The cell membrane separates a cell from its environment and regulates what passes in and out through selective permeability. It helps maintain homeostasis through balancing pH, temperature, glucose, and water levels using both passive and active transport. Passive transport moves molecules down their concentration gradient without energy, through diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport moves molecules against their gradient by using protein pumps and requires energy from ATP.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. Function of the Cell Membrane:
• Cell membrane separates the components of a cell
from its environment—surrounds the cell
• “Gatekeeper” of the cell—regulates the flow of
materials into and out of cell—selectively permeable
• Cell membrane helps cells maintain homeostasis—
stable internal balance
3. The Cell Membrane & Homeostasis
• The cell membrane is
responsible for maintaining
homeostasis (home-E-O-
Stay-sis) within the cell
• Homeostasis is a stable,
internal environment
• The cell membrane
maintains homeostasis
through balancing the pH,
temperature, glucose
(sugar intake), water
balance
• It does this through active
and passive transport
In homeostasis, everything is PERFECT
4. pH and homeostasis
• The pH of a solution tells how
acidic or basic it is.
pH ranges from a scale to 0-14
• Solutions with a pH from 0-6
are acidic
• Solutions with a pH of 8-14
are basic
• Solutions with a pH of 7 are
Neutral.
If a solution’s pH is unbalanced,
it is corrected with a BUFFER.
5. Is it Basic, Acidic, or Neutral?
• Orange juice w/ a pH of 2
• Gastric juices (stomach juices) w/ a pH of 1
• Tap water w/ a pH of 7
• Sodium hydroxide w/ a pH of 10
• Ammonia w/ a pH of 14
1 (acid)………………6 7(neutral) 8…………………14 (basic)
6. Cell Membrane aka “The Phospholipid Bilayer”
• ALL cells have a cell membrane made of Phosphate,
proteins, and lipids
•That’s why it’s called the Phospholipid Bilayer
Cell Membrane
lipid bilayer
protein channel
protein pump
Layer 1
Layer 2
All Cells have a cell (plasma membrane):
• Prokaryotes (have a cell wall + cell membrane)
• Eukaryotes:
• a) Animal Cells ( cell membrane only)
• b) Plant cells (cell membrane + cell wall)
7. The cell membrane in detail
• It’s a double layer (bilayer)
of phosphates, and fats
(lipids)
• A single phospholipid has
hydrophilic (water loving)
phosphate heads AND
hydrophobic (water hating)
fatty acid tails
• The cell membrane both
repels and attracts water
through the membrane at
the same time
HydroPHILIC head
hydroPHOBIC tails
8. Passive Transport
A process that does not require energy to move
molecules from a HIGH to LOW concentration
➢ Diffusion
➢ Facilitated Diffusion (uses proteins to push
particles across)
➢ Osmosis
9. •Diffusion is the movement of small particles across the
cell membrane like the cell membrane until homeostasis
is reached.
• Facilitated diffusion requires the help of carrier and
channel proteins
These particles move from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration.
outside of cell
inside of cell
10. • Examples of diffusion: spraying aerosols, and perfumes.
• High concentration (inside of the can)—the molecules are
packed tightly together….
• To a LOW concentration – when sprayed, the molecules
are released to a more free environment
• The particles SPREAD OUT
11. • Osmosis is the movement of water through a selectively
permeable membrane like the cell membrane
Water moves across the cell membrane from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Semi-permeable
membrane is
permeable to water,
but not to sugar
12. Hypertonic Solutions: contain a high concentration of solute
relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When
a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses
out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel.
Hypotonic Solutions: contain a low concentration of solute
relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When
a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses
into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode.
Isotonic Solutions: contain the same concentration of solute
as another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is
placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and
out of the cell at the same rate. The fluid that surrounds the
body cells is isotonic.
13. Osmosis Concentration
• Hypertonic: the water or solution OUTSIDE of the cell is saltier
than the INSIDE of the cell.
• Hyper = “more” ore “above”
• This will cause it to shrivel, and shrink
• Ex. Pouring salt on a slug will cause it to shrink
14. Osmosis Concentration
• Hypotonic: the water or solution OUTSIDE of the cell
• Hypo means “less than” or “below”
• A hypotonic solution will cause the cell to take in water, and
swell
15. Osmosis Concentration
• Isotonic: the water outside of the cell has an EQUAL amount of
salt as the water INSIDE of the cell.
• Iso means “equal”
• Will cause NO CHANGE in cell size
18. Types of Active Transport
• Active transport uses ENERGY (ATP)
• EXOcytosis = how materials EXIT the cell (how the
cell uses the bathroom)
• ENDOcytosis = how materials ENTER the cell (cell
eating/engulfing)
• PINOcytosis= how small materials ENTER the cell
(cell eating/engulfing)
• PHAGOcytosis = how larger materials ENTER the
cell (cell eating/engulfing)
19. Active Transport
Active transport is the movement of molecules from LOW to HIGH
concentration.
Energy is required as molecules must be pumped against the
concentration gradient.
Proteins that work as pumps are called protein pumps.
Ex: Body cells must pump carbon dioxide out into the surrounding
blood vessels to be carried to the lungs for exhale. Blood vessels are
high in carbon dioxide compared to the cells, so energy is required
to move the carbon dioxide across the cell membrane from LOW to
HIGH concentration.
outside of cell
inside of cell
Carbon Dioxide
molecules
20. NO ENERGY NEEDED:
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
ENERGY NEEDED:
Active Transport
ANALOGY: Passive Transport vs. Active Transport
Passive Transport: Like
going DOWNHILL
Active Transport: like going
UPHILL