sao 648-649
De che Ottoman 494 De che La Ma .......... 565-56 6 Thong ke 650
Nhling ngum song ngoai f ranklin Delano Tuori g NIT thin TI'do 651
vong ph ap luat. 495 Roosevelt 567 Thi ITUOng chUng khoan 652
CU 496 Lien bang Nga 568-571 Thoi dai Do aa 653
Khi oxy 497 Lich su mroc Nga 572-5 73 Bao 654
Thai Binh Duong 49 8-499 e ach mang Nga 574 Dong ho Stuart 655
HQa si. 500-501 Dua thuyen 575 Tau ngam 656
HQa si Anh 502-503 Ve tinh 576 Ngum Sumer 657
Hoi hoa 504-505 Scandinavia 577-579 Mat troi 658
Lich su Scandinavia 580-581 Boi loi 659
Gia dinh Pankhurst.....506
Truong hoc 582-58 3 Thuy Si.. 660
Giay 507
Khoa hoc 584 Xe tang 661
Cuoc kh oi nghia
Lich su-khoa hoc. 585 -586 Cong ngh~ 662 -663
Nang dan 508 I
Scotland 587 Rang 664
Ba Tu eo dai 509
Ngh~ thuat dieu khac 588 Dien thoai 665
Thu canh 5 10
Chim bien 589 Kinh vien vong 666.
Ngum phoenicia 511
Hai cau va su nr bien 590 Truyen hinh va
Nhiep anh 512-513
Doi s6ng hoang da video 667-698
V~t 1'1 hoe 514
abo bien 591 -592 Vii de t 669'
Nhimg nguoi hanh huong ..515
William Shakespeare 593 Nha hat 670-671
Cuop bien 51 6
CeI. map va ca duoi 594 Thoi gian 672
Cac hanh tinh 517-5 18
VO va cac loai co vo 595 Du lich va hi hanh 673
Thuc vat .. 519-520
Tau va thuyen ....... .. 596-597 Do choi 674
Cha t deo 521
Cira hang va Thuong mat va
ThO' 522
viec mua s£m 598 con g nghi~p 675-·676
Tharn hiern dia qrc 523
K'1 hi~u va bieu tu<;mg 59 9- Tau hOa 677-678
Dm song hoang da .
600 L~ch su v~n taL 679-680
acae cl'e 524-525
B¢ xuong 60 1-602 cay coi 681 -682
canh sat 52 6-527
Che a<) chiem hw Xe tai.. 683
onhiem 528-529
nol~ 603 -604 Harriet Tnbman 684
Cing va duang thuy........ 530
Oc sen va sen 605 Dong hOTudor 685
BoDao Nha 531-532
R~n 606 DuOng bam 686
l..j.eh su EO Bao Nha 533
Dat 607 ThO Nhi Ky 687-688
NgM lam d6 gam 534
Chim biet hOt 60 8 Ukrain c 689
Cu<)c song th01
Am thanh 609 Tham hiem dum
deu SlI 535 -536
Ghi am 610 m~t nuac 690-69 1
Ngum den su 537
Nam Phi 6 l 1-612 Vuong quae Anh 692-695
In 538
l..j.ch su Nam Phi 613 Itch sir Vuong
Mua roi 539
NamMy 614-6 17 quac Anh 696-697
Trb ehm tri tu~ 540
qch su Nam My 618-619
ThO 541
Dong Nam A 620-623
Raaa 542
l..j.eb su Dong Nam A.. 624-625
Radio (song va tuyen) 543
Mien trung cua Dong Nam
Ph6ug Xl,l. 544
chau Au 626-627
Lich su tUng vimg
cua Vuong quoc
Anh
Lien Hiep Quoc
Hoa Ky
itch sir Hoa Ky
ViJ. tru
Bac si chu y
Nir hoang Victoria
Thoi dai Victoria
Chien tranh Vi~t Nam 712
Ngum Viking 713
Nui lira 714
Xu Wales 715
Tau chien 71 6
George Washington 717
Nuoc 718-719
The thao dum nuoc ........ 720
VU khi .
Chon , chon ecmin,
chon mactet
Thoi tiet..
Do luOng
Tay Phi
Ca voi va d. heo
Banh xe
Gio
Qu yen phu nir
Cac kyquan cua the
gim eodai
Chien tranh
746-777
698-699
700
701 -704
705-706
707
708
709
71 0-71 1
72 1-72 2
72 3
724-725
726
727-730
73 1-732
73 3
734
735
736
the gi61. 1............ 737-738
Chien tranh
the gim IL. 739-740
Giun 741
Nha van va nha tho, 742 -743
Tia X 744
VuCm. thu 745
THONG TIN THAM KHAo
Nien hien l~eh su
The gim quanh ta
Tl,lnhi.en
Khoa hoc
BANGCHU DAN
BANGBrA DANH
161 cAM ON
748-7 55
756-7 65
766-771
772-777
778 -792
793-795
796-800
Mua va tuyet 545
Dong nam chau Au thu<)c
Sach tham khao 546
D~a Trung Hii .... 628-629

9. eACH sirDUNG SACH
.
TRONG CUON SACH NAY, ban co the de dang tam, ban hay hra chon chu de do ill phan Muc Iuc
tim ra thong tin ve nhieu chu de . Cach tim kiern roi tim den trang noi dung. Neu ban khong tim
diroc neu & ba trang sau. Cac chu de chinh duoc thay chu de muon tim thi chu de do khong phai la
sap xep thea thir t1J abc tieng Anh, bat diu nr Tho chu de chinh va khong c6 trang neng. Trang
dan Dc (Aboriginal Australians) va ket thiic la Viron tnrong hQ'P do, hay l~t Bang chii dan & phia sau,
thu (Zoo). M6i chu de chinh c6 it nhat 1a mot trang phan nay se cho ban biet phai xem trang nao de
noi dung. Muon tim hieu ve chu de rna minh quan tim thay thong tin minh can .
.. B:~v'Z6";M II . .
H ON3.000 NAM TRu6c. mroc Iran ngay oay J. que buang cua nhieu b6 <
¢e khae _ ---;- GIOI ~
nhan, Hong doc6 bo roc Medes ,..i Ba Tu (Persia) Trong nlueu Dim, nguoi Medes cai M6i trang e6 rnuc
trt d vimg, nhung vao nam 549 IT"l1Ot: C6ng nguyen. Cyrus, vua cua mot rhanh bang chinh bit dau b~g
h6 rbnoc BaTu l~ laAshan, da chinh phuc bo toe MOOes va lap nen mot VU'O'og quoc phin gim thieu eung
HiNH MINH HQA
ron g kill . Trong vong 30 nam, BaTu tr6 rhanh mot quoc g:Ia bimg manh b~c oJMt <he ~ !h ' t ' v' nhr
Nhi"mg hinb minh hoa gi60j va M cite BaTu ll'oi
j dli roan bo vung LuOngHI, Anatolia (Tho Nbi KY). mien doog capki ' on~; ~ ~mg
OJ. Trung Hit va khu VIJ'C Iu~ nay u Pakistan va Afghani".n. Troog qlllUg thoi gLm su . ~ c. 1 .V ~o~
chi [iet lam cac chu de e
tro nen song dong . tren 200 nam, ll. Tu la d( chc 1
00 nhal rhe gi01 h'l! do. Ng'lJ
Oi Ba Tu ]}nb im g cluen ehu de . Ban co the co
Hinh rrunh hoa nay ve bmh, ky si cit khoi vali th O'rhu cong kheo leo. HQ diroc t6cblic cbat cbe, DuO; m eu I diroc cac hen thirc co
nlnmg ngiroi mang vua Danus I. con ~'-" U Darius D", M. de cbechia thanh nhieu cinb. MOl m;mg hroi g:Iao bin v~ m6t chu de
. thOng nO. lien de tilth gU
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M¢t s6 rran g c6 bin d6 hoa eho mQi chu de .
de bieu tN '1 rri eua Tam. :inh co hinh kh~e
rung d6 rren the gim. diu ngva nay duqc
Ban d6 nay eh o biet '1 BATlJ'C6 DAl eh~p t;li kiIlh thanh
tri va s1,l bitnh rruang Persep olis eua Ba Tu
eua de ehe Ba Tu . cO d;l..i.
1---- Xem them
ALEXANDER o~ D~ 26
DEeHE ASSYRIA ~6
NGUO!BABYLON 7S
Hy LAP c6p<lr 3 10
ThUNG PONG 413
KHUNG THOr GlAN
Trong cae trang ve l~ch su c6 m ¢>t khung XEMTHEM
!hOi gian . gi6ng Ilhu m¢>t cuall l~ch ve lieh H(>p Xem th em agoe dum ben phal eua rran g cuai m61
su oPhin nay eung cap eho b;m biet tat ca mle cho b~ bie[ ve cae ch u de lien qu an. Ching han nhu
cae ngay thang rna ban ein thea each de h(>pXem them. ve Ba Tu e6 dai li¢t ke nam. m,!e lien quan:
lim lmat. Khung thOi gian ahinh tren Alexander Dai de. d€ ehe Assyria, nguOi Babylon, Hy L~p
t ung eap cho b;m !h6ug [in ve su hinh c6 d;l..i va Trung Dong . q.t tm cae trang nay ban se c6
tharth va s,!pd6 eua d€ ehe Ba TU'
. them kieo thuc ve Ba Tu eo d;l..i.
8

10. CACH silDUNG SACH
~ 6­ o BAN DO
• In
•
.IJlh
Nfu Nlii Cong trinh Thu dO Thanh
phd nho, DAy IXXOMITU Trang cucn sach nay co cac
Ilia co dai pho lon c"""'e-..lIlftll'" so!.LEU THONG Kll
th] 'r.in lr'*
,, ~ 'i
tln. _
""*: Dt¢n uch : Hn J~ :I Ill::1. ban dove tat ca cac luc C4a va
(TJIt
D~n 5 ~ H I 71J
,flo rh u ,~ . ~
cac quae gia 100 tren the gi&i.
fl. n f'
Nt':....ll riP ! 'h tDi lul)', Dlrt:~
Plu,p. 7.h:.t:l.... . I.J. Mi , S-ln.lJnU. Moi ban do bieu th; cac vling
BW TlJQNGI Ti'" f"O
' COO
;il(Iii: 1,1M_,
"TI
ll I~. dl.r.o t n Ul ~o
chinh, dac diem C4a 11va mot
Moi bin d6 d~u co Ho~J'
s6 dia danh Iich SIX quan
cac bieu nrong de Tlf.!l ~1' : Dl' n ~ "111"1)
:-':i b!.. • c-
h inh n ll€ ·. i.of
.
bH'~u th] nhUng dic~u rrQng. Tren rnoi rrang ban do
du.11 • . ,l&l i :a:hj ~. ...iu
[h~~ •
cln quan tam, la mot hop thong tin eo eo va
Xu1t kh.lll ·n,.:
...·~ kf ~JK"1l
NhUng bieu ruqng ~I '"
MI"
thong tin ve vung do. Cac
nay bao gam thu Nh .'lr Ir:h.iu· 01u, 'L2Uytn
birc anh minh hoa cho nhliTI.g
lJfll~.1fI 1 .l )"lx.:
do , thanh ph o Ion
.
....ON"
AC O ....... L clni de dang quan tam.
va thanh phOnho ,
mii cao nhat, nui
T "JENlIL"~
hra va cac eon g c-.. .. ..", Ic::_
"
c11"~· 'M:IItII ~ (... HOP SO USu rn6NG KE
~, Wr.tT.,.,._
rrmh eo dai.
... . 1....
,.. Moi ban d6 d~u elikern v&:i mot hop
rh " ", w.
..."., ~ .......,.; '.TI CA~ ( TIl'~Il();I 56 lieu thong ke cun g cap thong tin
,
-. ( Itm na
ve cac y€ u tonhir dien tich oat dai,
0 .1.
", :;6 dan s6 , ngon ngir. ton giaD, ti~n t~
tun ~..
~ I.ll y o:tp
rr "'"8:'" "k nf; ca.. .~ ~" va cac nganh ngh e chinh.
na.!
lfh, m,fu b.'~ SII.,dihia
.,h ~ ~ It; ;·. f'~m~ (Sqr de.
r:n.J B il n
1011fU"b .tlJ.IIIIJ
:me oXl£ ra. ~l~n
T yrr h e" ia co
T ~ lr. hJ) II ~'tll JJ.
'H.ll t !l WI ~(I . SJCIl.Y Co cua mroc chinh tren ban
~ 1a1 :dilllf ~""~fW'I"''''''~
t;,'JIf",-itc..id
ng _ .. nIi!...i .•• dolu6n diroc bieu thi . Day
IU ' mJ.Hf:"t..
[tt ,3I: , .... .. r P4~",~.. .
B ltn
Ulla "'S. ....... - "" ~ la co cua Italy .
"''''''rll
. ~ IIlI"" l c n sa
H , ...,.. ~ ,- ,
.t.~ .>i1St .....
NJ. ~· ( ...· 161r.Jlt "" ~ ::-"
r llllr r m u
I~ 4 ,U-TIt
HOP rn6NG TIN­ ~ DI IU b' J I 6 bn1
Uu11lii: 40 -11)] "1
Tl:iI&: Vde•• ~ / Q (,fit'J ll fJj "
phu thu (lc ho~e nhimg t.lr'Jn to' i"lf l:g M.lI!
u.. ding Cae bue anh bieu tNeanh qu an
quoc gia lang gieng """ .'- . ~c tnmg eua nhimg vting khae
Co cua cac Imh th6 j (' 111 £)~ DANH BANG QUAN T.AM
~ SAN MA.RlNO
p ' 6 1 km.' nhau. Buc anh'nay bieu t~ m(>t
~ n ':id l
c6a 0 u6'c ehinh tren .0 : 1I . l l;'
ban d6 ciing du:qc bieu l'trn.kt. Kn .'.Urtno canh & Milan . mmg tam thm trang
Dll'l"r 'JUar lu.Iy .
. MALTA "'CUTTA
~. C
ae Mp thOng tin , ,cua 1taly.
VATIC.oNorr
di kern nay cu.ng eung tJlr. lit b (J 1:4 i :H1 r.:=.t'"1
..... ' dllI .-i J. lnh ':~
~~
Dtu '6. lIH Li I1utl1 ~'" ,I"r l!&Jn'a I:&t,..
capnhUng thong tin TL,J "'O V~li(~ , . :~y T'UIlh-;:.b'i iI trZa l llWltl l. r"ll
N~<n.Dg·;-- Tift,:.:h.i.lY
.lJlng t1~ 'f!I/l~DDaflilb.w.u1 iII t lJ_ ').i
~~a.",Jntun~lItu11l
QR:b~;.. Ud ' "" ll~: ;IICCnltup r:'I:ic 1..1•.•
hUu ich khac rul1.f di~n !11 •
tich oat dai . din 50. L $~
thl! do va ngon ngir .
364
rnuCK TI I$ LABAN
C6 m(lt thu6'c ti l~ tren moi Laban C
hD b~ bi et huang dong, ray,
ban do de ban eo the rOC nam, b£c !Ten ban d6.
ll1"Q'l1g khDang'each thl,l'c tf
Hop lieu Stl wng cap cae
tMng bn theo trinh tv
thaigian v~ mot
ngu&1nao do.
thuyet khoa hQc mot
cachdanglan vara rang.
NhCmg trang v~ thJ thao cl10
chUng ta bu
ft loal dung CI,Inao
dtJqc s&dl,lng chocac hoat
d¢ngthd IIlao ttJOTJg {mg.
~~~@il
CAcCOO DE CHfNH
0;, ",,' ~on ,:
:-~I Cuon sach nay co cae trang ehinh v~ nhieu chli
co ban d6 bieuthinhCmg vung de sau r¢ng, bao g6m tieu S11, l~eh 511, the thao ,
sinh songcMyeucuacacloa;
d¢ng thllC veit hoang dii. l~eh 511 tv nmen, khoa hQe vaeong ngh~.
9

11. CACH sirDif.'/G SACH
Motdong then gianehilY ngang 0- o~u cac trang
THONG TIN THAM KHAo /Ieh Stfgiupban e6th~ sosanhnhiing Sl,f ki~n oa
xJyre aesc I/,Ie oiavao motthaioilm nh
at oin
h.
6 phan sau cuon sach 1
a phan Thong
tin tham khao cung cap thong tin khai
quat ve lieh SU, Qia1y, tv nhien, khoa NUN BlEU Lj'CH SU
hoc va cac sir kien. Phan nay giup ban Nien bieu Itch su [om
d t lich sir the giCri nr
nhanh chong tim ra cac thong tin can
thoi rien sir den na y,
rhiet cho cac m en h 9 C vi chung diroc (rang do rnoi trang t~p
sip xep dum d;mg bang bieu. Phan nay [Tung vao mot luc dla
c1l.ng co rae dung nhu la ngu6n tham ho ac mo t qu oc gia. Cac
khao ci€ bo tro eho d e chu de narn & su kien quan [r9ng
diroc trinh bay theo
d e trang chinh:
trinh tu thoi gian.
THE GIOI QUANH TA
TI::lEelm
Trong phan nay la ba ban do the gi&i bieu thi
cac van de cua the gi&i hien nay : duemg bien
gl&i va 51! phar trien dan 56, san xua t va lieu
thu nang hrong , SI phat trien cua truyen thong
qu6e te Phan gi6i thi eu rna ta cac xu huang
hien tai va tac dong cua chung toi the gi&i cua It Bj~u do oang e(it ba
chung tao Cac s6 lieu thong le
e so sanh duoc t .
,tt ehj~u cungcaps6 (i~u
trinh bay [rang cac d6 th; va bieu do . ~ tt I tMng ke v~ esc Qu6e
t tt gia kMe nhau
.
Bi~u 06 gllip escehu Itt .
O~ dehii !l han. , t ttt
ttl: t
TU NHIEN .ft::: :
Phan n'ay c6 mot ,.f U tt..tt•
----_ ...
- ........_-t_
­
..
_'-'
bieu db tong the . •..ttttt......
.t••• t:ttt.ttttt
pharr loai thuc vat, ••t. t ttttttttt
d(mg var, danh
sach car loai bi de
doa va nhieu thong
Nhi~u /oaiOOng tnuc v~t
tin khac ve the gi&i
OlltlC minh·hoa.
tvnhien.
SO'SANH KfCH THUOC
... " ~ c
VA TU VIET TAT
SO SANH KiCH rane e
Se e6 hie ban thay be trai
va be gal nay. Hai em be
nay e6 chieu cao 1,2 m va
giup ban so sinh kich eo
cua cac vat hay dong vat
voi eon nguoi.
TUVIET TA.T
M(Jr s6 lit duoc viet dt hay rut gQn
tro ng cu6n sach nay. Nhfrng til li~t lee
ben diroi la dang vier cit cua cac til:
1
L --
_ °c =dQ C
oj: ..
-r- do F
mm =milirn et
nANG CHU DAN rn > met
r=-:­ 5'20 b b " ,
dan, nher d6 b;u1 eo the tim ra bat ky . 52;-::
33
'- -A'~I e6ehuo~ chinh v~ bae Sl km :=: kil6m et
(; sau eno n sach e6 m¢t Bang ehli . Baeleeland, Leo 521 ;...- 0 2 eho (In ret rang em:=: xemimet
BaJ1fam ~ J _ _ , 0- trang202.
ehtl de nao c6 tran g eu on sach nay . km2 :=: kilomet vuong
bac si 202, 330, 421, 756
Cae eon so [Tong Bang chli dan mang km / h = kilomet tren gia
bac si ph~u thu~1 202. 330
Yllghia: 56 756 eho ban bletr§ng in = ineh
bie Sl illu y 708
• S6 in d~m chi cae ehu de chinh. trongphJn ThOng tmtham m ph :=: d~ [Ten gier
hae f2 6 khaoatrang756 e6them
• S6 in ngltieng eh i cae trang & phan g = gam
b~e hi , dugc thao 265 caethOng tin v~ bae sT
.
Thon g tin tham khio & euoi si eh .
kg = kilogam
• s6 in thuang ehi ra eae trang co
oz = ounee
thong tin e6 hen qU.uL 56 265 ehoban blel rJngbile
1= lit
hil (mot IOil! olloe thao) Olfr;!C
d~ e?p denatrang265.
10

12. 11

13. ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS
,.,,? ,." ~
T HO DAN UC
NHUNG CU DAN uc DAU TIEN la ngum du cir den tir cac nuoc Nam Aeach day
khoang 40.000 narn. Khi ngum chau Au tim den chau Dc VaG cuoi the ky XVIII, ho d~t
ten cho nhUng ngum dan ban dia nay la "tho dan", nrc la nhUng ngum da song 6' do
nr thuo sa khai. Ngay nay , c6 khoang 410 .000 tho dan Dc. Phan 16'0 ho song trong
thanh pho, my nhien vai nghin ngum van tiep t1,J.C cuoc song thea phuong thirc rruyen
thong. HQ kiem thirc an trong cac khu nrng thua, san ban b~ng giao mac hoac
boomerang. Ngoai ra, ho con an d. rau co, con trling. HQ co rat it tal san
va chu yeu tao ra moi thir can thiet cho cuoc song tir vat lieu thien
NGmnruAT
nhien. Cach song nay knong lam anh huang hoac gay hai den moi
Ngh¢ thu~t cia
lho dan De chu truorig. V&i tho dan noi day, S1,l' tru phu cua dat dai va h~ dong
y~u n6i ve MQng
thor va dl1Q'C coi thuc vat vt: cung quan trQng va thieng lieng.
nhu la mot phan cua cac nghi Ie. Nhtrng M e
hoa ve eon ngU'
m , cac vi than, eon v~t tTOng
M(Jng tl101xuat hi en ral nhieu rren cac vach
da va ling da & nhung vung lanh thO cua bo
lac, Cie birc tranh nay duoc ve b~g dat son,
hoang th6 va dat set tring. M ()l s6 birc da eo
hang ngan uam moi ,
Nhiing bu6i IeI
emjng t1J,
vanhiingIe nghibi
mat giii vaiIro
Quan In;mgIrang
aOi songcua tM
dim. Trang khi
nhaY mu
a, ca
Mt,I6ptM
dan tre co co
hoilim hldu
veMon
g /hOi.
ISao go dldjeriduouocdUng a
e
Nhiing nguVi Iham gia ca muad~u
ctu»nhiingIanaieu cc bantrong
vecac vgn soc lencO' Ih€.
am nh{lc cua ngLfOi/h6 dim.
M ONG TH01
Tho dan Dc tin dng & thoi ky so khai co mot the gtoi linh hon bao gam con
nguoi, d¢ng vat, cay co da tao ra the gi6'i. nay. Thoi ki nay duoc g9i la M¢ng
thoi (Dreamtime). Co rat nhieu bai hac, nhirng cau chuyen chan thoai nhac den
M¢ng thoi va diroc cac the h~ nguCYi ban xu hru rruy en ill dCYi nay sang dCYi khac .
£lOr S6NG 80 THI
Phin I<'m tho dan De 'song tTOng cae [hanh pha va [~ rran . MQt so £lorIAI LANH 8~
a l1Q'C hU'&ng eae ehucmg triOO [rq giup, giao dle [ue!linh phu va !Chi ngU'm Anh den dpm eU' 6' ehau
lam cae ngh e nhU' giao vien , bi e SI , lu~r su . Tuy nhi en , da so hQ e6 De. hQoa xam chiem cae thinh dja
eUQe song ngheo kho va taeh bi~t v&i xa h ¢i cia nguOi a a rrhlg . HQ va nhling ,:ung dat khie ella ngum
khong can song theo be? l<J.e nhu tnr6'C day nfra va b&i vi khon g !loa hin a ja, v&i Sl! giu p dO'eua eie
nh~p dl1Q'C v&i xi h¢i da tring nen hQkhong duqe 11l1<'mg nhieu In~t su bin c1!a, tho dan De da len
quyen lqi nhu ug uCn da tring. Nhung ng ay na y, nhfmg n gum rh6 tieug ooi I<J.i dat. N.1m 197 6,
din song & lhi thimh oa eo m¢t so phong lrio nh~m khai phl,le l<J.i chin h phu Australia (De) da
nen van h6a be? tQe ella 1
0 tien . dong yeho ngl16'i din bin c1!a
e6 cae qu yen doi vm linh thO
Ngay naynguVi ta chi eua b¢ te?e minh va m¢l so
BOOMERANG
slldr,mg boomerang viln g oat dl1qe tra l~i cho hQ.
trangthdtha
a.
. ~ f-- - - Xem them - - --I
- - - - - -1--- - - AUSTRALIA 65
Ngoai boo merang quay LjCH s0 AUSTRAL tA 69
I<ri, thO oan De ca n sli dl,lug DOlS6NG HOANG DA T..
l USThALlA 7 1
boomerang bay thhlg, kh6ng qua y L~ HOI 252
I~ lam vii khi de ehien dau va san b~t THANTHOAI vA TRUY~N U:l U%T 457
cae IOal thti nhU' ehu ¢ t lUi.
12

14. ADVERTISING
QUANGCAO
TO' NHUNG TAM PANG KHONG LO & hai ben duemg d~n nhurig
mau quang cao nho tren cac trang bao deu co cling mot muc dich:
quang cao san pham, thuye; phuc chung ta nen mua san phfrn nay
thay vi mua san pham khac. Quang cao tren truyen hinh ngay nay tac
d¢ng ten hang trieu nguoi, nhung nhimg hinh thirc quang cao dau tien
& pham vi nho hon nhieu, Nhtrng ngum ban hang & cho rao to hang
ho ban; nhirng cira hang, cira hieu treo cac bien hieu thong bao ve cac
loai hang hoa ho buon ban. Quang cao hien dai xuat hien khoang 150
nam tnroc, khi cac nha may b~t diu san xuat hang hoa voi khoi IUQTIg
Ian. Bao chi dang tai cac muc quang cao cho moi mat hang, nr mu cho
d~n bier diroc. Ngay nay, quang cao la mot phan trong cong viec tiep
thi, bao gam ca thiet ke san pham, gii ca canh rranh, bao bi va mmg
bay. Quang cao xuat hien khap moi noi chir khong chi tren dai phat
thanh va truyen hinh. Chung duoc phit tren cac song nhac, son &
thanh xe va qua cac dai khoi rren bau troi. Nlnrng thong diep quang
cao nay thuOng lam chung ta thich thu nhung khoug phai quang cao
nao cling diroc hoan nghenh. Luat ve quang do giup bao v~ ngum
tieu dung khoi nhling quang cao sai sl,r th~t; nhling san pham co h~i
nhu thuoc la, ruqu bt h~ che quang do.
Kich ban ph{Jn canh
'
Phieutham
do thj trurmg
TUNG RAsAN PRAM M6I
"-
"-''- Chi phi cho quang eao rat lan, vi
v~y mra c khi tung ra mot san
pharo k~o mm, cang ty socola phii
biet cMc san pham cua minh se
duQ'C ngum tieu dUng don nh~.
KlCH BAN PHAN cANH
Tma c khi quay quang cio, nha
thiet ke ph3..i ve timg carm len giay gi6ng nhu
truy~n trarm. Copywriter (ngum viet 1
m quang
cao) dam nhi~m phm 1m de di kern hinll anb.
NGHIEN CUu TIll TRUONG
Hang tr.lin ngum duQ'c nem thil san pham socola
mm va tra 1
m ci c cau hoi lien quan trua e khi no duQ'c
dem bin. C6ng viec nay duQ"C gQila nghien C
lm tl~ trUang.
M9i ngu&i se dua ra ykien ve gia ca, ten g9i, kich mu&c cua
thanh socola va co the xern xer ci (hie( ke giay g6L
CHIEN DKH QuANG CAO
Ngan sach eila cae nlla san xuar khong phai la va h;m. Vi v~ y ,
quang cao thuang dUQ'e t6 chue thimh chien c4eh ngan g9n va
don d~p. Trong chien c4eh, quang d o xu:l"t hi~n o' nhting giG
phit song da duQ'c1l"I Ch9ll ki dng. Vi d~ , quang d o cho k~o
saeola (huang xua( hi~n trong nhimg chuang trinh danb cho tre
em tren truyen hinh chu khong qua mU9n ve dem. Tuang tl,l'
nhu the, cic mau quang cao tren
bao chi c6 the xuat hi~n trong cac
1"--"'''--- _..::..-1 I
/ t;J.p chi dimh cho gim ue.
Quang cao
trenbao TnJng bay
hang h6a
trongcita
han
g olJQ'e gl)/
la quangcao
oimban.
13
COCA-COLA
Quang cao thanh cang
se guip cho san pham
tro nen than tille, voi
khach hang va nguoi
mua tham chi noi luon
ten san pharn do khi
mua. Nhung mac hang
noi tieng duoc gQila
nhan hieu va mot so nhan hieu duoc
ban rong rai tren the giOi. Coca- cola
ia m ot trang nhimg nhan hieu no i
tieng nhat. Nhan hieu nay duoc ra
doi anuoc My vao narn 1886. Ngay
t11 thor ky d~u, nha san xu at Coca-cola
da quang cao san pharn rat rong rai
bang each sir dung m ot bieu nrong
d~c bier voi nhung chir cai rnau do
long vao nhau. Trang vong 10 nam,
dan chimg amol bang mroc My d~u
.long Coca-cola. Ngay nay, tlnrong
hieu nay da rro nen noi tieng den
muc no xuat hi~n trong bat ke ngon
ng~ nao. .
TUYEN TRUYEN
Quang caoctia chinh phil nharn thong
tin ho~c truyen ba, pM bien m tu6ng
tm cong chUng duQ'c gQi la tuyen
truy~n. Vi dl,l, tam pano co d(Jng nay
nMm khuyen khich nhan dan Trung
Quac lam vi~c vi rn¢t xa h¢i tuoi d~p
han. NhUng chien dt ch tuyen truyen
khac thi thuyet phl,lc mQi ngum bo
thuoc l;i hay lii xe an toan, v.v...
I--- - --- Xem th~m------1
CUAHANG vA VJP
..cMCA SM! j 9JI
TRu v t:N II lNH VA VlDE06~i
THUONG MAl VAC6N G NGll!tP 675

15. AFRICA
CHAUPHI
HrEM CO NOT NAo TREN n-rE GIOr da dang rum chau Phi .
Day la chau luc rQng 16n bao gam 53 quoc gia dQc lap vrri
s6 dan dong due va nhieu nen van hoa co xua. Chau Phi
con co nhung day mii, thung lUng, tha o nguyen va dam
lay rQng 16n rna kh6ng noi nao co duoc. Vung bo bien
phia bk gUu co , mau mo nam ngay tren sa mac Sahara
kho can. Phia nam Sahara la rung rmra nhiet dci ram r?op.
Phan 16n phia nam va phia dong chau Phi iii cac xavan, IDQt
dang dong bing kho co cay to va cay bui IDQe rai rae. Cac quae Chau PhI co hinh d,mg
kha gi6n g voi hinh
gia 6'chau Phi nhin chung la nhUng mroc ngheo ID~C du co tam gi.:ic. DiJ,i 1.1.Y
nguon tai nguyen doi dao, nhu la Nigeria. Nhieu chinh phu DUO'Ilg narn6" ph ia ray
TRU6NGHQC
va An D¢ DUO'Ilg narn
Truon g h9C& cac thanh pho khong on dinh . Noi loan, noi chien xay ra thuong xuyen. & phia doug cua cM II
va thi tran cua chau Phi
Chau Phi co it thanh pho 16n va hau het nam 6'sat bien. luc nay. Cha u Phi b]
ciing giong nhir truong h9C
chia cit voi chau Au &
acac not khac rren thegi&i. Phan con Iai cua chau Iuc nay la cac vimg nang than, dan phia tay hie boi val
Tuy nhien, nhieu h9Csin h
cir thea loi song truyen thong. Womer duong bien.
phai eli bo hang kilornet de
den truOng.
T
oe nguOiMa
sal cao Ian cua
Kenya cha
n gla suc tren
T6c nguO! T
uareg son
g 0-
cac thao nguyen
Saha
ra la nhCtng nguO!
r¢ng J
OO.
chuyen e/Jan nu6i gia suc.
CON NGU61
6 vimg nong thon chau Phi,
ngum. dan thuemg song trong cac ngoi
lang. Mot so toe ngum., nhir toe Kikuyu 6-
Dong Phi, eo to tien la cac bo coc da song a
d ay trang nhieu the kyoMot so dan toe khac
lil nhimg nguOi d.i eu ru noi khac cua chau
Phi hoac tir cac chau Iuc khac den. 8uemg bien gi&i. giua cac quae gia
khong anh huang gi den nhUng nen van hoa da d;,mg nay . Trang mot
tee ngW! Pygmy chi
quoc gia eo the co toi hon mum. nhom bo toe sinh song rna nhirng ngum. cao khoan
g 1,5 m
th uoc mot nen van hoa cling eo the song ahai mroc khac nhau, song arimg mua
I nhfet I10i ram rap cua
_ _ NhiJng ngl)n !hapeuathanh Congo
.
__------- 1111ang H6i gNio sun
g sung
trenbau frO! Ca
iro. TQ
c ngllCn Bushmen
song trencacsa
mac cuaNam Ph
i v
a
tim kiem!h&can tll
nhientrangl1i~u ki~n
mai wang khac
ngiliei.
KIUMANJARO
Day nw cao va d~p nh at cha u Phi Iii
"' day Kilimanjaro & Tan zania . Dinh
cao nb at cao rm 5.895 m va la m(H
mii hia khong can ho~t d¢ng . M~c
diJday nui nay chi each dUOng Xich
dao vai blomet nln mg uinh mii luon
c,')ban g myel baa phu. C6 m¢t con
uUOng m an dan len dinh mii va.ma l
3 ngay duimg de len tm dil111 khi cii
ru can dUOng xe cl~y gan nllat.
Nhi~u ngu m sinh song & eac suOn
fi lii thap , tr6ng cay ill qua nhi¢t dO'i.
14

16. CIl'l! PIlI
SA MAC SAHARA
Sahara la sa mac Ian nhat the gim, chiern
gill mor phan ba dien tich chau Phi.
Nhi er do aday len toi tren SaOc Tra ng
nhurig narn gan day, sa mac nga y d .ng
Ian rOng. Dat canh rae bi sa ma c hoa, dan
den nan doi. am ot so vung, tum nuoc
cho dat da ng an chan diroc sir rna rong cua
sa mac nhung ve ti u da i lai lam cho dat
nhiern man va kern m au rna.
CHO'A BENH
AM NHAC vAVAN HOA
Nen van hoa chau Phi rat g1aU eo Khi bt om , mot so nguoi chau Phi tim den
aTay Phi, dfmh va phong ph u. Bac Ph1 thea bac si ray y, so khac lai tim den thay lang
trang Iii man ngM phong cue Hoi glaO gl6ng nh u (hinh tren) Thay lang la nhirng nguoi
thuat phattrilffn vung Tru ng Dong nen c6 rat nhieu
duoc cong don g trong vong vi von hieu
m~mh. xue kia, thanh duong va eung dien l¢n g l~y
ngllm dfm nai day biet uyen tharn ve cac loai thao diroc dung
Am nh ac Tay Phi c6 tiet tau m anh
diJng trang dlff traa voi nhieu dieu nh ay 101 cuon, Day de chua benh . Dephat hien ra nguyen
adl thong tm.
cling la n01 eo nganh khac go ph ar nhan gay benh, thay lang se xuat non de
trien rue ro. Can Dong Phi va Nam g ~p go' cac than thien hay ac. Cach chua tri
PhI no ! tleng voi nhung bo
c6 the gam ca viec lam Iehien te bang
trang ph uc le hal sac SO'
dong vat. ~
va nhun g chuoi vang
doc dao.
CHIEN TRANH vANAN 801
N01 chien va nan do i thuong xuyen hoanh
hanh 0 chau Phi Ng uyen nhan chu yeu do
nhung bat dong ve chinh tn hoa c xung
dot gill'a cac bo toe. 6 Chad, noi
chien keo dar nhieu narn glxa toe
ng uCn Tuareg duoc Libya hau
rhuan va l nhUng ngucYi nang dan
son g 6' vung dat nhieu m ua hon 6
Rwand a va Burundi, cu6 c chi en gl:l'a
toe Tursi va Hut u da khien hang nghin
nguoi bi chet. Nan do i cung Ja mot tham
kich doi v61 ngua i dan nor day Truce kia,
nguoi dan rhuong co du hrong thuc eho Mn
Vl1 mua nam sau, The nhirng. cac qu oc gia chau
Ph1lai chu trong nhieu Mn viec canh rae cay trong
xuat kbau va ngay cang phu thuoc vao thuc pham nhap
khau . Neu VI~C phan ph6i th,l'c pham bi gian doan hoac mat
Dar SONG NONG THON mlia do han han thi hang nghin ngual e6 the ehet dol.
Lam ollang 6'
M~c du cae thanh pho achau Phi dang phat trien nhanh, nhlITlg da so ngum dan chau Phi van song a NI
geria.
cac vimg nang than. HQ song thea kieu tv cung tv cap, it khi c6 hang h6a thua de ban hoac trao doi.
Phill Ian cac bo toc <$nh CIT tu the M nay sang the h¢ khac trang nhfrng khu Ling nha cung ho tOc.
MOt so thanh nien ra than h pholam vi¢c trang cac ham rna Vd nha may de kii~m tien tra ng vai nam ,
sau d6 l<?i tra ve lang de xay dvng gia dinh. cay luang thvc aday rat phong phU. avimg nhiet dm am
~;;:;:;::::;,;~~Q,. u&t, ngum ta trang chu oi, san, kho ai. a
vUng kha can han, ngum dan cM
yeu son g ban g nghe chan
nuoi va trang ngo.
PHATTRIE N
CO' soha tan g thap kern ,
duemg bo, duemg sat va men
luc khong dam baa la nh un g
nguyen nha n chinh can tro
su phit trien cua rat nh leu
quae gla ehau Phl. Phan tan
~';""('
jjfftM cac nuoc dua vao cae kh oan va)' eua I--- - - Xem them - - - ---
cae nuoe phuong tay va cac ngan LI CH SU CH AU PHI1 8
hang qu 6c te d€ tran g trai cho cac TRUNG PHI 136
chuang trinh ph;ir trien D ONG PHI 213
NAM PHI 6 11
TAy PHI 727
15

17. f.?O:r SQNG CHINH TRJ;
a CHAU PHI
Tnr mot so ruroc, hau her cac qu ae gia
doc lap cua chau Phi eo lanh tho wong
dong voi lanh tho cua nhUng thuoc dia
rna cac qu ae gia nay thay the. Cho den
nhong narn 1960, hau her chau Phi van
la m ot phan cua cac de qu ae phuong
Tay Vao cuot nh ung narn 198 0, gan
nhir tat d . cac mroc nay da gianh diroc
doc lap, ruy nhien nhieu chinh phil
duoc voi va thiet lap thea kieu phuong
Tay. Nhun g nha cam quyen thuong tro
thanh cac nha doc tai hoac la nguOi nam
gi(r quan doi. Tuy nhien, trang nhUng
narn gan day, cac qu ae gia nay eo xu the
chuyen dan sang che 09 dan chu ,
BURKINA
Di~n tich : 27 4.200 km I
13.228.000
Oua gado ugou
CAMEROON
I Dien tich: 4 75.440 km I
16 322. 000
Yaounde
e~~ CONG HOA TRUNG PHI
1..-",,",,-------1 Di~n rich: 622 .984-krn?
Dan so: 4-.0 38.000
Thu 00 : Bangui
I CHAD
Dien tich: 1284 .00 0 km I
Dan 56 : 9.749.000
Thu do: N'Djam ena
CHA
CONGO
Dien tich : 342 000 km I
Dan 56: 3.999.000
Thu do: Brazzaville
CONG HOA DAN CHU
CONGO
Dien tich : 2.345.4 10 km I
Dan 56: 59.319. 660
Thu do: Kinshasa
DJIBOUTI
Dien rich : 23 .000 km I
Dan 56: 793 .000
Thu do: Djbo uti
~ AICAp
...... Dien tich : 1.00145 0 km I
Dan 56: 78.887. 007
Thu do: Cairo
.1. GUINEA XICH BAO
Dien tich : 28.05 [ km i
Dan 56: 504.000
Thu do: Malabo
ERITREA
Dien rich: 117.600 km I
Dan 56: 4.401.0 00
Thu d6 : Asma ra
ETHIOPIA
............ Dien tich : 1.127 .127 krn­
Dan 56: 75 .067 .0 0 0
Thu do: Addis Ababa
GABON
Di¢n rich : 267.667 km I
Dan 56: 1.384.00 0
Thu d6 : Libreville
_ GAMBIA
Dien rich: 11.300 km I
Dan 56: 1.517.000
Thu do: Banjul
GHANA
Dien tich : 239.460 km I
Dan 56: 22.113 000
Thu do: Accra
GUINEA
Dien tich : 24 5.857 km I
Dan 56: 9.402 .000
Thu do: Conakry
GUINEA-BISSAU
Dien rich : 36.120 km I
Dan 56: 1 586.000
Thu d6: Bissau
BO BIEN NGA
Dien rich: 322 .4-60 krn­
Dan 56 : 18 .154-.000
Thu do: Yamoussa ukro
LESOTHO
Dien tich : 30.355 krn?
Dan 56: 1795.000
Thu do : Maseru
l§~§ LIBERIA
:: ! Dien tich : J 11370 km I
Dan so: 3.28 3 000
Thu do: Monrovia
• 1759 540 km I
~~~n~~ch
Dan 56: 5.673.000
Thu do : Tripoli
MADAGASCAR
Dien tich: 58 7.040 km I
Dan 56: 18.606000
Thu d6: Ant anan arivo
MALAWI
Dien tich: 118.480 km I
Dan so: 12.88",,00 0
Thu do: Lilon gwe
MALI
Dien tich: 1.240.000 km 2
Dan 56: 13.518.000
Thu do : Bamako
MAURITANIA
Dien tich: 1.03 0.700 km I
Dan 56: 3.069000
Thu do: Nouakchott
MARITIUS
Dien tich : 2.040 km I
Dan 56: 1.145000
Thu do : Port Louis
• kmI
~~~~C;~550
Dan 56: 33 .24 1.259
Thu do: Rabat
MOZAMBIQUE
Dien rich : 80 1.590 km I
Dan 56: 19.792 000
Thu do: Maputo
NAMIBIA
Dien tich 824 .4 18 km I
Dan 56: 2.03 1.000
Thu do: Windhoek
NIGER
Dien tich : 1.267.000 km I
Dan 56 : 13.957.0 00
Thu d6: Niam ey
. - - . NIGERIA
- - - Dien rich, 923 .768 km I
Dan 56: 131.530 .000
Thu do: Abuja
SAo TOME vA
PRINCIPE
Dien tich : 96 4 km I
Dan 56: 157 .000
Thu do: Sao Tome
SENEGAL
Dien tich : 196.190 km I
Dan 56: J 1.658. 000
Thu db: Dakar
SEYCHELLES
Dien tich : 45 5 km I
Dan 56: 80.654
Thu do: Victoria
SIERRA LEONE
Di¢n rich : 71 .740 kmI
Dan 56: 5 525.000
Thu do: Freetown
SOMALIA
Di¢n rich: 637 .6 57 km 2
Dan 56: 8.228.000
Thu do : Mo gadishu
NAM PHI
Dien tich: 1.21 9.9 12 kmI
Dan 56: 4 7.432.000
Thu do: Pretoria
SUDAN
Dien rich: 2.50 5.810 kmI
Dan 56: 36.992.49 0
Thu do: Khartoum
SWAZILAND
Dien rich: 17.363 kmI
Dan 56: 1.032 .00 0
Thu d6 : Mbabane
~ TANZANIA
~ Dien tich : 945 .087 km I
Dan 56: 37.84 9.133
Thu do : Dodoma
TOGO
Di¢n rich: 56.7 85 kmI
Dan 56: 6.000.000
Thu do : Lome
~ TUNISIA
~ Di¢n rich: 163.61 0 km 2
Dan 56: 10.102 .000
Thu do: Tun is
UGANDA
Di~n tich: 236.040 km I
Dan 56: 27 .6 16.000
Thu db: Kam pala
ZAMBIA
Dien tich: 752 .6 18 km I
Dan 56: 11.668.000
Thu dc>: Lusaka
COMOROS KENYA ~~~ RWANDA ZIMBABWE
Dien tich : 2.170 km 2 Di¢n rich : 580. 650 km I • Dien rich: 26.338 kmI
Dien rich: 390.7 57 km I
Dan 56: 79 8.000 Dan 56 34.256.000 Dan 56: 90 38.0 00 Dan 56: 13.0 10.000
Thu d6 : Moron i Thud6: Nairobi Thu do: Kigali Thu do: Hah are
16

18. CIIAU l'IlI
f:::,. rn o • • KHoANGsAN
NtH Cong7rinh fhll <10 Thanh TIIJllh
eli d.
u pho JO'n rh(~ nho. Chau Phi fat giau khoang san nln r
Wl lr! u
do ng, qu ang si t, vang va chung da
Tar .·ah(lr(/~
(iii .I(II~-"-":" (~ !" :oir "It,
Chi lItJ~b; S&.. · ,I
Ie - J
a
I:IAURITANIA'
CAPt: oNOUAKCIJO TT
VE({DE
PRAIA 0
sAo TOME vA
PRINCIPE
OuJn dao nUl IV-a Sao Tome va
D -1 /
•
KHU BAoTON
8 9ng v~t &chau Phi nhicu
ca ve so Iuo'ng Em so loai.
Tuy nhien, tra ng the ky
tru&c, nhi eu Joai d9ng, thuc
v~t da bj tuyet chung. Khi oat
dai bien tbanh cac trang trai va
khu cong nghiep , nhieu 1
0ai
oQng vat ciakhOng con chO sinh
song . Ngoai ra nan san b~n bira
------------- - _ .
Thiel bl khoan khong ,,) lanh Irerl!ituoc
uliNi /rangc6n~ nghlep kiJai /hac veng.
MAT N~ VA NHAY MUt
Ci e dieu vi) mat na dvoc !lieu dien lrong nhicu
eong dong Till' :) Trun g Ph i, <
M ng vai tro qllan
trong trot g c.ic S l ki~ 1 xii hoi. Kh i J11,~e ira11 g
phuc xon g. nguoi bieu d i"l1 sf deo 111.).1 n~ co
hin uhan vat lll.l rninh m uon hoa lran~ va
(huang deo them cae micng gil sal' so: «in 1 trai)
Die u nh.iy, loi hit, am dicu cilllg etahoa lran g
hoa (llly~n vao n na u. lua ng tnrng eha c.i lite gio;
than linh ],n Ihe gioi con ngu61.
SUNG cHAu PHI
Dohi"h da"g ong "hu cluecsling min
diem cue dong nialue ala ehall Pili co
te" 1
,1 "slmg cflau Phi" Day Iiim¢t trong
"hung vling ngfllio nllJt rile' giG! VOl
nguan Iili nguyen Ih,en nhren il 01. Nliiing
cuoenOI clue
t: vahan hjn gan cl
ay ria
kl,ien'lang ngiJin nguinthiel mangvii
nluell nguOikhac lam
vao eanl] va gfa cu.
/
I
/
,.ll ,­
• 1 I. <:>
I JlfJmrn ', /1- ­
. U,llIlQliTI - ~el"~
O , lJUJs fJI AUn
d ll
}1I Ph:.:'
ET H [0]' (A ,,'"/
H,; '!>o.~/
Turko",) ,' /
.O~I()( ;A l lI S ll l
Xi('h don
A ;-';
TA 'i : iRI 'O
THlfaC Ti l~
o 4UO 800 km
.,.'
o 400 800 d. m
s6 LI~U TH6NGKE
Dien tich 18 .583 .764 km 2
Dan so: 909.478.203
So quoc gia 09Clap: 53
Nui cao nhat: Kilim anjaro
(Tanzania) 5.895 m
Song da; nhat: Song Nile,
6 695 km
Ho 1
611 nhat: Ho Victoria,
69 .48 4 km 2
Nganh ngh e chin h: Nang
nghiep
CAPE VERDE
Nam 6 Dal Tay Duong,
nucc Congh6a Cape
Verde eachbo bi@n
Senegal 620 km. Dan
so'eila quan daoniiyla
463.000 ngui» nhung
so'dan eila Cap
e Verde
s6n
g anut»: ngoai
nhi@u gap doi canso'
nay
duoc khai thac tren 2.000 narn nay. Vang duoc khai
thac 6 vung rirng nui phia tay chau Phi va duoc cac
nha bu6n chau Phi vim chuyen qua sa mac Sahara, sau
do xuat khau sang chau Au va chau A. Trang thoi ky
thuoc dia, khoang san duoc khai thac rat nhieu, Ngay
nay. Narn Phi, Zimbabwe, Zambia va C6ng hoa dan
chu Congo la cac nuoc co nhirng khu rna diroc c6ng
nghiep hoa. Nlnmg khu rna nay cung cap nhirng
kho ang san nhu vang, kim m on g, dong va uranium .
Cae vu eong I¢e Dogan
IMali} dan
g bi@u di~n mot
di~u nhay dam ma(anh phai)
B "!;'
D
c u
Madeira
I I~ltl'" lJ=' f) (Jo .' /'o j O R..; BAT .
MOROCCO ~l( ~
Quail drio Canarv I
1"
(l111'<1.· l;h· B{lIl ~·;W) · 1) ~
/
I.AAYOUi'I, O A LGERIA
LIBYA
AI
~"'...r - ­
a ":. a
NI GE
CHAD
if6
GllIel
'un
i 1 r
I
,
ANI OLA
I
v
~
Q WI:<DIIOI,K 0
Z
bai cung khien cho so lUQ11g don g 0
'~t giam oi nhanh ch6 ng . De M.o
v~ 09ng vat kh6i bj tuy¢t chung,
nhieu chinh phu chau Phi cia lhanh
lap nh u.ng khu bao ton r9ng 1611, &
~..:-__~_.... 06 vi~c san b~n bi nghiern cam.
CAPE 1'0'7'0
iHtli ­
ffdo Vt;lfIg
17
I

19. - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
~------ -- -- - ­
AFRICA. HISTORY OF
L JCH SUCHAD PHI
TRONG PHA.N LON CHIEU DAI qCH SU CVA MINH, chau Phi each bier voi
the gim ben ngoai. Sa mac Sahara cat dirt soi day lien lac nr mien bac toi mien
nam, tnr nh-cmg hr khach deo dai nhat. Do do, cac dan toe achau Phi da phat
trien mot each doc lap. Khoang nam 1200 truce Cong nguyen, nhirng de che
IOn manh va giau co nhu Ai Cap co dai da xuat hien. Cac de che nay da Ian hrot NGu 61 BANTU'
Da so nguoi dan (y ' Chau Phi
svp do nhung nhieu eong trinh kien true va di tieh do so van con ton tai. itch
vimg phia nam
SlY chau Phi con duoc truyen lai qua cac the he bang nhirng bai hat. Ngu61 chau chau Phi co goc
Au khong he bier den nen van minh nrc r& nay eho den nhirng nam 1400, khi gac la ngum Bantu
f
NguCnBantu von a
ho tham hiem toi bo' bien phia tay chau Phi. Ngay sau do, ho da dung tau cho' mien tay cua chau
hang ngan ngu61 chau Phi sang chau Au va chau My de lam no le. Hinh thirc PhI tir narn 3000 den 2000 truoc
Cong nguyen Ho di chuyen xuong
"buon ban" nay da tan pha nhieu e¢ng dong truyen thong. Vao cuoi the ky
phia nam khoang narn 400
XVIII, nguoi chau Au tran VaG lanh tho chau Phi va trang vorig hai mum
nam da "chia nhau" xong chau luc nay. Phan IOn chau Phi bt
ngu61 chau Au thong tri eho den tan nhung nam 1950 khi ' ~
cac nuoc thuoc dia nay lin hrot gianh diroc . ~ I
doc lap . Ngay nay, cac dan = ''' ~~. ,'~
1"'
toe achau Phi da diroc giaj
phong khoi sir eai tri cua
ngu01 nuoc ngoai. Lal but5n
nga val
D AI ZIMBABWE
Thanh pho cla cua Dai Zimbabwe
lil [rung tam thuong mai, chinh
tri, ton giao 100 ella mien narn
chau Phl uong suor (he ky XIV.
Chari DUOI, kriai thac v~mg,
dong. siL da lam cho than h pho
nay tro' nen tru phu. Ngum Dai
Zimbabwe XUaL khau san ph am
ella ho sang cac cang ven bien
cua Sofala (ngay nay thuoc
Mozambique) rbi thea duong be
ben chau Phi toi ARap.
:~~;11
Dan6ng cem glao ~
va khlenbao ve
tuong thanh.
Nhiing re»
nha lap ra
Tuong thanh Quae xay ,
dungbJng nhiing khOl
gia sue
dagrenn Ion.
Phe tich Great Enclosure (Hang rao LOn) (; Da: Zimbabwe
B ENIN
CHIMDA
Nhung ,can chim duoc kh~.CC .." .1
Vuong quae Bemn 6' Tay Phi phat bang cia xteatit tren~
trien qrc thinh tv the ky XIV aen nhfrng cay Cal dung baa /
quanh Dal Zimbabwe.
XVII. Ngum dan 6' clay buon ban
Mot lrong nhfrng can
nga voi, hat tieu, dau co va no Ie
chlm da nay Ga tro- thanh
vOi. Bb Dao Nha. Ngoai ra, ho can bleu wong q uoc gla cua
noi tieng vOi. ngh~ thuat clue clbng. ZImbabwe tu khl nuac nay
Anh ben tral ]a mot mat na clue glanh duQ'C d¢c. lap vao
nam 1980.
bang clbng ella ngum Benin.
18

20. r.icn SI! e ll , U Pili
,--- - - - - - - -- --
XAu xE C
HAu PHI
Cho den nhung nam 1880, SU' xam chiern
chau Ph i cua ngU'01 chau Au moi chi
glOl han 6' cac rung ven bien va thung
lung lon ven song The nhung, cac
CU'on g quoc chau Au lai muon co
nhieu thuoc dia 6' nuoc ngo3.I.
Trang suet nhung nam [880 va
1890 , cac quoc gia chan Au dua
nhau xarn chiem dat dai 6' chau
Phi va den nam 19 00, hau het
chau Phi da roi vao tay ngU'01
chau Au Nhim g quoc gia con
doc lap la vuong qu oc cu cua
Ethiopia 6' mien dong va nuoc
khong co che do no le, Liberia, cy
rmen tay Birc tranh biem hoa ben
(anh trai) nham chi l1UCYC Dire giang
1111 1',0111"
nhu m ot con chirn dang
"lao xuon g" chau Phi CUOC CHIEN CVA
NGUOI ZULU
MQt so dan toe chau Phi kicn
qll yet dau tranh chung tra nguoi chau Au, Sau nam 1838, toe ngu(Yl Zulu 0' mien
nam chau Phi no i day chong lai ngucl'J Boer (nguOi Ha Lan dinh cu) , sau do dt'll
nguoi Anh Tuy nluen. thir; dan Anh da danh bn ngu(Yi Zulu vao nam 18 79. am
1887, dat dai cua nguoi Zulu rro thanh Ih u9 Cdla cua Anh. otren la hinh anh ng uoi
Anh dang ra sue choc thtmg phong tu yen cua ng ll'oi Zulu.
cHAu PHI
700- 1200: Vuong
qu ae Ghana (y T.iy Phi
thinh VU'!11g nho: huon
ban qua sa mac ven nguiri
ARap.
800- 1800: VUO'Ilg quoc
Kanern-Boruu .
Nhimg nam 1200: Cac ihan h pho
lhua n g rna; no ro 0 vimg ven bien
DOC LAP ph ia dong,
Nen doc lap da de n VOl hall h el chau Ph) sa u n am 19 56 nhirng 1235··I500 : Vuong qucr Mall.
ch ua han da mang lai boa bi nh va thinh vuc!'n g cho cae quoc gla 1300 - I600 . VlfllDg 'lUOC Benin ,
moi nay Nan doi, han han kh ien cuoc song ngu o: dan vo cung Nhlmg n.un 1300: D,~I ZImb abwe
ph.it tricn manh.
kho cue , han mra mot 56 q ua e.gla con bi chia car boi noi chien
1350- 1591: Vuong quae Songhai.
Co mot so it qua e gla du y rri diroc ehin h ph u dan sir rna khong
1500 - nhll1lg nam 1800: Ng lri)'j
phai rrai qua che do doe. tai qu art S Uo Na rn 1964 , Malawi (truoc
chau Au dua ngmn cha» Phi 'ang
day la Ny asaland) rro thanh nuuc dor JaP tim 35 cua cha u Plu
cha u My L
i m nil W
Tre n day la canh ky mern ngay doc lap
TO (I-nIC THONG NHAT 1838-1879: j gu;n Zulu dH~n g
_ 1;1i nguiYi Boer 'ang lie
n Anh
C
HEDO APARlliEID ~Al.! PHI . . . .' , _ Nhimg nan) 1880: Oa ph,ln
Che do chm h tn eua eae quae gla eh au chau Phi hi ngtriJi ch,lu Au
am 1948, Dang Quac gla Nam Phi len
Ph i kh ong glong n ltau, nhlrng 1
10 eo thau l[lm.
cam quyen CY Nam PhI thi hanb chinh chu ng nhfrng m oi q uan tam : Sl,!' ng heo 1957- 1975: Phan IOu
sach phan biet chung t(:>c apartheid, ooi, trang thiel hj y tengheo nan, glao cha ll Phi de
)e lap
tuc la moi guyen luc deu n~m trang d uc thap kern. Na rn 19 63, T
ochue 1990: Namil)la
thong lIMt chau Phi (OAU) duO'
c thanh doc lap.
tay ngu01 da td n g con ngu01 da den
l~p nham th uc day, tan g CU'Cmg llnh
bI tucyc bo rat nhieu quyen, trang d6
c10an ket, hop tac kin h te, y le va nhll11g
c6 quyen bau cU'. Nam 1990 , D<l.l hoi eh in h sach kha e giira 5 I q uae gla lhan h
Dan t(:>c Phi (ANC) , mol phong trao dan Vlen Tre n da y la hai nhan V
len thuoe
t9c bI cam cua ngU'01 da oen do Nelson dOll VI Y te cua GAD dan g dl eU tn ella I--- - Xem them ­
cae na n nhan eua eu oc nQi cln en
Mandela Imh d<).o, da duQ'c hQ']J phap CIIAt PHt 14
V UONG Quac 8ENl~ 87
bOa, roi cac lU?Lphan bie t chung toc bt NELSON MANDELA Al CAP c6 DAI 221.1
bai bo. CUQc bau cu tv do Ian dau nen Nam 1994, Nelson Mandela (all.h lr<iI) , m ot N Gl ;OI TII;;N S(! , 17
1994 . nhil l<iIl.h dao cua DaJ hoi D<U'I t6e PI
ll (ANC), O lE DO CHTl
oM I IGt.: :-;0 LI; 603
da duQ'c to chuc vao nam
da tra th<iIl..h ta ng thong Nan1 1']11

21. AFRICA N WILDLIFE
DOl SONG HOANG DA (j CHAD PHI
0 Sa mac
::::J Rling on dm
Daytun
'I Ban 00
• Rung nhlet (fOi ,inay chi'
ra nh0r7g mOl
C Dongco nhlet (fal
twang song
D§m!§y chinh acMu Phi
HUau CAO CO
H uou cao co la oong vat cao n hat
tren Trai oat, con due co the cao t61
5 m . Chan va co da i glUp chung v61
duoc nlnrn g canh cay cao ban
cac can val khac DUal cua
, hirou cao co dai, ram
,..1."" 1,_
. ~ long d un g ae dap 'ruoi
va nlurn g loai con
trung khac,
LINH cAu
Linh cau la loai san m oi v~ dem va an bat ke
tlur gi rna chung gap nhu de, dum, ran , hoa qua '
va phan con moi do can Val khac an thira de
lai. Mac du co hinh dang gi6ng cho nhung
chung co ho hang gan vOi loil.! mangur.
cAy DOT BON NGON
Cay dui bOn ngon cu ng thuQc ho
mangut. Thu'c an cua chung la can
trung, than Ian va nhung loai oon g
vat nho khae Chung tlmang
oi trong mot khu V
IC
co dinh de tim thuc
an . Cay dui bOn ng on
song thanh bay, dao
hang oe 6' va oe can.
-~.---.,..~.
'------ - - - - - - -- - -- - - ­
D61 SONG HOANG DA 6 CHAu PHI vo d mg
phong phu. Baa gepa, loai chay nhanh nhat the
giOi, song 6' chau Phi , san m oi tren d6ng co.
Ca sau khong 16 song Nile an minh dtroi
dong song. Nhimg dan bo rung, ngva van, ~-.M!IJI.
trau rung lang thang tren cac d6ng co cling
voi loai vat tren can 16n nhat the giOi la voi
va loai chim 16n nhat la da dieu. Khi dot va
tinh tinh song trong cac rlmg mira 6' gifra chau
Phi. Tren sa mac Nam ib va Kalahari, nhirng noi
thuoc hang kho can nhat Trai dat, dum bong
nhung cay xuong r6 ng khong 16, nhfmg can
than Ian chan ngan dang an minh tranh ran
chuo ng . Mac du nhieu dat dai 6 chau Phi da
duoc ca n nguoi chuyen thanh dat canh tac
nhung 6' day van can rat nhieu vung hoang da.
XAVAN
Nhung oong co 6' chau PhI duo c gol la xavan. Day la not
tni ngu cua nhieu loai thu Ian nhu voi. te glac, ngua van
va suonr. Xavan chiem 1/4- dicn rich chau PhI, chu yell'
nam 6' phia dong va ph ia nam .
1
co G VT
EN ouoc GIA
Nhieu vung hoang da cua
chau Phi bl pha huy de lay
go va oat canh iac Cbng V H~n
quoc gia Korup 6' Cameroon
Ia khu run g mira it br tan
pha nhat 6' chau PhI :J gay
nay, khu rU
11
g nay da tro
than h khu baa ton quoc gla
va OUCK baa vi:
K~n k~n AI Cap c6 -----=~
d§u va cdtroc;
ttvsc an coechung
la xac thol.
~V"Ctnmdi~u laloal chuyen gle't ri3n,
~
.'1'
, " . ,
. song tren cac aong co
...~ ~ VUNG DAM LAy
CHAu PHI
Vung clam I~y chau Phi bao
gam cac clam I~y va ho. Day
Ia noi tru ngu cua nhieu loai 101
nuoc nhu co, vac, bo nong, hong
hac, nhieu loai ca nhu ca phOl, cae dan
ca cichlid va nhUng loai ca kha c. Tren sa
m9-CKalahari, ca sau va ha rna an minh
TETE
Co bay IOal te te 6' cha u
PIll va cha u A. Chung
son g tren cac xavan va
trong cac khu rilllg Chllllg dtlllg lum dal,
dinh de b~t h en va mot Te te co the cuon
trem than minh nh u q ua bon g de ttr v~.
Nhfulg lop vay xep lap nhau cling glUp
baa ve chtin g khot ke thli
L..::..- - - V
as6loal bo canh c&ngvanhu
ng smh vat khac
phfm huy va tal tao cM t dmh dl/Orig trong da't
trong cac dam say 6' luu vue song
Okavango - oc GaO IOn nha LTrai Gal.
Halcan ha ma duc danh nhau de
'
tranh glanhtanh thO.
llAMA
Mo t con ha rna tnrang thanh co the n~ng
han 2,7 tan va la mot (fang nhUng 10al
oQng Val tren can nan g nhat. Ban ngay, ha
ma oam minh trong bun, song ho , chi
nho m~t , mUl, tal len khOl m~t nuac Ban
oem , ha rna len b6 d€ an co.
I-- - - Xem them - - --I
V Ol 226
S l - TU . HO VA NHUNG LOA! KHAC
TRa NG HOMEa LON 3'))
DOlSONG HOANG DA aDAM L5, Y 4 17
___ ~I
20

22. AIR
cAe LOAI ICHI TRaNG
!<HONG KHI DUQC TAO THANH TO' HON ICHONG ICHI
HQP cac loai khi. Tat d. d¢ng, thuc vat deu
can khong khi de ton tai. Chung ta dar ten cho
loai khi d¢ng la gio. Khi di chuyen, khorig khi
tao ra lire ep len moi vat tren du6ng di chuyen
cua no, lam cho la bi thoi di, dieu bay cao len.
Khong khi tinh cung tao ra luc ep. Xung
quanh Trai dat co mot lop khi day khoang
650 km. Mac du khong khi rat nhe nhung do
tang khi nay qua day nen no luon tao ra lire ep
xuong moi vat. Tren mat dat, lire ep nay bing v61
luc ep cua 10,4 m nuoc. Chung ta khong nhan thay
sire nang cua khong khi ep xuong boi vi khong khi
ep deu moi phia va chat dich trong co the chung ta
cung tao ra sire ep chong lai sire ep khong khi. Cang
len cao, ap suat khi quyen cang giam. Vi du nhu
ap suat trong mot may bay dang bay each mat dat
16.000 m bing 1/10 ap suat tren mat dat.
r >
78%kMng kll!la nita, NitJ
latosikll!6ndinllhayCD"
g {)1fa/illi Ire, kMng de plliin
lmg,kMng kefIJIlP vOi C.3
C
chit !llrac.
f
/
// -:
....
)
....
~ -<"
.'
p
NHAYDU
,/
.
Hau he: cac loa I khi
. trong khOng khi deu
~~. .. khong mau,
, :"', khong mui
,
1
..21 %khongkhi
I la oxy
.
/.. ~ Dayla loa/ khi
/ macon
)11
<
. .' ngui»va
'J
' / dongvathit
" I th'
' 0,
l
J
/'
/~ --Khi",,"h,'m
khoang 1%trong
khongkhi.
KhOng khi con ctnre luang
nhokhicaebondioxit,
me tan, krypton, ne ong,
Olon vaxenon.
LlJC cAN ICHONG ICHI
Bang each tap trimg khorig kln vao canh du, mot chiec
du co the lam tang lire can khong khi, khien du roi nr
tu xuong dar Nguoi nhay du cCmg sir d,mg luc can
khorig khi de dicu chinh roc do tnroc khi rna du, HQ
dang rang chan tay de lam cham qua trinh roi xuong
[f
Giong nhu cac chat khac, khong khi cung chiern cho
tra ng khong gian. Vi vay, khi chiec xe hoi chuyen
banh, no se day khOng khi ra khoi Quang chay. Qua
trinh nay tao nen lire can lam xe chay cham lai Xe a to
hien dai duoc thiet ke v61 hinh dang thuon de giam lire
can cua khong khi. Cae thiet ke m6i duac thu nghiem
trang ham gio v6i luong khi cuc m~nh thai vao xe mau.
AP SUAT KHf QUYEN
Ap suat khi quyen co rat nhieu tae
dung trong dm song hang ngay. Vi du,
ong xi phong dung luc day cua ap suat
khi quyen de lam can be ca khi qua ,
day khOng be di duQ'c Nhieu loai may
mac lam viec co su dung ap suat khi
quyen. Born khong khi vao lop xe du6i
tae dung cua ap suat se lam cho lop
cling rna van deo de giam chan dong
cho hanh khaeh khi ill tren duang.
Nhieu cong cu nhu may bat vit va
may khoan bang khi nen
hoat dong bang khOng
khi 6' ap suat cao, duO'c
tao ra b6i born
cO' hoc
Cimh quat100 tao
luc dffyvalam
banh lai
mem.
TAu D~M ICHI
Mot rang khi bi ep hay can goi la
dem khOng khi giCr cho tau d~m khi
co the noi tren mat nuac va phan
cteu suc nang cua tau. £lieu nay cho
phep tau dem khi co the di qua cac
dam lay, tren mat nuac, tren tuyet
rna khong bi chim xuong. Mot canh
quat Ian tao ra dem khong khi nang
tau len kh6i mat nuac.
I U
f-~--
~7' "
'f1
8J/
ONGHUT
Ap suat chenh tech se t~o ra su
chuyen dong cua chat 16ng va
chat rin Vi duo khi chung ta
dung ong hut nuac, phoi Clla
chung ta giong nhu m¢t cai
bom lam giam <ip suat & tren
be mat nuac trang ong hut.
Ap suat ben ngoai ong hUt cao
han nen nuac trong ong hut
duQ'C day len va vao t01 mieng
chung ta,
I
- - - -Xem them- - - -I
KHiQuyBN63
ThAI DAT 210
KHt OXY 497
6 NHJEM 528
THO! TIET 724
21

23. AIRCRAFT'
MAY BAY
G AN 100 NAM rmroc. Ge di qua Dli Tay Duong. con tau nhanh nhat
cling phai mat h011 mot tuan . Ngay nay. may bay phan lire cho khach co
the thuc hien ha nh trinh dai 4.800 km nay trang chua Gay bay giG. May
bay Ia phucm g tien di chuyen nhanh nhat vi chung khong g~p phai cac
vat can nhtr nui hay dai duong. Nhung G¢ng co phan lire khoe co the dua
m ay bay chien Gau dar too van te e 3.200 km/h, nhanh gap ba Ian van toe
am thanh. May bay phan lire thong thuorig cung bay GUQ'c voi van toe
tren 850 km/h. NQG cong nghe tien tien, may bay hien dai co the bay an
/,
MAy BAY PHAN UJC
( ung gion g nhu tat ca may ba y phan lire
IJ1aC, may bay Boeing 147-400 co Lhebay
len tren cac dam ma y de tranh thor tiet xau .
Khong khi trang cabin (ILIa c nen va Cllllg
cap o·ap suat phu hop etC bao ve cho hanh
khach va phi hanh doan khoi hicn LlIang bi
ru: ap sua t khong khi va thieu oxy khi 0­
rren cao .
' . =
-.
!l(] _ !ltJ
•
Bennxc may bay fbo banh ha canhJ
dUIlC gjp V
aGtrong than maybay
khi bayaJ glam (!lCcan.
May bayctio khach Boeing 747,400 c6
thJ cM cuoc 412 nglfOi vabay lien tuc
trenquang aUOng 13.600 km.
Raaa gJUP nguo-i lai biet ouoc tinh
liinh thoi tie
't trong vong320 km
oJ tranh ouocbao.
TAu BAY
Tir tau bay dung de chi nhU:ng khi cu ae bay co
DIEUKHIEN MAy BAY canh bao gam ma y bay true thang. tau luon, tau
treo va may bay. Hau het may bay loai IOn va
Moi may bay den co ba bo phan dieu khien chinh: can ga dieu
khien toe o¢ ; ban dap banh lai de lai sang phai ho ac trai; can dieu
khien de Iai may bay bay len, ha xuo ng hoac chao nghieng. Phi
cong luon dung ba bo phan nay de dieu khien may bay
De'chao nghieng, nguo:lai aua
candi~u khie
'n sang tr,i i hoac
phi ! di njng cac canh Iieng a
m¢t ben canhngang vaha cec
cimh Mng 0- ben csnnngang kia.
'. Ban
h lai do cao
..-" ,
De
' baysangphin haysan
g
tral, chan cCa nguOi lai
aaP VaG banaapcanh lai
hUOng lamquay canh lai
duoiau-ng 0- duoimaybay,
''''''-.
L::.
~
t';
~
.
r ~
O
J
~.
))
. l
DJ baylen hay xuong, nguOi
.r lai ~iy hoackeo can di~u
khien, nanghoacha canh lai
d¢ cao 0- duoi maybay.
. ~
. .' , ,../'~?
~~2~d~ng ~
;jf:;q
~~
.
b<
1l
/-// Gia
ng nhlf khl xe aaP di v~o
....,y- aucmg vong, may bayphal
MAy BAY QUAN SAT
Loai may bay nay co rhiet ke dac biet
de 1 guo'i ng6i tren may bay & dang
quaIl sat dum mat d.it, tlr cac " If I~C
nghc'l1 giao tho ng <ten cac canh d6ng.
~ ......
-~
MAy BAY PHAN l VC
H~ng nam , may bay phall It.rc cha
hang ti ngu(Y
i qua lllnJ:ng l¢ lrinh
dai. Ha ll h(:t cac may bay phan [trc
deu co dong CO" phan luc. Cac cl¢ng
CO' nay rat khoe va khon~_
--_.
may bay qu an str deu co
d¢ng ca phan hrc deco the
bay nhanh va cao hon. NhU11g
o¢ng co phan [IlC rat oat tien va
ton nhien lieu, vi vay rat nhieu
loai m ay bay nho sir dung canh
quat, giong nhu nhimg chiec
may bay thol ki dau.
THUY PHI co
May bay la phuon g ti~n rat thu~n lQl de
den nhirng vung sau, xa. Thui phi cO" co
the ha va cSt cinh tn':n m~t nucYc b~ng he
th on g phao thay vi cae banh xe m ay bay.
I
_•
MAy BAY COl CORDE
May bay COllcordc la )oai
may bay sieu am chcr khich , tL
T
Cla
(" nghleng canh khi vong. DJ lam chLll1g O J the hay nhanh hOll "~11 t6c inTI
aUllcnhuvay
, nglfOilai diJng than h. Tren lhlfe Ie. ma y bay CO
llcorc.1.e bay q lla Dai
aangthOi ca cana~~u khiJnvaban Tay DUO"Ilg tro ng '()JJg clnr,l ck n bo n gia . n aoh gap hai Lin
aapcanh lal hlfOng ae maybay vCra cae may bay cho' khdCh th ung lit rimg khac. Tuy lhien, d¢llg CO"
nghleng vCra sang ngang ciJng Iuc. cua lo?i ma y bay na ) l~ ' gay on '.1 t6n nhieu nh icll !it'll hUll.
22

24. --- -
- -
- 7
MAY RAY .r>: r-7:---1
.: //Ij'~i --
MoiphJn euakhung may bay o~u / / / -If /I
duoc ki~m nghi~m nghiem ngat o~ / / 1
/ I~ ",If
' Phi cong SI!
PhJn than maybay GUIlC £
:-__
Ng{m trong phia tren
lam b§ng cec tam tot: oam baa b6 phannay ehiu ol,lng _ ..' 0:;(
~',%/. / / iT dl,ing OUOI lai, eanh
ghe la o~ hanhIy
kim nh6msieu nheva tot khimay baybay cao vanhanh. . .~," '(ff//fj
J / If Ii~ng vabennlai
xecn tay cue nenn
cMt deo t6ng no».
khach.
,,"6; M ,g '" " ' h ,J,m;y,b'Y ~/'! , /
r/ I zr::~;
phanIuc xu6i ve phiasauoegiam / " . ':;. ;--;
L ... . ,
Khoang hanh Iyla
Il,I
c can trong khi bay. ..'.,' ' . / / ' l Banh lal 00 cao o
khoang khon
g GUile Be mat ben trong ./ / r . II r ouoi maybay co
oieu ap, n§mphia dua; OUIlClam b§ng vat Khi dn~ cec ~heng~ coth~ / / / / /1 «> r.; th(xoay o~eMu
lieu chOng chay. ~
khoanghanh khach. GUIlCdl ehuyen va xep 1;;11 Ge _ / 1' / ~(-"-- - 9 khien00 nghleng
teo them khoangtrong __ -~.~ - '1 eua maybay.
---.1 --=----_
.-- -­
//----~ ' ---2'- --~~ ~ I
~
~
-- -=-~-~
--~ ­
BO PHA DIED KHIEN BEN GOAl
MQi ma y bay deu co mot du oi lai, can h lai co
ban Ie va du oi de dicu khien ma y bay. 6 ma y
bay kieu cu. phi ca ng (lieu khien nhlrng bo
pharr nay thong qua cac SQ1. cap. 6 m ay bay
hi en dai, cac bo phan nay duoc die u khi un
--s::- - r. bang dien duoi su tro' gitip cua may i inh. He
thong nay duoc gQi Ia h~ thong bay bang da y
dan. Sau nay co the se co m ay bay bay nho
~ ~
~ Kh6ngkhi chuye'n G
,ong phia dum anh sang co khu dieu khien hoar dong bang
' , canh tao nenIuc oay S01 cap quang .
,--",,~::::::.._--,-_=~L------ ~~ -- -, cenn lai co ?an I~ cuacanhmay
~~ !- bay dung de nghiJ§ng maybay
•
May bay phanluc co cac tam OUIlC goi la canh/i{;ng
cANH chong luu oae bi~t. Cac ta'm -----::> - -...
May bay bay duoc la nho co cac luong chO
ng luu nay quayxuongdua; o~ ...---<- '. - . -... . esc canhnho xep goc
klu day canh may bay len. Onh may tao themtuc can khi may --- nh§mtang soc nang G~
bay tlmang con g len phia tren khien bay bay cham tw ac ~- - giam chi plii nhien li~u.
luc ha canh. Khl f ---:" .,~ K'~~~~~:;lli'i;:~
kho ng khi thOi qua dau may bay se ~ 1 ··
chuyen dong nhanh h011 va bi tan ra may baybay 6' " ( ::"" '~I.
tOc 00 cao, phi '. -I ; 1
lam luc nen giam . Phia du6i canh,
cong sekeo la'm ,',
khong khi cllUyen dong cham h(m va b e
,
nay vao G~ giam
tao thanh luc day. Do da, may bay bj luc can.
htit len khong trung va duuc day len INHUNG PHI CONG NOI nENG I
til ben duai . Bon oong ca phan Iuc hfrng ngay dau khi mm xua r hi~n, may bay I
oiy may bay oj trong
aa thOi thUc nhung nguCYi can dam lap ky
khongtrung.
llc Nam 191 9, John Alcock va Arthur
LKHSU MAy BAY
Whitten Brawn , nguCYi Anh, da thvc hien
Vao cuoi nhfrng nam 1840 , nha phat minh nguCYi Anh la
chuyen bay lien tvc vuot qua Dili Tay Duong
George Cayley da lap duQ'c chiec tau luon ch& duQ'c m¢t
tren m¢t chiec may bay co cua buang lai rna
nguCYi bay trang khong trung . Ngay sau do, rat nhieu
toang. Tam nam sau, nam 1927, phi cong
nguCYi da thu lam ra cac cO may dua ta bay len , nguCYi M)Tla Charl es
hie dau la suo dVng dong ca ho1 nua c, ..-<::""'= " ~.~
Lindbergh da m¢t mi nh
sau la d¢ng ca ch",y xang. Tuy nhien, , vuot qua Dai Tay
chi aen nhfrng nam dau the ki xx thi OTTO LILIENTHAL Duong. Ki llc nay
anh em nha Wright moi che t",o thanh Vao nhuug nam 1890 , duQ'c Ame lia Earhart
/':;.- cong chiec may bay dau tien. Otto Lilienthal, ky su ngu6i Dtic, (nguCYi My) l~p lli,
da ca chuyen bay bang mot chiec
/, x>'>-::. ~~ vao nam 1932. Nam
tau lu a n. m. y la chuyen bay dau
] 93 0, phl cong
tien do nguOi Jai die u khien.
/ -J :.~. ~_ . r v>.
ngub'i Anh la Amy
-, / - - ­
- " ...; ....... . ANH EM NHA WRIGHT Johnson (anh phai)
Chiec may bay Flyer cua Orville va Wilbur
-.::J da bay m¢t minh tu
Wright da th~rc hi~n chuy(:n bay gin dong
Anh sang Australia.
CO' dau tien ca the dieu khien duac tai
~ 0 Kitty Haw k, Bk Carolina, Hoa Ky vao
. "'-- ~~..J ~ ng ay 17 thang 12 nam 1903. Mac dil
I chuyen bay chi keo dai 12 giay nlm ng thOi
d?i clla may bay 05 duQ'c m& ra tir do. . I-- - - Xem '"em- - - --1
- --~- _/
MUC RAO AM THANH SAl' nA Y 2.5
K HINH KH t cAuvA KHI CAl' 79
Rat nhieu nguOi aa tirng cho rang rnay - __~~~:::~II!!~•••_.1 D ONG C0 2'0
bay khong bao gia co the dat van toc IOn
MAY BAY TRl,JC TIIA:'iG 322
bang van toc clla am thanh. Tuy nhien , ng ay 14 tha ng
DIEU VA TAu Lt"l,T.'I 377
10 nam 194 7, phi con g nguoi My la Chuck Yeager MAy BAY QuAi SL' ·1' 7
chUng minh dieu do la sai khi ong pha vO
' muc rao am L ICH S LJ ' ,~ T ' I (,7~
thanh vOi chiec BeI1 X-J gin dQng CO' ten Ilia.
' - ---.J
23

25. - -- - - - - - - - - - -
AIR FORCES
KHONGQUAN
KHONG VAN MAy BAY pRAN UJC, MAy BAY TRVC THANG, MAy BAY
THOr KY D
Au
Truc e khi may bay ra NEM BOM d6ng m ot vai tro thiet yell trang chien iranh thoi
doi. qu,ln doi UJ bie[ hien dai. La m ot bo phan cua kh6n g quan , nh ll.11g loai m ay bay
dung khinli khi cau va , d h - ba I I' b b 1 In'
nay co rae lng 6 tro', ao v~ C 10 iai qua n va Q in 1. Chun g
dieu d(; (lUall sat va tan
c6ng d6 i phuong. Cae c6 the tan c6ng vao nhung m uc tieu rna hai quan va bo binh
phi cong d.iu tien cua kh6n g tiep can duoc. May bay diroc sir cJ ~Jng ci. "' tham chien Ian
kh6n g quan bay tren
IIhCrng c1Mc may bay dau tien tron g Chientran h the gi&i I (19 14- I9 18) . Tron g Chien
b~ng go, v.ii bat va day tranh the gi&i II ( [939-1945) . kh6ng qu an hien dai diroc du a vao
kim loai. Ho tan con g
b~ng ~lU1g rn.iyva nung 511 dung, Nh"Crng n gu m phuc '1 tran g khong quan phai thuc
ray nC1l1 nh lrng qua born hien nhieu c6ng vice. Phi hanh doan ga m mot ngu oi lai, mot
IIh6 tj UJ. khoang lai.
hoa tieu va m ot xa thu de 511 dll1g v11 kh i. Rat nh ieu ngum khac lam viec duoi m at (t1t.
Nhan vien tran g train rada xac dinh vi tri m ay ba y doi phu ong va m ay bay ben m inh . Bin h
linh trang tram ten lira diroi m at dat c6 nhiem V1,1 bin ro i may bay dich , Nhan vicn ciru ho
den tro giup nhu ug phi c6u g bt r oi may bay xuong bi en hoac dat li en,
Nh&ky tlwat liie'n Ill! t/long tin truoc mal, phi
Mall hinh va luyell
congcochJfhay rocac may moe ouen tr9ng
nl/v wng cap
IhOng lin emay _ _ _ .~ tr ng khl nhin thJng ve phia I ~~c;:;--'-""'~---.,---r---,r===:::$~9b­
rlfO;
· .
bay viivOMi.
MAy BAY
Kho n g quan hien dai sir du ng r~t
80 qu3n ao
chOng trang nh ieu loai may bay Phl,!CliiiitI~:J~~[r:;;7.,LJ..
vu cho nh rmg nhicm
thich h9'P voi van toc bay vu khac nhau. May bay ' " .
ra't nhanh cua maybay. Qu3n Jl~lIl bom clnra rat nhieu nhieu lieu May bay viln tal Jff
b6 cM t /fiy cM n eo cho mau de bay toi nhung rnuc rieu 6' xa. Ma~ ~
chaynglfGCve dJu giup phicang bay van tai va tru e t11~mg vim tai ch6 ~
khong mat tlnh tao
~ tuc cua phi cong
nguoi va hang hoa May bay tiem May bay tiem kich
hch !Jill ha cac may bay khae va t~l1
Micro va tai nghe duae ggn tren mOphi hanh doan
cong d c muc tieu nh6. Trl,J'c thang ~ii~
glup h9 Irao dO
l thong tm v67 nhau vavai milt M t.
VU lrang h6 IrQ" cha cac dQi quan
dum mat dat. Trlfc thang v?n tal
KHOANG rAr
Phi c6ng va hoa tieu (anh tren) dang dieu
khien chicc may bay chien dau F- 15 tu trang
kho'ing lai llam phia lren eling eua than may bay. Truc thilng vOtrang
hung thiet bi va can dieu khien xung quanh giup
1
CUu TRO'
ho dieu khien may bay, djnh vi quan d6i phuong, SUo Trang thOi binh, khong
dung vu khL Neu vu khi eua quan d6i phuon g b~n trung quan khong phai tham
vao chiec F-15, phi hallh doan ~e kich ho~t thiel bt no dum chien rna chi lam nlti¢m
ghe de phOllg khoi khoang Iii. q U do tiep dat ban g du o Vl,l tuan tieu vangan
chan cae cUQc 1,
111 cong.
Khi co viec khan cap
n hu nan aoi, clang dar.
PHI HANH DoAN
1m bao, may bay Va !! t,ii
NhC
mg ngum b m
se van chu yi:n tlll,J'c
Vi~l tfell Ill,! )' j ­
pham va 06 C
lnt trg den
bar dugc gQi la ,•....,.~..-..~ . ""­
cho n~ n nhan.
pi i hanh doan .
hao go m phi NHAN VIEN M
A
TD
A
r
congohoa tieu ­ Nhun g nguOi lam viec tren mat
ngll'l
Yi gil'IP phi dat dugc gQi lalIhan 'lien mat
cung u!llh huang dat . Nhiem vl,! clla ho Ia sua I
- - - -Xem t!lem-- - ---/
b,ly - va ngucri chua va bao dU6ng ma y bay. M ~Y flAY 22
xcp d6' Il,m g hoa , hung ngu Oi pill,! traeh VU khi K HL 'H K HI , At' vi..KHI CAU 79
neu d61i may MA Y BA Y llUJC THANG 122
dam bao cho may bay chien Gau
bar van tai. I)!NH IILC
UNG TRt ;o,; BIt :"
luon c6 du born va dan duae.
Phi cong man
g Khl chien Mil, phi Cac nMn vien Iren v A T REN KH0 NG 4(,1
thea ban ke hlinh dol1ll m~t dM dun
g tay R ADA 54!
hoach bay tren IIllfang khong co ra I/leu cho phi Cac kIsukM
m Ira may 0 11( :-1 TRANH n il::' GIOl r 7.7
dju g6i, ph; cong niJ. cong biet cho nao bay ca'
n than saumoi C HIE:-ITRA i'11 n il'! G IUr 1l 73~
dU
(J
c ha can
l7 chuye
n bay.
J
24
I

26. AIRPORTS
SANBAY
HQ CHII
l"u
HANG NAN! co TOI HON 100 TRI~U NGU61 qua lai cac san bay tren the Nh frng han h
giOi de dap cac chuyen bay. Hang trieu tan hang cung diroc chuyen ella khach quoc te
phai co ho
b~ng may bay. Du la nguOi hay hang hoa, neu muon duoc van chuyen chien de nhan
bang duemg hang khang deu phai den san bay. Co mot so san bay eve k~' dang. Nhan vien
san bay dong da u
rong 16n. Ching han, tai san bay quae te John. F. Kennedy athanh pho
vao ho chicu cua
New York, Hoa Ky, moi ngay eo toi gan 1.000 may bay eat canh . NhC
mg hanh khach de
may bay quae te khong 16 eo the VUQ't qua hang nghin kilomet de den cac chung ininh viec ho
nhap can h la hop phap. Viec su dung ho
luc dia khac. Nhtrng may bay nho han thuorig thirc hien cac chuyen bay chien da cotil" the ky XVI. nln m g moi chi
noi dia, van chuyen hanh khach den cac rung trong mroc va eo the ha canh duoc sir dung r(>ng rai ur ha ll SO narn nay.
anhung san bay nho cua cac thanh pho hay dao. MQi san Tli IMp dieukhi€n
e6 tilt! nhin lhiy
bay deu eo duemg bang de may bay chay .~~~.
loan b6 san bay.
lay da tnroc khi cat canh. Ngoai ra, san
bay eon eo cac dich vu tiep te nhien
May bayouo
: tiep
lieu va sua chua. 6 nhirng san bay nhien li~u Iii nhCmg xe
Ion eon eo nha hang va phong eh&xtmg d§u,
doi, tai do hanh khach co the cho
chuyen bay cua minh.
Xe eh&ttnu: an, d6 uong den
cae phongMp trenmay bay
May bay duere
hut saeh bui
bin varae.
N HA GA
San bay Ian. hien dai can too hang nghin nguoi phuc V!. gay khi
may bay ha canh, nhan vien san bay phai hu6n g dan. chi diem do
cho may bay. Hanh khach roi may bay bang cau thang di dong hay
cau thang duoc bac ttYcira may bay
xu6ng dat. Hanh ly duoc chuyen khoi
khoang hanh 1y va duoc mang ve nha gao
Khi hanh khach lay xong hanh Iy, ho di
qua cira hai quan , sau do dap chuyen bay
tiep hcac b~ t xe buyt, taxi. hay tau hoa.
DIEU KHrEN KHONG LUU
Bon bu6nlaunMI ma Iuy vao do ,-1.
"_--00;. Tai mot san bay tap nap. eo M n 50 may
Irang sec va cac do val khae. bay cat canh va ha canh m ot gic'>'. Nhuri g
ngtroi dieu khien khon g luu ng6i tren
AN NrNH
ihap dieu khien se quye; d ln h kh i nao
Cae nha quan ly san bay
may bay cat d nh . Ho eimg gUl di
HAr QUAN luon phai kiem tra an
nhim g loi chi dim eho nhu11g may bay
Hanh khach trang chuyen bay Mn phai ai qua elta ninb de d .c may bay
chuan bi ha ean h.
h.l.i quan. Cac nhan vien hai quan se b ern tra hanh khong bi danh born ho~c
II', quan ao M tim rna tU)'. nhling chat bat hQ'P bi bQn khting bo eo vu
kh i hoanh hanh. May I---- Xem them- - - -j
phap khac va bern tra xem hang haa cua hanh
quet tia X quet han h ly de M Ay BAY 22
kh ach cophai dong tIme xuat nhap khau hay
phat hi¢n eo born. sung K Il O~ G QUA~ 2.
kho ng. "'hun g ke buon lau luon tim each giau
LI e H svVAN '), 1679
nhirng hang hoa bat ha p phap hoac bi danh thue dan hay kho ng. Hanh khaeh phai eli qua mQt eu:a
T1 A X 7..
de phat hien cae chat kim loal. N!J(rng vat nan g
de lranh bi nhim vien hai quan phat hien ra.
b1ng kim IOili nlm sung dill! <;e bi baa d¢mg .
25

27. ALEXANDER THE GREAT
ALEXANDER DAI DE
.
. . .. . . y " .
. . ./ ~~.,~. V A.a NAM 323 TRUDe e ONG NGUYEN , c6 mot nguoi da chinh phuc diroc m ot
~
0,. • 1
- ' .~, .~ ' >f '.
. , ~ .
. . - I., '''_ vung dat r¢ng Ian va lap ra m ot de che trai dai tir Tieu A (ngay nay la Tho Nhi Ky) den
_ ~~ -.il llll
,
'
,,; ,,.. <_ _ 1I11~ . .· "
"
An D¢. Ngu m do chinh la Alexander hay con diroc gQi la Alexander Dai de. Alexander
~,~,':, ~ ..~
,J,:'''1:',,", '
~ . '~
,'{~, '
" o/. ~Jlr..·
""'~: .
. {~);l.,~ , :,~, ;'" .f.} la ca n trai cua vua Philip II, nguoi tri vi vuong quoc Macedonia, m ot vuon g quoc nho
,) ,p'/. ' ' ,.
'~ ~ ~
_. . .
..:t," '.... ~ ' .fi••l , ~~ /' be nhung hung manh cY Hy Lap co dai, Vao narn 336 truoc Cong ng uyen , vua Philip bi
4. ;,1,," I '" . ~
am sat va Alexander len ngoi, luc do e ng m oi 20 tuoi. Alexander la m ot vi tuang day
. :' ,
'" '
'" i
tham vQng va tai gi6i. Nam 33 4 tnroc Cong nguyen, ang Qua quan xam chiem de che
ALEXANDER Ba Tir r¢ng Ian do vua Darius III tri vi. Sau do , ang ticp tuc dua quan di chinh chien va
Alexander (356-323 truoc
Cong nguyen) khi co n tre thu diroc nhtrn g thi ng 10 ve vang, tao ra mot vuong quoc rong Ian tir Ai Cap 6'
da rat du ng rnan h va thong phia tay den An D¢ 6' phia dong. Sinh thoi, a ng da ~~~, ." ,., t( " .'
rninh Ong duoc rrict gia Hy
Lap Aristotle da y do , Cling thuc hi~n,cuoc truong chi~h tren 1
,9.000 km ' ~~ ' ,~X;(,,,,~ , '~~. I,
chinh ru ngum th i y cua va khuyen khich viec truyen ba van hoa By ,. ' , ~, ~~ ,~
minh rna bng co
Lap di khi p the giGi. Alexander qua doi ' '~ ,
OUCK niern say m e
van hoa Hy Lap khi m oi 33 tuoi. Sau khi a ng mat,
~~~
vuong quoc cua a ng bt phan
8 0l HINH PHALANX
chia nhung Alexander Dai de van Qu an doi cua Alexander khi trim sang Ba
diroc coi la mot trong nhimg vi Tu (Iran) chu yeu Ia bo bin h voi vu khi la
nhung thanh giao dai. Doi bo binh nay
nrong vi dai nhat Itch suo chien da u thea doi hinh Phalanx, nrc la cac
chien binh oung si t n hau , m ui giao chia
th~n g vi: phia quan thu.
De eMeua _____
Alexander Dal de
(334·323 truoc
Congnguyen)
NGVA
Quaegia phu
BUCEPHALUS tnuoc Cy
renaica Duong tie'
n cong cua
Alexander thiron g cum ngva ra tran. Can ngua - Alexander
cua ong co ten la Bucephalus. Tuong truyen, Bucephalus Vung doc hlp
la mot con .ngua hoang rat dep va chi nghe thea lenh cua Alexander.
_ Vung phu thuoc
Khi Bucephalus chet, Alexander da cho dung mo t tuang dai va thi tran
De' cMcuaAlexander
dat tU'Q11g dai mang ten Bucephala de tUOng nha nen can vat tru ng
than h nay. Thi tran nay ng ay nay van can 6'An 8 0. cAc CDOC CHlNH CHIEN
Alexande r ,1a ben hanh nhieu cuoc
THA.NH PHO ALEXANDRIA chinh chi en , QUID Iinh cua ong
thucl11 g it ha n so v&i cioi ph uong
am 332 tm a c Cong nguyen , Alexander lap ra
nhung van gianh chien th~ng vi rat
mQt thanh phO n~m ben ba Dja Trung Hai va
tinh n h u~ va oUQ'
c trang bj tot. Trang
ong dat ten la thanh phDAlexandria (dat thea tr~n Issus nam 333 tm a c C6ng
ten ong), Thanh phD nay nhanh chOng tra ngu yen , vo'i 36,000 quan, Alexande r
thanh mot cang lOn va la trung tam van hoa, oa oanh bai doi quan ) 10 ,00 0 ngum
cua Darius HJl !lam sau, v&i 4 5,0 00
hoc thuat cua Hy L<:tp, thu hLit rat nhieu nha
quan . ong lai oanh b?i Dari us v&i
tha, nha khoa hoc tren khap the gi6i , Ngay nay. 100.000 qu an t?i tran Gaugam ela,
Alexandria la thanh phO JOO thu hai 6 Ai q p,
Sau khi Alexander bang M, Ptolemy Soter· mot vi chi'huy euaAi I--- -- Xem them- - --;
Ca
p · diJcho xay dl/ng thIJvlen Alexandria dIJ
O'c cho Iii chlia tm hon
QU N-I D(J148
500,000 w on sach Ngay nay, thIJvien nay chi con fapMtich.
H Y L",P , 6 DAI 310
26

28. TIED SU ALFRED DAr DE
849: Alfred Dai de ra doi.
853 · Tham Giao hoang a
Rome.
871 Tro thanh vua cua
Wessex.
878 : Danh bai ng uol Dan
Mach tai tran Eding ton
886: Chinh phuc London va
phon g thu chac chan ,
887 -892 : Soan thao cu6n
SU
obien nien ella nguOi
Anglo-Saxon.
89 7: Dira hai quan ra bao vi;
bo bien
901 Qua dm tai Winches ter.
Alfred lam banh chay
ALFRED TH E GREAT
ALFRED D~I DE
LA EM DT TRONG NAM ANH EM CllA VUONG TOC, Alfred tro rhanh vua cua
We ssex, vung dat thuoc Tay Saxons, I11¢t trong bay vuon g quoc Anglo-Saxon cua
mroc Anh. Ong chao doi tai Wantage , Berkshire. Khi con nho, ong da sang Italy
a.e g~p Dire Ciao hoang Leo IV_Narn 871, Alfred len lam vua va tuyen chien voi
nguoi Dan Mach von da tUng xung dot voi nguoi Anglo-Saxon
trong nhieu narn. Cuoi cling , ong a.a chien th~ng trong tra
Edington vao nam 878 va tat ca cac vuong quoc cua
nguoi Anglo-Saxon deu ton ong lam vua . La mot
chien binh du ng cam, mot vi tuang vi dai, Alfred
thanh lap hai quill va xav dvng cac phao a.ai
phong ng'll tren a.at lien. Ong cung dua nhieu
thay giao , nhieu nha thong thai nr chau Au _
,
va mroc Anh a.en Wessex a.ong thoi a.a
dtra ra mot bo lu?t a.e cai tien chinh
quyen. Nlnrng thanh tYU rna Alfred
dar duoc va cling to Ion, vi v~y
ong duoc gQi la Alfred Dai a.e.
CHIEC BA.NH CHA.y
C6 rat nhi eu cau chuyen ve
Alfred , trang do c6 cau
chuyen xay ra vao thoi
ch ien tranh voi ngum Dan
Mach. Khi Alfred tron trang
ngoi nha cua mot ngum
nong dan, ch u n ha vi khOng
nhan ra vi vua cua minh nen
da nho ong trong ho banh kh i chi ta ra ngoai. Nhung
Alfred ngu quen nen chiec banh da chay ra tra.
HAI QuAN
Alfre d thuang duQ'c goi la "cha de cua Hai
quan Anh quoc". Khi ngum Viking bit dau
tan cong da t nUGc cua ong, Alfred ra l~nh
d6n g nhUng ca n tau Uti vi~t h011 hin nhUng
con tau cua ngum Viking . Vao nhUng nam
900 , ttmg day tau do doc thea ba bien va
cang cua nUGCAnh de chong
l~i quan xalIl luQ'c.
Cac rang chinh va t/Janh
phO Guac ph6ng r!,(i chac
cM n G~ chOng lai cac
culSc tan c6ng.
NhiJng can taucva
AlfredGuac phOng
theathiet ke cva tau
Vi
kingnhung 1611 hoo
va chac
chan han.
~~<.:~;;'
~
~-';~<:~,~~
f ·'&- •
~~)y .; . ~.
Lanh th6
Anglo-Saxon
Lanh thG!
Danelaw
NglJ
07 Dan M?ch bu(Jc phai
rut v~ vimg G
at phia G6ng
nlJac Anh.
V
ien ngoc Alfred ouoc chola
c6 chan dung ciia Alfred, ouo
c
lam vaouc sinh then ciia ngei.
V UNG DANELAW
Vao khoang nam 800, nlnrng
ngum Viking Dan Mach
thuong xuyen tan cong cac
vuong quoc cua nguoi
Anglo-Saxon va chiern duoc
rat nhieu vung dat. hieu
cuoc chien da no ra. Vii nam
sau tran Edington, Alfred da
danh cho nguoi Viking phai
rut ve vUng dal phia don g
cua nUGCAnh. Vung nay co
ten la Danelaw.
WINCHESTER
Alfred dat kin h do t~i Winchester,
Hampshire. Noi day du<;yc ngum Ang lo­
Saxon gQi ]a Winte ceaster. Xung quanh
thanh ph6 dlT<;Yc ph ong tM bing hi;
th6ng thanh vC
mg chk Ong qu a
dm vao ngay 28 thang 10 nam
~~:"l.:=-- 90 1 va dlT<;Yc chon cat tai tu vieD
~~-z;;o,..... Hyde. Vua Canute cling dlTCJ'C
chon cat tai Winches ter.
f--- - -Xem lhem - - - -I
N Gv ar ANGLO-SAXON JJ
A NH 232
N GVO! VIKING 7 !.l
27

29. ALPHAI3ETS
BANGCHU CA.l
Kin CON NGUOr M6I m ET VIET, ho chua co bang chir cai rna ve ra nhun g hinh nho de the
h i¢n nmrn g gi muon noi . Day la nlurng Ill]: tU'Q'ng hinh, ki"u clur nay viet rat cham VI moi
nr lai phai ve m ot hinh kha c nh au . Bang chcl' cai khong co hinh rna la tap hop cac clur hoac
cac ki hieu the hien am doc. A
m la bo ph an cua ttl'. Cac chir cai gbep voi nhau tao thanh
m ot nr hoan chinh . GiQn g noi cua con ng uoi co the tao ra 3S am noi khac nhau , vi
Nguoi La Mil
co
' d~
'lay bang chir cai co th e co nhicu nhar 35 ch u cal. Phan Ion cac bing clur cai co it
1 dung cae
Clll; Irang bang hon 35 ch u cai. NguCYi Phoenicia s6ng each day 3.000 narn tai
chi! c,ii lam cllI; so'
,
V
i duochu CIii ] 00, mot qu oc gia & Trung Do ng (nga)' nay la Syria) la nh emg ngum
cUu tien dua ra bang ch ir cai. Ng uot By Lap c6 da i cling dua
thco bang clur cai ella nguCYi Phoenicia va sau nay ag ue)'i
abcdefglLi : La Ma eta cai bien no. Ngay nay . hang clnr cai La
jklmnopqr "
.- IA?J, ,ID J !via duoc ~lr d1,1~g r¢,~g. ~~i
R ~ ~ ,lJitt(I tren loan the g101 .
stuvwxyz
/ .. ~ .~. ' ,~e& --..0-. Trang bang chiJC<11, thu tvcac chiJ
COOHOA VACHO' muONG .".?
. .
,
eaec; "
. duac 5apxep codinh. Tti di~n. 56
dien thaai vant/;eu seen
Bang clnr cai La 1.' dau lien chi co clnr 'khJc duoc s6pxep
DAu cAu 'ATRQNG AM
hoa. Ch tr lh ll'cmg xu.it h ien sau the k} thea v~n abc d~
Ci.ll1g voi c'c ca n clnr , ngu&i viet can sIr dl,lllg c.ic
VI J. Tra ng tiC:ng Anh, clnr 110
a diror: d
etra tithaac
dau Call n lur dau cham (,) de kct thu«. mot cau. Ngfmh111
dung 6' <fall cau '.1 clnr cal dall 6' u r chi len,
MOLsong 6n ng ii 111m tieng Phap , tit'ng Anh can truy4n IlJ6ng
len rieng hoac lra ng nhtrng til viel d.t.
sir dlIlg [J'(?ng am etcchi c.ich dQC m elt tiro Dau dung cturn6i 04'
Vi du , U I dechi til' United l atio ns
in cae III len giay
n han dat trcn ch u c e)' tir c,J,' lam cho am nay co
(To clurc l ien Hiep Quoc) . NguUiLaMti
each phat am gi6 ng voi ngu),01l am a trang ttl' day.
kh6ng c6 chu
W. Cill
i I olIac
B ANG CHU cAl LA MA SI( dung /llay
chachiJJ,
Ring cher eli aUQ'c sir dlll g trang tieng Anh va nherng ng 6n
eh
u V Ihay
ngfr chau Au khAc oeu dva tren bang chfr Gii La Ma. gam chachiJU.
23 cher Gii, Bang chtl' eli niy CLing c1u<;ic dun g trong m ot s6
ngon nger Dong am Anlm &nu&c ta va Indon esia,
: r;II r nEi': ~I : :lII n Ie l;) H0 11 r e T :"()': UII Ullln,I.!.! :111) 1I
Bang ehiJcaiKirll1 (N
ga]
A B [~ L
E Z I ( elK 1 M N:=: 0 II P L T 0 (1
) X lIJ n
Bang chOCiil cria ng6nngii H
y Lap
,31 3TI ~ i "3" '3': tt ~ .m ::;:fr Off tf. Tsi Tj '1 B~ ';:§ "l ~ ~ Z "3 ~ rg Uf "l ~
?~'~~~~~~7~9~~~~~~~~
Biiflg chi; ciii eva ngon ngiJHmd
l IA"n Do] CHU HlNHNEM
'. Khoang 5,000 nam tma c,
BANGCHU' CALHIJ;N DAl
Bang ch ' c<i.i L Ma cll i I.i D1Ql lrong
n ltii~ll bang chtl'cai lren lltt< gi6'i. Cac
ng611 ngtr kJlac nhau sU' (h,m g lhimg ki
hi¢u khic nh,l u M bi~lJ tlJi amthanh
tuOllg Tng 'atir rio J uQ'c viCt va dQc rat
PHIliNDA ROSETfA
guoi Ai Cap co J ?i dung be
rhung chi! tUQ
11g hinb de viet Loai
kh<ic so voi bang chii cai La Ma, Vi duo
nguc'J'i Nhi.l doc lir ben phai sang ben trai
clh trang giay ',
1 dQc lil' tren xuong (h Im,
chtl'nay bj lang q uC
'11 tu 1.600 llam
lnr6'c va khOl1g ai co the cloc duac
cac tai li¢u eua nguo'l Ai Cilp co
J~i. ivri.i den n,m 1799, mOLso
binll linh ngu(l'j Pllap da pha t hien
thSy l11Qt lang da kllae chil (j
Alexandria. Ai cap, C.ic chil' nay
dlTQ'c kh.ic b~ng chtr lLtQn g hinh va
tien g Hy l ~p , V61 nhimg hieu biet
v~ tJcng Hy Lap. cac hoc gi.i c"lj tim
COO TUQNG H1NH TRUNG Quac
Trang chiI'viet tru yen thong cua ngu01
Trung Qu6c. cac kyhi~u QUQ'c gQi la chli'
tUQ1lg 111nh. duQ'c dimg ch
:: bicu tht y tuOng.
~~
:"U duo< t'~
~
: >no::h
"kh"~'
. ~
. ' . ~ ~ ~
ttT
U
f - - -­ X em them- -
Nov6I BABYLON 75
TH a i OAI 0 0 DONG 116
AI cApco O,~ I ~1()
N OON NOV 384
No vOI PHOb ICi A ~ I
- ---I
d l{Q'C y nghia cua nhlmg chtl'tuc,mg Ch,m Nglld Cay MJltrC
n Ky Il/FlJ VABIEU TVCJNG S'N
~
I1mh nay.
- -­ - - - - - ­- - ­
28

30. - - -- - - - - - - - -
AJl ERICAN CIVIL WAR
NQI CHIEN HOA KY
C Hi 80 NAM SAD KHI cAc BANG HQP NHAT va gian h duoc doc lap nr
tay nguoi Anh , til" narn 1861 den 1865, m ot cuoc noi chien da no ra ()'
Hoa Ky khi mroc nay phai dirong dall voi nhieu moi q uan n g~i , trong
do c6 van de n6 k 6 m ien n am , che dQ n6 l~ an diro c du y trioCall a
m ien bac che GQ nay da GUQ'c bai bo. Khi Abraha m Lin coln , ng Ll'o'i
phan dc i lai che GQ no l~, G~C elf L
ong thong Ham 1860, cac bang
mien nam ly khai khoi Li o,n bang, hi nh tlian h Lien minh mien nam do
Jefferson Davis lam tong thong. CUQc chien no ra vao thang 4 nam
1861. Tuong Robert E. Lee, m ot vi tua ng tai ba , oa dan dat quan Lien
m inh m ien nam. Tuy nhien , quan GQi cua mien bac d6ng h 0 11 va mien bac
lai co nhieu nganh nghe phat rri'~n ho tro ctac 1l'C ho quan doi, trong khi
do kinh te mien nam chu yeu la n6ng nghi¢p . CUQc chien dien fa khoc liet,
cuoi cung quan Lien minh mien na m da that bai vao narn 1865 va
nhieu vung cua mien nam bi tan phi . Chien thang cua Lien
bang keo theo viec cham dirt che dQ n6 l~ tren to,111 dat mroc
Hoa Ky. Tuy nhien, su chia re giua mi en hac va mien nam
van can duy tri trang nhieu narn sau.
Cuoc CHIEN THOr HmN BAT
Cuoc noi chien Hoa Ky la cuoc chien aau tien co SlY dung
rang rai tau chien bang sat va nganh aucmg sat. Day cling
la cuoc chien aau tien duoc baa chi the gi61 Gang tin bai
va anh m ot each r¢ng rai.
cAc S{J ~ TRONG CUOc CHIEN
D o
Cae h~t
QUOC GIA B~ PHAN CHlA
Naill 1860, cac b:m g <fa gi;ii
phong no le va cac bang van
co n ehe elQno
I¢ a m,"c phan
chi. nhu ban
do ircn.
cAc DOTQUAN
Ph an 10'n cac doi q uan tran g
cu¢c n¢ i clM n My deu IJ. bO
binh. Tong ~O qnoin ci hai phe /''1
3 tr i~ u nguOi.
1860 : Abraham Lincoln (tic cli
t(jng th6ng.
1860- 1861: 11 ban g m ien naru
tanh khlii Lien ba.ng ya gia nhap
quail Li(,n m in h.
186 1: Q uan Lien mi nh tan c6 ng
phao da i Sumter. CU9c IlQi ch ien
nfi ra.
1862: Chien thang cua quan Lien
m inh iai I'rcdcrickbu rg .
1862 : CU(K chien trc n bien gi (r~
tau chien Monitor va A
1co/Tilll.Jck.
1862: Tr~n Shilo h IT Ten/l
1863: Uncoln tuyen bli giii ph6ng
IHi I~ (1cac bang m ien na rn.
KET TI-T
UC CUOC CHIEN
Ngay 9 thang ., nam l Se S. tuo'ng
Robert . E. Lee cua quan Lie-n
rninh m ien narn da dau han g m un g
Ulysses S. Gra nt cu a quan Lie 1 bang
ta i AppoJT1 ltox, Virgin ia., I loa Ky
Hon 600 .000 nguOi Mf da thier
ll1J.ng trang cuoc noi chien Y,
l nhieu
ng uc)'i kh.ic b] thuong.
biroc I1go,1L cua cuoc chien.
1863: Qui n Lien IlliI1h rni n nam
thu a (',. Vicksb urg va Chattanooga
1864: Tu6ng VI' . T. She rman ella
Lien bang chiem dm)'c Atlanla.
Gcorgi~ va bat dau ch ien di ch "ha nh
quill1 ra bien",
1865 : Tl1<ing Ro be rt. E. Lee elia
Lien m in h mi('n nam GaU hang
tIXCillg Ulysses S. Gra.nt Clla Lien
186 1: Ch ien th ng ella qua.n Lien 1863: Chien th~ng ella.qUi n Lien I---- - Xem them- - - -l
ba.ug. CU()c chiCn ket t11lic.
minh mien nam t~i Bull Ru n. mi nh mi en nam t~i Cha.nccllorsviJle. A BR. H."M I.I:-':C
OLN ] Y2
186 5: Chi; do n() I¢ cham dlrt tren
1862: PllOng ttla mien nam lro n g 1863: Quan li en IIlinh ml~n nam C" GDC
) CI111~1 Hl'L 1'0:0 LE ~()J
w i n /-loa K}·.
nh ie u lha n thu.l tran ci' Gettysburg. danh d.1u L ICII Sl:' ll OA KY 7n;
29
L
I

31. AMERICAN RE VOLUTION
eACH M~NG HOA KY
H ANG NAM, CD' v Ao NGAy 4 THANG 7, ng u61 Hoa Ky lai ky niern ngay qu6c
khanh, ngay rna 13 thuoc dia My tuyen b6 thoat khoi ach cai tri cua ng uoi Anh.
Nhfu1g ngu61 dan thuoc dia lam the vi ho phai nQP cac thue cua Anh nhung khang
duoc bau dai bieu vao nght vien Anh. Luc dau, ngum dan thuoc dia co ging gifr
hoa khi voi nuoc Anh . Tai Dai hoi luc dia Ian I nam 1774, dai bieu cua m oi rhuoc
di a den hQP ban yeu cau chinh phu Anh giam thue. CUQc thuon g lUQTIg bat thanh
va xung dot da no ra gifra quan linh Anh voi ngiroi dan th uoc dia tai Lexington,
Massachusett s ngay nam sau do . Ngu61 dan rhuoc dia thanh lap mot doi quan do
George Washin gton chi huy. Tai Dai hoi Ian II, cuoc thuorig lUQTIg van tiep tuc that
CHUYEN ElICDA
bai. Ngay 4 thang 7 na m 177 6, Hoa Ky tuyen b6 doc lap, Nuoc Phap da gillp nguoi
PAULREVERE
Vao dcm 18 thang 4 nam My danh bai quan Anh. Him 178 1, chien tranh ket
I 775 , ngubi tho bac ten
thuc. Hai nam sau, mro c Anh cang nhan nen doc
Paul Revere oa phi ngua til"
Charlestown den Lexin gton lap cua Hoa Ky.
c
1e bao cho m oi ngubi biet
quan Anh dang oen
T RAN LEXINGTON
Ngay 19 thang 4 nam 1775,
quan Anh roi khoi Boston ,
Massac husetts de chiem cac nha
kho quan dQi 6' Concor d. Tren
duong di, quan Anh g~p moi
doi quan co vu trang cua Hoa Ky
tai Lexington. Xung dot dien ra
sau do va la tran danh dau tien
cua cuoc chien.
£)oAN TAu TRA BOSTON
CACH MANG HOA IT Nam 177 3, chinh phu Anh d t giam thue doi voi san pharn
tra 6' Anh nhung van gill nguyen mtrc thue 6' My. Ngum
1767: Nuo c Anh ap d~t m ire
thue cao r)-cac rhuoc dia MY'.
1775: Tran Lexin gto n II1Cr
dau CU(K chien .
thu oc dia khong co qu yen len tieng vi ho khOng co dai
bieu trang Nghj vien Anh. Vao dem ngay 16 thang ] 2,
Qu 6c KY M61
La co oau tien cua Hqp ch ung
qu6c Hoa Kybao gam 13 SQC va
13 ngoi sao, moi soc va ngoi sao
1773: V1,l tau ira Boston
nham ph an doi chc do thuc
ba
't co ng.
17 7+-1775: Dai hoi Ilc <lj.1
ch6 ng lili An h.
1775 : Tran Bunker Hill, tuy
qu an Anh thang , nhurig
qu an M)' van khci ng lui
btrcYc.
17 76: Tuye n h6 o(Jc Lip.
177 7: 19mJi My th5ng
trang chicH o jch Saratoga.
177 8: Phap lll1g ho su ngh..i~p
clau tranh cua ngm'ri My.
178 1: TUOng Cornwallis dim
hang quan MyVJ Phap (1
YorktoWI I.
1783 : Ntrt'rc Anh eong nhan
nen cloe l~p cua Hoa Ky tai
H¢i ng hi hoa binh Paris.
I----Xem tlzem- - - --t
NHtJ NG " itA THAM HlbM 244
LlCH s0 HOA KY 705
GEORGE WASHINGTON 717
mot doan ng uoi thuoc dia an
m ac nhir ng uoi da do da len
ba tau ch6 tra tai can g
Boston va do toan bo tra
xuong bien de phan doL
la bieu tUQ11g cho m¢t bang.
30

32. - - - -
ANGLO-SAXO NS
NGlJOI ANGLO-SAXON
N A
M449, VUA VORTIGERN cua vuong quae Anh rhay kh6 e6 the danh Quai diroc
quan xam hroc Pieto va Seotland nen a3. m oi nhimg bo toe German (gam llgum
Angle, Saxon va Jute) den a e giup do. Tuy nhung nguoi nay e6 xich mich voi nguo'i
Anh song ho van tap hop voi nhau thanh mot quae gia hun g m anh - qua e gia nglo­
Saxon . Nhung narn 600, ho a3. quay nguQ'e lai danh Quai ngum Anh ban Xl Y va gianh
quyen eai tri hau khap da t nuoc. Luc dau , qua e gia nay bi ehia re thanh bay vuon g
quae nhung dan dan hQ'P lai thanh ba vuong qua e va duoc bier den voi cai ten Engla
land hoac Angle land (Land trang tieng Anh e6 nghia la dat) . Ten mroc Anh ngay nay
(England) bat nguan rir do. NguOi Anglo-Saxon tri vi suot 500 nam
sau do , eho toi narn J066 Trang khoang thoi gian nay, cac
quae vuong trai qua nhieu tran chien va ke; giao voi
ngum Viking, nguOi Dan 1?-eh. Ca doc giao duoc
. " ' . 0 • ,
truyen ba toi vun g Qat n ay va moi ng uoi bat dau
bier doc, biet viet. V] vua Anglo-Saxon vi
o?-i nhat 13. A]freel D?-i ae.
Nha go mallop la.
1
1
TpJ..N MAIDON NHA TmC '
am 99 I , nhung ngum Essex do
I 8 01 song h~ng ngay cua mot lang Anglo-Saxon
Brihtnoth cam dau da tham gla cuoc dien ra xung quanh ngoi nha tiec. ha ti~c Ii
chien t~l Maldon, Essex, chong lai m ot ngoi nha tQng lon, no; moi nguo; den hoi
5.000 quan VIking do Olaf 1
1Qp va an uon g. Nhun g doan hat rang thuong
Tryggvason dan dau . Quan VIkin g den day hal, doc nhun g cau chuyen tho dal cl:€
thang tran va tra nen hung m~nh mua VUl cho nhll11g vj khach dang uong mQ"U.
hon. Nam 1016, nuac Anh bi Ngoi nha nay thuQc ve lanh chua dia phuong
ngum 8an Mach cai trL Tran
Maldon duO'c mleU ta kha cu the VUA CANUTE
trang bai thO' Tran lvIaldon Nam 101 6, ngu()'J Dan Mach da
dUQ"C viet vao the danh b~1 nguC:>1 Anglo-Saxon va
chlem ngal vang cua nua c Anh
ky x hoac
Hoang tu Da.n Mach la Canute
the ky XI.
ha y ca n gql la Cnut (99+- 103 5)
trcy rnan h vua nuue. Anh 0 ng
la m al ngu01 rat QUO'C yeu
me n, cai tq sang ~ ua l va
thong qua nlu eu bo luat de
Glao va
laP l~ i trat tlX va d uy tn p hong
khlen lam
tue.tap quan cua nguol Anglo-Saxon. Na m J 0 19, ong
banggo treY thanh vua Dan Mach va narn 10 28 ong dOilt luon ca
cay c
an bi
ngal vang clla nguOi a Uy. Trong thOi gian ng~n, nua e.
Anh va Scan dmavla da trO'thim h m ot de che.
.J J
v I
,l ( 7­
'~ (
J!s;
~1 ,
I
?
tJ ( Northu b(!8
¢
(
MerCia
j W
essex
r r'" -,"""~-,,,-,..-
LANH TH6 e VA NGUOI
NGLO-SAXO
Cua i th.:- ky IX, lanh rho cua
nuoc Anh Anglo-Saxon bi
phan chia tha n h W essex,
Mercia va Northumbr ia
MOT s6 SV' KI$N
N61 BAT e VA Nuae ANH
ANGLO-SAXON
4-4-9 : N g lT01 Angle, Saxo n " j JUIl'
dCI111u
6'c Auh.
597: Ethelbert. vua "lIC' n rQ11g quoc
Kent, rrot hanh 1111 ,1< Co doc glao.
80 2-839 : Vua Egbert tf! vi HI(mg
quoc Vc'SSl'X. bop nh"t de n ral1g
quoc ella I1 guill , nglo Saxon.
Nhfmg narn 83 0: Ngno1 Viking
xarn iuoi. .
871 -899: Alfred trI vi, danh bar
nguil1 Dan Mach iai Edi ngton nam
878.
9 78-10 16: Ethclrcd II ph; ; d il1g
tien eho nglIiri Viking dl: gilt hoa
khi
101 6: Vua D~l1 tach Ij Canute
chi cm I1gal vi ng cua nuox Anh.
1041 : L
m h mile Edward len lam vua
t 0 66 : Wi lliam xir No rm and )' xa rn
lh ienl 1lU"C.k Anh
UNH MUe EDWARD
NguOi cueSi cung th uoc
don g do; vua Alfred la
Linh muc Edward ( 100 2
10 66 ) da lap ra til vien
Westminster va duoc
phong lhanb vao nam
I 16 1, On g khong pltai !<i
m ot vi vu a manh m e 11(;1)
da m ae.cho ciccan th an
la nguol Norm an dy tIl vi
vuong glla c. Ed....vard
kh on g co can n en sau khi
on g chet da dien ra m 91
cu oc tranh gi ~mh Ilgoi
bau, d6 la cue
}c canh
tranh giCra W illiam ,
nguol Normandy va
Harold, an h re cu a
Edward. W illiam kh~ng
dm h r~ng Edward cia htT
a
truyen ngol cho m inh,
ca n Harol d nOI d ng on g
m 6i la ngu01 ke th ua
nga i vang xlrn g dan g
nhat CUOl cu ng Haro ld
len lam vua nam 1066.
31

33. SirBIEN NIEN ANGLO-SAXON
suo
bien m en Anglo-Saxon do Alfred
Dai de khoi xu6ng la mot dang bao
chi (laU ticn, S11 bien men nay glu
lai nhirng su kien xay ra tren (!at
mroc Anh , nhung cuoc chi en va
nhuug tran danh, g6m ca
nhirn g rae pham duoc dich tir
licng La nnh. Tap S11 bien
nien nay diroc tiep rue viet
lcn narn I 154 Day la mot
ngu6n tu lieu rat qu an trong
ve hch suova ngon ngu' ella
nguoi Ang lo-Saxon.
NHA strHOC DANG KlNH BEDE
Bede hay ca n gOl la Baeda (67 3 (?) ­
735) duoc eoi Ia "Cha de eua heh sU
'
nua L Anh " On g la m ot tu 5i k1em
tha y giao , ,6ng va lam viee trong m ot
tu vien aJarro w. m J(~n dong bac
nua e Anh Ong da viet nllleu , aeh ve
Ki h thanh va cae ehu de khoa hoc.
Tic phtim noi n en g nhat eua Bede la
Lieh 5l1' Ciao hoi Co doc cua Anh
quae hoan thanh vao n am 73 1
:,GUOI ANGLO·S, XON
TRUONG CA BEOWULF
Day la tac pham van hoc d6 so nhat diroc viet
bang ngon ngu Anglo-Saxon. Truong ea ke
ve ngum. anh hung Beowulf chi en dau voi
hai me con qu y Grendel hung ac dang de
doa den song than dan ella vua Dan Mach
la Hrothgar Ban truong ea duoc viet vao
nhung nam 700 , nh ung khon g ai bIet
rae gia ella truol1£ ea nay
Cae tu 51vJi!t bang
but mue trenglay
S
ubien nlen da cuot: eMtao
Anglo-Saxon clae blet,
.fl.!,:() p p .
- ' ''"( :,­
••..•~';" Iol,.",,'"
-.-: ,':"..
7.'
'-. '"
TU sf
Sach va nhung ban viet tay
chu yeu la do cac tu si soan
thao ra. Sach deu duoc chep
tay nen rat quy, Cac tu si [am
vier tal mot can phong dac
bier trong tu vien, goi la
phong viet sach. Mot ttl si
co nh icm vu chuan bi glay
da, mo t nguCn co nhiem vu
chep tay lai cac tA
i lieu . nguoi
thir ba vic cac hinh rm nh hoa
va trang trio Sach d uoc viet
b~ ng tie ng Launh va netlg
Angl o- Saxon.
KHO BAu TAl SUTTON HOO
'am 19 39, cac nha kh ao co da
khai qu at duoc mot kho bau bi
chon vui dum dat 6' Sutton Hoo.
Suffolk, Anh. Ho da tim thay
] 1 dong chat cta-y cac d6ng
lien xu , vu khi, bat va d6
lrang sire cua nguol Anglo­
Saxon e6 nien dal tU nam 650
aen 67 0. C6 the day la nm
tu6ng lll~m mol vi vua vi dal
nao d6.
MOsat e6 trangtri cl
6ng vabae
'-fII1r-'
'-'-- - - - Hinh tmnn hoavacac ehu- cal dfJU co
trang tn Q
uae them vao van ban
MIfC mauduot: tao tu­
ttvrc vatva khoang chat
Nha tho Sampling
NHA THO
Phan Ion cac cong trinh cua ngu01
I nglo-Saxon can ton ta: de n nga) nay
]a cac nha tho Nhi:mg cong rrinh nay
tnro11g ton nhu vay la do chung duoc
xay dun g ch u yeu b~ng da chir khong
phai bimg go Nh a tho Som pting nam
6' phia lay Sussex nhung da 56 cac nha
tho can ton tal cua nguCn Anglo­
Saxon Bam 6' phi a dong Angha.
I--- -Xem them - - - -j
A LFRED I) AI DE: 27
Tu VIJ~:-I ~39
"GUO! NORMAN ~7 1
LIeH SC
TVUO NG Qu6c AN H 696
N GUOI 'I KING 713
J
32