new project (1)

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Final phase of the project
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
IN CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
Submitted to Dept. of Industrial Engineering & Management [May 2016]
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Industrial Engineering & Management
By
MANASA UPADHYA [1BM12IM028]
THAMAR MOIDEEN [1BM12IM059]
SAI SHARAN [1BM12IM047]
NITHIN SURESH [1BM12IM035]
Under the Guidance of
Smt. V.N. SHAILAJA
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING &
MANAGEMENT
B.M.S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BENGALURU
560019

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CERTIFICATE
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management
B.M.S College of Engineering, Autonomous College under VTU
BANGALORE 560019
This is to certify that this Bachelor of Engineering Project Report titled
“CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS IN
CONSTRUCTION WORKERS”
By:
THAMAR MOIDEEN 1BM12IM059
SAI SHARAN 1BM12IM047
NITHIN SURESH 1BM12IM035
MANASA UPADHYA 1BM12IM028
as part of the 8th semester curriculum in Bachelor of Engineering in Industrial
Engineering and Management , B.M.S College of Engineering during the year
2015-2016
Guide:
Smt. V.N. SHAILAJA
Assistant Professor
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management
BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore- 19
Dr. K.J. RATHAN RAJ
Professor and Head
Dept. of Industrial Engineering and
Management, BMSCE
Dr. K. MALLIKHARJUNA BABU
Principal
BMS College of Engineering
Name of the Examiner Signature with Date
1
2

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ACKNOWLEDGEMNT
We express our sincere gratitude and respect to Dr. K.J Rathanraj, HOD of IEM,
BMSCE, for approving and letting us carry out this report.
We would also like to thank our internal guide, Mrs. V.N. Shailaja, faculty of IEM,
BMSCE, for providing us with constant support and guidance during the length of this
project.
Also we’d like to be grateful to Dr. B. Ravishankar, faculty of IEM,BMSCE, for
helping us and taking us step by step through this project.

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ABSTRACT
The project is titled, “Critical Analysis of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Workers
of Construction Industry”.
The objective of this project is to use the tools of statistics with parameters in
relevance of musculoskeletal disorders. Thereafter, prove the existence of MSD’s.
The techniques used to gather information is through a survey to obtain a sample size
large enough to apply methods of hypothesis.
The survey will contain a questionnaire judging the socio-economic conditions, job
descriptions, physical and mental health conditions of construction workers. A point
scale of 0-5 is used to mark the distinction.
The strain index is found using the Moore-Garg model to find the mean standard
deviation of the worker with & without MSD’s, and the total sample.
The hypothesis tests involved uses the knowledge of Statistics such as the P test to
determine the population percentage of worker having the musculoskeletal disorders.
The identified results thus obtained are used to find the solutions at varying degree
with the backbone of Ergonomics.

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CONTENTS
Sl No. PARTICULARS Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
ABSTRACT 4
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 6
1. INTRODUCTION 7
2. COMPANY PROFILE 8
3. PROBLEM DEFINITION 9
4. LITERATURE REVIEW 10
5. METHODOLOGY 26
5.1 SELECTION OF CONSTRUCTION SITE 27
5.2 SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATOR 28
5.3 DATA COLLECTION 30
5.31 NORDIC QUESTIONNAIRE 31
5.32 INPUT FOR NORDIC QUESTIONNAIRE 33
5.33 RULA 34
5.34 MOORE GARG STRAIN INDEX 35
5.35 INPUT ANALYSIS OF STRAIN INDEX SCORE 36
5.4 DATA ANALYSIS 39
5.41 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS – RELIABILTY AND VALIDITY
TESTS
39
5.42 SPSS STATISTICS 39
5.43 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE 41
5.44 CRONBACH’S ALPHA 42
5.45 FACTOR ANALYSIS 44
5.46 HYPOTHESIS TEST 46
6. CONCLUSON 49
7. FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 50
8. REFERENCES 54

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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
1. Table 2 - Workers Profile
2. Figure 4.1 - Decrease in productivity in construction workers in various
industries.
3. Figure 4.2 - Depiction of MSDs affecting the human body.
4. Table 4.2 - Risk factors involved in MSDs
5. Figure 4.31 - Private sector industries affected by MSDs
6. Figure 4.32 - MSDs the leading construction injury
7. Figure 4.41 - Depiction of Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
8. Figure 4.42a - Depiction of Ankle with Tendonitis
9. Figure 4.42b - Depiction of Elbow with Tendonitis
10. Figure 4.43 - Depiction of Raynaud’s Syndrome
11. Figure 4.44 - Depiction of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
12. Figure 4.51 - Various body parts affected by MSDs in carpenters
13. Figure 4.52 - Various body parts affected by MSDs in plasterers
14. Figure 4.53 - Various body parts affected by MSDs in masons
15. Figure 4.54 - Various body parts affected by MSDs bricklayers
16. Figure 4.72 - Ergonomic Program Elements
17. Figure 4.73 - Ergonomic Solutions
18. Figure 4.74a - Lying of cement made easier
19. Figure 4.74b - Rebar tying manually
20. Figure 4.74c - Rebar tying with equipment
21. Figure 4.74d - Manual handling of drilling machine
22. Figure 4.74e - drilling with equipment
23. Figure 4.74f - Personal protection equipment guidelines
24. Model 5.1 - Flow chart of MSD MODEL
25. Figure 5.1 - Construction site at Anandamachani Residential site
26. Figure 5.2 - Sample size calculator
27. Figure 5.21 - Population size at the site
28. Figure 5.3a - Collection of answers to Nordic Questionnaire
29. Figure 5.3b -Assessment of worker’s movement
30. Figure 5.31 - Sample of the Nordic questionnaire
31. Figure 5.33 - Sample of the Rula scale
32. Figure 5.34 - Sample of the Moore-Garg index
33. Table 5.35 - Input to SI
34. Figure 5.36 - Demographics
35. Figure 5.46 - Selection of statistical tests
36. Figure 5.47 - Normal Distribution curve regarding Z-score
37. Model 7. -Muscle fatigue analysis
38. Figure 7.1 - Model of 3DSSP
39. Figure 7.2 - Modeling the mannequin to the proposed display along with
the input values to the posture angles and the load carried
40. Figure 7.3 - Report summary about various regions of the body

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1. INTRODUCTION
OSHA defines musculoskeletal disorders as “Injuries and disorders of the muscles,
nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, and spinal disk”. According to OSHA,
the MSDs listed as: Carpel tunnel, Rotator cuff syndrome, De Quervain, Trigger
finder, tarsal syndrome, Sciatica, Epicondylites, and Tendonitis.
Most of the work related MSD’s are developed over time and are caused by the work
itself or the working environment of the employees. These are also possible to occur
from accidents, examples being fractures and dislocations.
Musculoskeletal disorders primarily affects the back, neck, shoulders and upper limbs
, less often they affect the lower limbs .Health problems caused by MSD’s range from
discomfort , minor aches and pains , to more serious medical conditions requiring
time off work and even medical treatment . In some chronic cases the result could be
permanent disability and loss of employment. Examples of specific MSD disorders
are carpel tunnel syndrome, epicondylitis and tendinitis.
Every year millions of workers are affected by MSDs. Some of the well-known MSDs
are low back pain and work-related upper limb disorders. The first is mainly
associated with manual handling while the main risk factors for the latter are
associated with job repetition and awkward work posturing.
Work related MSD’s with repetitive and strenuous working conditions carry on to
represent one of the biggest occupational problems in industries. Despite the variety
of efforts to control them, including engineering design changes, organizational
modifications and introducing working methods training programs, work-related
musculoskeletal disorders account for a huge amount of human suffering and to
companies and to healthcare firms.
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders have claimed to be one of the major problems
in many industrialized and developing countries. These disorders are widely known in
many countries, with substantial costs and impacts on the workers quality of life.
They also constitute a major proportion of all registered and/or compensation-eligible,
work-related diseases in many countries. Hence, there is a dire need to address this
issue with studies and surveys and present a model that will mitigate the problem in
the future.

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2. COMPANY PROFILE
Simplex Infrastructures Ltd. is a diversified company established in 1924 and
executing projects in several sectors like Transport, Energy & Power, Mining,
Buildings, Marine, and Real Estate.
Simplex is one of the construction leaders in India for nearly 90 years executing
projects with consistent quality assurance, cost control and adherence to milestones in
a safe environment as per the customer requirements at large.
The Company is engaged in the design and construction of high-rise infrastructure,
comprising - multi-storeyed residential towers, institutional/IT Buildings, hotels,
hospitals and mass housing projects. Simplex undertook cumulative construction
projects across 20mn sq. ft. for some of the biggest developers in India.
At the construction site in Chamrajpet, Bangalore-18, details of the construction area
is depicted as follows:
SL DESCRIPTION DETAILS ON
JAN AND FEB
CUMULATIVE
SINCE BEGINING
1 AVERAGE MAN POWER 379 4018.94
2 TOTAL MAN HOURS WORKED 117598 1263994
3 TOTAL SAFE MAN HOURS
ACHIEVED
117548 1263499
4 MAN DAYS OST DUE TO
REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS
NIL NIL
5 NO OF PERSONAL INDUCTED 71 1461
6 NO OF TOOLBOX TALK
CONDUCTED
20 5235
7 NO OF SAFETY TRAINING 01 19
8 NO OF FIRST AID CASES 07 84
9 NO OF REPORTABLE ACCIDENTS NIL NIL
Table 2 – Worker’s profile
The site consists of two sections which are to be constructed up to 18 floors each with
4 levels of underground parking as well. One section has been built up to the 15th
floor and the other section is still at the parking level.
The site has an average man power of 300 workers over a period of a month and we
conducted a survey between the age group of 20-55 years which consists of fitters,

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carpenters, masons, and plasterers all together made up to 255 workers which is used
as our total population size.
3. PROBLEM DEFINITION
WMSD’s are an impairment and disability among construction workers. An improved
understanding of MSD’s in different construction workers is likely to give us
preventive measures. However, the construction industry is vast in its division of
labour and the assessment of which is difficult in a short period. Hence, we intend to
focus on workers with problems concerning the upper body movements i.e., using
hand tools.
The following workers are concentrated on; sheet metal workers, painters, carpenters
and masons. Most of their injuries are strains and sprains of the upper body muscles.
The population size of the construction site is too large to take in consideration and
hence there is a need to find the sample size. The survey will contain a questionnaire
of Nordic scheme that judges the socio-economic conditions, job descriptions,
physical and mental health conditions of construction workers with the help of Likert
scale is used to rate the pain associated with MSD.
The questionnaire requires a field of narrowed down workers whose job concerns
with the upper body movements. The analysis of the work is not a onetime process
and requires regular visits involving repeated surveys. The Repeatability in the
questionnaire is necessary to obtain consistent results to reduce the error and to
identify the prevalence of MSD’s.
We need to assign a standard value for all the workers equally and hence there is a
need to find the strain index. In order to prove the existence of MSD’s among the
construction workers, certain statistical tools are in need and also to categorize the
MSD workers from the non-MSD workers.

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4. LITERATURE REIVEW
4.1 Work relatedness of Musculoskeletal Disorders
Historical records and other documentations show the relevance of musculoskeletal
disorders, and their association with occupations was recorded long before the
introduction of sickness benefit schemes and compensation claims were evident. All
previous studies conducted show the pre-existing social conditions have tremendous
effect on the health of individuals and communities.
Musculoskeletal disorders are mostly characterised as “work related disorders” than
calling them “occupational disorders”. The latter is defined one which has a direct
cause and effect relationship on the hazard and the disease. Whereas a work related
disorder is multifactorial which has the work environment and the performance of
work contribute significantly.
Certain epidemiologic studies reveal that the “work related” musculoskeletal
disorders is seen in more than one occupation. The common trait of these happens to
be the intensive and repetitive use of hands.

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Figure 4.1– Decrease in productivity among workers in various industries
4.2 MSD Risk Factors:
 Force
 Repetition
 Awkward postures
 Static Postures
 Quick Motions
 Compression or Contact Stress
 Vibration
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Bone,joint or muscle problem
that mainly affects legs,hips and
feet
Bone,joint or muscle problem
that mainly affects back
Bone, joint or muscle problem
that mainly affects the
arms,hands,neck,shoulders
percentageofworkers
no sick leave Atleast one day ofsick leave but less than a month Atleast one month sick leave

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Figure 4.2 – Depiction of musculoskeletal disorders affecting the human body
Factors Possible result or
consequence
Example Good practice example or
solution
Exertion of high-
intensity forces
Acute overloading of
tissues
Lifting,carrying,
pushing, pulling,
Avoid manual handling of
heavy objects
Handling heavy loads
over long periods of
time
Degenerative diseases
especially of the lumbar
spine
Manual materials
handling
Reduce mass of objects or
number of handlings per
day
Frequently repeated
manipulation of
objects
Fatigue and over load of
muscular structures
Assembly work,
long time typing,
check out work
Reduce repetition
frequency
Working in
unfavorable posture
Overload of skeletal and
muscular elements
Working with
heavily bent or
twisted trunk or
hands and arms
above shoulder
Working with upright trunk
and the arms close to the
body
Static muscular load Long lasting muscular
activity and possible
overload
Working overhead,
working in confined
space
Repeated change between
activation and relaxation of
muscles

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Muscular inactivity Loss of functional
capacity of muscles,
tendons and bones
Long term sitting
with low muscular
demand
Repeated standing up,
stretching of muscles,
sports activities
Monotonous
repetitive
manipulations
Unspecific complaints in
the upper extremities(RSI)
Repeated activation
of the same muscles
without relaxation
Repeated interruption of
activity and pauses
alternating tasks
Application of
vibration
Dysfunction of nerves,
reduced blood flow,
degenerative disorders
Use of vibrating
hand tools, sitting on
vibrating vehicles
Use of vibration attenuating
tools and seats
Physical
environmental
factors
Interaction with
mechanical loads and
aggravation of risks
Use of hand held
tools at low
temperatures
Use of gloves and heated
tool at low temperatures
Psychosocial factors Augmentation of physical
strain, increase in absence
from work
High time pressure,
low job decision
latitude, low social
support
Job rotation, job
enrichment, reduction of
negative social factors
Table 4.2– Risk factor involved in MSDs
4.3 MSDs: THE LEADING CONCERN IN PRIVATE SECTOR INDUSTRIES
This indicator is used to measure the number of individuals reported by the employers
to have the missed days of work due to a musculoskeletal disorder. Musculoskeletal
disorders include carpal tunnel syndrome, injury to the neck and shoulders, or any
injury to the back.
Among the various other industries we can see that musculoskeletal disorder rates for
construction industry are among the top three. Musculoskeletal disorders usually
develop due to overuse of muscles, some of the bad postures, or repeated movement;
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are possible to be prevented. With the correct
controls and efficient ergonomic design in the respective work places.
The graph shown below gives us a detail information about the occurance of
musculoskeletal disorders among various industries and its evident that the
construction industry has prominent occurance of musculoskeletal disorders .

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Figure4.31 – Private sector industries affected by MSDs
Figure 4.32 - MSD’s: The Leading Construction Injury
0 20 40 60 80 100
Goods production
Agriculture,fishing
Construction
Manufacturing
Service providing
Transportation and…
Healthcare and social…
Musculoskeletal disorder incidence rates for selected
private sectorindustries, 2014-2015
2015 2014
Source:U.S. Bureauof Labor Statistics
Incidence rate per10,000 full-time workers
Neoplasms
8%
M[]
[]
Nervous
Disorder
3%
Circulatory
Respiratory
Disorder
18%
Respiratory
Disorder
4%Digestive
Disorder
2%
Musculoskelet
al Disorder
44%
Injury and
Poisoning
4%
Other
10%
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES IN CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRIES

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4.4 Main Types of Musculoskeletal Disorders
4.41 Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
One of the most commonly occurring disorder among the construction workers is the
Carpel Tunnel Syndrome. The definition of which goes as such, the pain, numbness
and the tingling sensation at the wrists and the arms that could also affect the
shoulders in time. The pinch of nerves at the wrists is the cause of this disorder. The
carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway located on the palm side of your wrist, bound by
bones and ligaments. This tunnel protects the main nerve to your hand and the nine
tendons that bend your fingers.
Figure 4.41 Depiction of Carpel T1unnel Syndrome
4.42 Tendonitis
Traditionally, tendonitis is the tendon injury caused by the repetitive use of
mechanical loads and the subsequent inflammatory response. This type of injury can
occur at the wrists, elbows, shoulders, knees and ankles. Tools with hard edges or
ridged handles, and the repeated bending of the fingers while trying to maintain a
forceful grip can cause this deformation in construction workers.
Figure 4.42(a) Ankle showing Tendonitis

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Figure 4.42(b) - Elbow showing Tendonitis
4.43 Raynaud’s Syndrome
Raynaud’s Syndrome is often caused by the use of vibrating hand tools such as power
hand tools, grinding wheels, chain saws, jackhammers, wrenches, and impact tools.
The disorder is the result of damage to the nerves and blood vessels in the hands and
causes numbness and weakness in the hands and fingers. Raynaud’s Syndrome can
also cause a whitening of the fingers, hand, and sometimes the forearm to the elbow.

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Fig 4.43: Restricted blood flow due to Raynaud’s syndrome
4.44 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
It is a disorder of the shoulder that occurs when work is done overhead or heavy items
are carried in the hands with the arms extended straight down causing reduced blood
flow. Construction workers who are at risk of this disorder include welders, painters,
and insulators.
Figure 4.44: Compression of arteries, veins and nerves
4.5 Major WMSDs affecting the different construction workers
4.51 Carpenters
Workers in this group report musculoskeletal symptoms of the back, neck/shoulders, hands/
wrists and knees. Working overhead or at/above shoulder level is an essential component of
electrical work and it is a risk factor for shoulder injury. Additional risk factors for shoulder
injuries are inadequate rest, static loads, vibration and awkward postures.
Figure-4.51 Various Body Parts affected by MSDs in Carpenters
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Neck Shoulder Upper Back Elbow Hands Lower Back Legs Knees Ankle
% of workers affected

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4.52 Plasterers
The body parts most commonly injured are the axial skeleton and shoulder, where
back sprains, simultaneous sprains to the back and neck, and shoulder strains occur
frequently must often stand for long periods and manually lift heavy raw materials
and finished goods.
Figure 4.52- Various Body Parts affected by MSDs in Plasteres
4.53 Masons
Masons must manually lift heavy raw materials and finished pieces. This work
requires bending, lifting, standing, climbing or squatting, sometimes in close quarters
or awkward positions Common ergonomic-related risk factors may include awkward
body positions that strain the arms and back.Manually lifting heavy materials, such as
manipulating concrete, mortar or terrazzo mixtures, can also cause low-back
injuryCement masons and terrazzo workers may suffer chemical burns from uncured
concrete and may experience sore knees from frequent kneeling and crouching.
Figure4.53- Various Body Parts affected by MSDs in Masons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
20
40
60

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4.54 Bricklayers
Common MSD’s situated with roofers involve the backs holders, hands/fingers, knees
and feet/ankles. Roofers conduct strenuous physical, manual work that involves heavy
liftings, climbing, bending and kneeling.
Figure 4.54-Various Body Parts affected by MSDs in Brick Layers
4.6 Development of Ergonomics
Ergonomics is a term that has been defined and used for the past 50 years. There also
happens to be a documentation of it being recorded pre-historically. Early man was
known for making fashioned tools, scoops from bones and utensils, generally
implying that there was a constant and a meticulous interaction between human and
the environment. Hippocrates, the father of medicine prescribes how a surgeon must
stand or sit while operating, how he must handle his gauges and tools, to avoid glare
of light and the shape, size, weight and composition of the tools used. Slaves in
ancient Greek were given guidelines of working in mines and construction sites.
In more modern times, the 20th century had Taylor defining the scientific study of
work. Now, more than ever, it has become a widespread discipline no longer
concerning just men and work. The IEA defines it as, “concerned with the
understanding of the interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and
the profession that applies theoretical principles, data and methods to design in order
to optimise human well-being and overall system performance”. The IEA being the
International Ergonomics Association is a federation of ergonomics and human factor
societies around the world. It was initially concerned with the welfare and the
productivity of the workers but the change of time has called for it to concern itself
with the non-work activites and mental health of workers. Countries all over the
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
% of Workers affected

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world, majorly being Australia, Germany, Brazil, South Africa and the USA have had
colossal developments in the recent years.
4.7 ERGONOMICS IN REDUCTION AND PREVENTION OF MSDs
Ergonomics is important because when you’re doing a job and your body is stressed
by an awkward posture, extreme temperature, or repeated movement which affects the
musculoskeletal system. The body may begin to have symptoms such as fatigue,
discomfort, and pain, which can be the first signs of a musculoskeletal disorder.
4.71 Advantages of ergonomics
1. Increased savings
2. Fewer injuries
3. More productive and sustainable employees
4. Fewer workers’ compensation
5. Increased productivity
6. Increased morale
7. Reduced absenteeism
8. Implementing ergonomic improvements can reduce the risk factors that lead to
discomfort.
4.72 Ergonomic Elements

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 Recognition and Identification of Work Related MSD Problems
This analysis is conducted with the help of methods to determine static postures and
its corresponding ratings in order to identify the various problem areas that arise with
in the construction workers. The presence of MSDs was obtained using statistical
tools from the data obtained from these methods.
 Worksite Evaluations
The evaluation of the construction worker was done with the help of questionnaire
methodologies and direct observation. The positive responses on these tests for the
particular part of the body along with the recurring or prolonged discomfort in the
same area was defined as WMSDS. The direct observation is used to gauge Intensity
of exertion, duration of effort, hand/ wrist postures, speed of work and duration of
tasks.
 Employee Involvement and Participation
There are various categories of construction workers involved at the construction
industry such as masons, carpenters, plumbers, electricians, plasterers etc.
 Implementation of Hazard Controls
• Breaking each specific job down into elements.
• Identifying conditions within a job that contribute to risk.
 Training and Education
There are four aspects of ergonomic training that can be provided.
Ergonomics
Program
Elements
Recognition and
Identification of
Work Related
MSD Problems
Worksite
Evaluations
Employee
Involvement
and
Participation
Implementation
of Hazard
Controls
Trainingand
Education

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• General ergonomics awareness information – All employees
• Formal awareness instruction and job-specific training – Employees involved
in job tasks
• Training in job analysis and controlling risk factors – Risk assessment
employees and ergonomic team members
• Training in Problem solving and the team approach – Ergonomic team
members.
4.73 Ergonomic Solutions
• Ergonomic hazards are prevented primarily by the effective design of a job or
job-site and the tools or equipment used in that job
• Based on information gathered in the work-site analysis, procedures can be
established to correct or control ergonomic hazards using either engineering
controls or work practice controls
• Thoughtful arrangements reduce stress and eliminate many potential injuries
and disorders associated with the overuse of muscles, with bad posture, and
with repetitive motion
Some jobs expose workers to excessive vibration and noise, eyestrain, repetitive
motion, and heavy lifting
Machines, tools, and the work environment may be poorly designed, placing stress on
workers' tendons, muscles, and nerves and in addition, workplace temperature
extremes may aggravate or increase stress
`
Equiment or
Engineering
Job Organization Personal Protective
equipement
Body Mechanics
worlersbenefited
Ergonomic Solution
Effectiveness Personal Control

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Figure 4.73 Ergonomic Solutions
4.74 Hazard Prevention and Control
OSHA describes the various ways the elimination and the prevention of the hazards
that could be affecting the construction industry. The approach to this is obtained
through :
 Engineering Controls
 Administrative Controls
 Personal Protective Equipment
1. Engineering Controls
The first and best strategy is to control the hazard at its source. Engineering
controls do this, unlike other controls that generally focus on the employee
exposed to the hazard. Engineering controls can be simple in some cases.
They are based on the following principles:
 If feasible, design the facility, equipment, or process to remove the hazard or
substitute something that is not hazardous.
 If removal is not feasible, enclose the hazard to prevent exposure in normal
operations.
 Where complete enclosure is not feasible, establish barriers or local ventilation
to reduce exposure to the hazard in normal operations.
Figure 4.74 a - Lying of cement made easier

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Figure 4.74 b– Rebar tying manually Figure 4.74 c- Rebar tying with
equipment
Figure 4.74d- Manual handling of drill Figure4.74 e-Drilling with
equipment
2. Administrative Controls
This involves no such physical changes to be made to the environment around along
with setting limits to the daily exposure to hazards by adjusting the tasks to the
schedules. Administration should also provide with written operating procedures,
work practises and rules for employees of safety and health.
Other methods that can be implemented through administration controls are:
– Alarms, signs and warnings
– Buddy system
– Training

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– Stretching exercises and break policies
3. Personal Protection Equipment
• Used when hazards cannot be eliminated through engineering or administrative
controls,
• Must consider personal protective equipment (PPE) necessary for employee
protection.
Figure 4.74 f – The Personal Protection Equipment guidelines

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5. METHODOLOGY
START
Data Collected
Finding Confidence
Interval
Nordic Questionnaire
Calculating the
Sample size(n)
Conducting
the Survey
Moore Garg SI
Reliability and
validity tests
If valid
YN

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Model 5.1- Flowchart of MSD MODEL
5.1 Selection of the construction site
A four round visit was conducted at the construction site at Simplex Infrastructure
Limited, Ananda Machani Residential Project situated at Chamrajpet to obtain data
pertaining to the number of workers with MSDs. The site consists of two sections which
are to be constructed up to 18 floors each with 4 levels of underground parking as well.
One section has been built up to the 15th
floor and the other section is still at the parking
level.
*T - TEST
If null
hypothesis
Suggest physical
model
STOP
Y
N

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Figure 5.1 – Construction site at Ananda Machani Residential Project
The site has an average man power of 300 workers over a period of a month and we
conducted a survey between the age group of 20-55 years which consists of fitters, carpenters,
masons, and plasterers all together made up to 255 workers which is used as our total
population size.
5.2 Sample Size Calculations
We use a sample size calculator to determine how many people are needed to
interview in order to get results that reflect the target population as precisely as
needed.
This calculator uses the following formula

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Figure 5.2- Sample size calculator
By taking the total population as 255 and confidence interval as 15 gives us the
needed sample size of 37. In this study we undertake a sample size of 40.

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Figure 5.21 - Population Size at the site
Masons (58%), Fitters (13%), Plasterers (13.7%) and Carpenters (15.3%) where taken
into account in this study. We use a scheme of Nordic questionnaire to survey the
participants as questionnaires have proved to be the best means of collecting the
necessary data.
5.3 DATA COLLECTION
148
33 35 39
26
5 4 5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Masons Fitters Plasteres Carpenters
Total Population Sample size used

Page | 31
Figure 5.3(a) - Collection of answers to the Nordic Questionnaire
Figure 5.3(b) Asessment of the workers movements
5.31 Nordic questionnaire

Page | 32
The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was developed from a project
funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers. The NMQ is a standardized questionnaire
methodology allowing comparison of low back, neck, shoulder and general
complaints. The tool was not developed for clinical diagnosis but to obtain a statistical
review of MSDs.
The questionnaires consist of structured and multiple choice variants. Screening of the
musculoskeletal disorders serves as a diagnostic tool for analysing whether the
workers suffer from WRMSD’s. .
The general questionnaire was designed to answer the following question: "Do
musculoskeletal troubles occur in the given population, and if so, in what parts of the
body are they localized?".
With this consideration in mind, a questionnaire was constructed in which the human
body (viewed from the back) is divided into nine anatomical regions. These regions
were selected on the basis of two criteria: regions where symptoms tend to
accumulate, and regions which are distinguishable from each other both by the
respondent and a health surveyor.

Page | 33
Figure 5.31- Sample of the Nordic Questionnaire

Page | 34
5.32 Input Values from Nordic Questionnaire
Questions/respondentsjob title sex duration of workpain during workpain after shifttime off interference with workhealth problems with workmonthly incomeOccupation location of pain
R1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 12 4 2
R2 3 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 4
R3 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 12 4 0
R4 4 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 12 4 0
R5 4 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 12 4 0
R6 4 1 1 1 1 3 1 12 4 5
R7 4 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 10 3 0
R8 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 10 4 0
R9 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 10 3 0
R10 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 10 4 0
R11 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 10 4 0
R12 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 12 4 0
R13 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 12 4 0
R14 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 12 3 0
R15 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 12 3 0
R16 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 12 4 0
R17 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 12 4 2
R18 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 12 4 0
R19 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 10 4 7
R20 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 12 4 0
R21 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 0
R22 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 0
R23 2 1 1 1 2 22 2 1 12 4 5
R24 3 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 10 3 0
R25 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 8
R26 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 12 4 8
R27 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 12 4
R228 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 12 4 0
R29 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 12 4 0
R30 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 0
R31 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 0
R32 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 2
R33 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 0
R34 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 4 3 5
R35 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 12 3 0
R36 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 12 3 0
R37 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 12 3 0
R38 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 12 3 0
R39 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 12 3 0
R40 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 12 3 0

Page | 35
5.33 RULA
Apart from the above we also mean to assess the degree of movement the workers are
involved in using RULA [Rapid upper limb assessment]. This will provide us with the
various angles at which the work is carried out and hence assigning scores relevant to
them. The scores are added up to get a final value which will indicate the total
intensity of the exertion by the worker.
Figure 5.33 – Sample of the RULA scale

Page | 36
5.34 Moore-Garg Strain Index
Strain index is a semi quantitative job analysis methodology that results in a
numerical score which correlates with the risk of developing distal upper extremity
disorders.
The ability to predict which tasks and combination of activities can lead to upper-
extremity, work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) will help to determine
which existing jobs require modification and which of those jobs have led to the
development of MSDs in the construction workers.
Figure 5.34 – Sample of Moore Garg Strain Index

Page | 37
5.35 Input analysis of the Strain Index Score
Explaining the Moore-Garg Index variables
1. Intensity of Exertion (IEM) is a qualitative measure of the percent maximum
voluntary contraction that a task requires to perform one time. This is a function of the
force required and upper extremity posture. This analysis is done with the of RULA.
2. Duration of Effort (DEM) is- determined by timing the duration of the exertion
and is a measure of the physiological and biomechanical stress related to how long an
exertion is maintained.
Duration of Exertion = Duration of Effort / Cycle time
3. Hand/wrist posture (HPM) relates the anatomical posture of the hand which also
is assessed with the help of RULA.
4. Speed of Work (SWM) estimates the perceived pace of the task and accounts for
the additional stresses associated with dynamic work.
5. Duration of Task (DDM) per day is a measure of how much of the workday is
allocated to performing that task. In this construction industry all the workers were
allocated with more than 8 hours of work per day.
The SI score is the product of these 5 multipliers. Jobs with an SI score of 3 or less are
presumed safe or have a lower risk associated with them. Jobs with an SI score
between 3 and 7 are a tough call, and jobs with scores greater than 7 are hazardous.
SI Score = (IEM*DEM*HPM*SWM*DDM)/5
These scores are then used to calculate the mean and standard deviation in order to
calculate the probability of the number of workers without MSDs which is the P-
value.

Page | 38
Table 5.34- Input to SI index
Respondants Workers with MSDs Workers without MSDs Total Sample size
1 7.68 1.30 7.68
2 7.05 0.85 7.05
3 5.20 0.52 5.20
4 7.15 0.11 7.15
5 7.35 0.69 7.35
6 7.92 0.47 7.92
7 5.17 0.72 5.17
8 7.66 0.62 7.66
9 7.25 0.18 7.25
10 5.32 1.74 5.32
11 0.43 1.30
12 1.16 0.85
13 0.21 0.52
14 1.51 0.11
15 1.47 0.69
16 1.20 0.47
17 0.43 0.72
18 0.28 0.62
19 1.82 0.18
20 0.33 1.74
21 0.90 0.43
22 1.86 1.16
23 1.92 0.21
24 0.40 1.51
25 1.97 1.47
26 0.70 1.20
27 1.46 0.43
28 1.47 0.28
29 1.59 1.82
30 1.30 0.33
31 0.90
32 1.86
33 1.92
34 0.40
35 1.97
36 0.70
37 1.46
38 1.47
39 1.59
40 1.30
Total 10.00 30.00 40
Mean 6.77 0.99 2.43
Standard Deviation 1.10 0.59 2.96
Z alpha/2 = Z 0.475 1.96 1.96 1.96
sd/sqrtn 0.35 0.11 0.47
CI 0.68 0.21 0.917621418

Page | 39
Figure 5.36- Demographics
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Total population Non-MSD respodants MSD respodants
Respondents
Demographicsof MSD affected workers
Masons Fitters Carpenters Plasteres

Page | 40
5.4 DATA ANALYSIS
5.41 Qualitative Analysis
Qualitative research uses a naturalistic approach that seeks to understand some of the
phenomena in some context-specific settings, such as the real world setting where the
researcher does not attempt to manipulate the phenomenon. Qualitative research,
broadly defined, means "any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by
all the means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification instead, the
kind of research that produces findings arrived from all the real-world settings”.
Qualitative analysis results in a different type of knowledge than does not change the
quantitative inquiry because one party argues from the underlying philosophical
nature of each paradigm, enjoying detailed interviewing and some of the other
focuses on the apparent compatibility of some the research methods, “enjoying the
rewards of both numbers and words”. This means that such methods like interviews
and observations are dominant in the naturalist process or supplementary in the
positive paradigm, where the use of survey serves shows in opposite order. Although
it has been claimed that quantitative researchers attempt to have disassociate
themselves as much as it possible from the research of process, qualitative
researchers have come to embrace their involvement and the role within the research.
When quantitative researchers speak of the research validity and reliability or they
are usually referring to a research that is it that credible while the credibility of a
qualitative research depends on the ability and very efficient of the researcher.
Although reliability and validity are treated separately in some quantitative studies,
these terms are not viewed separately in the qualitative research
5.42 SPSS Statistics
SPS software is a widespread used program for the statistical science in social
science. It is also used by the aid of market researchers, health researchers, survey
companies, government facility, education researchers, marketing organizations, data
miners, and others. The original SPS software manual has been described as one of
"sociology's most influential books of the universe" for allowing the ordinary
researchers to do their own kind of statistical analysis. In addition to statistical
analysis, the data management (case selection, file reshaping, creating derived data)

Page | 41
and data documentation (a metadata dictionary was stored in the data file) are features
of the base of software.
The base software consists a various statistics. In order to conduct the quantitative
analysis we conduct the following tests through SPS Software:
 Reliability Tests - CRONBACH’S ALPHA
 Prediction for identifying groups: Factor analysis
SPS software Statistics takes in data type, data processing, and matching files, which
together considerably simplifies programming. SPSS datasets have some two-
dimensional table structure, where the rows typically represent some critical cases
and the columns represent measurements (such as age, sex, or pain intensity). All data
processing occurs sequentially case-by-case through the file. The files can be matched
one-to-one and one-to-many, but not many-to-many.

Page | 42
5.43 Reliability and validity of the questionnaire
The questionnaire involves multi part health related topics but the items regarding
MSD complaints are taken into consideration to obtain repeatability in the results. The
participants will be asked about the complaints if it is regular or long lasting, if the
complaints were caused by the work and the degree to which they experience the
pain.
The difficulties within the questionnaire can be overcome with the reliability and
validity tests.
The term reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. Suppose the reliability of
a household scale is measured at weighing and re-weighing the objects at multiple
points of time. A re-test approach can be applied.
And hence the coefficient of variation is found which is determined by: Cv =
Standard deviation/mean. [ If Cv<0.2-stable , Cv>1.0-unstable ]
Validity involves the content validity, which measures the various aspects keeping in
mind of what item was under consideration, i.e. the consistency of questions relating
to the frequency of MSD’s.

Page | 43
5.44 Reliability test- Cronbach’s Alpha
The Cronbach’s alpha is a measure of the internal consistency, i.e. the relatedness of
the items in the questionnaire. It is a coefficient of reliability. It can be written as a
function of the number if test items of the average test items and the inter-correlation
between the test items. The following reliability tests were conducted on the SPSS
Software 19.0 to obtain the coefficient of reliability.

Page | 45
-
5.45 Validity test- Factor Analysis
Factor analysis is conducted to verify the construct validity of the questionnaire. The
exploratory factor analysis detects the factors that underlie the correlation between the
variables (questionnaire items)
Correlation Matrix
Sex
Durati
on of
work
Pain
durin
g
work
Pain
after
shift
Tim
e off
Interf
erence
with
work
Health
proble
ms with
work
Job
title
Monthly
income
Occupatio
n
Location
of pain
C
O
R
R
Sex 1.00 -.269 -.113 -.092 -.272 -.113 .160 .020 -.143 -.022 .187
Duration of work -.269 1.000 .168 -.243 -.296 -.020 -.072 .104 .047 -.035 -.084
Pain during work -.113 .168 1.000 .117 .219 -.070 -.346 -.005 .323 -.047 -.091
Pain after shift -.092 -.243 .117 1.00 .558 -.198 -.545 .128 .433 -.167 -.589
Time off -.272 -.296 .219 .558 1.00 .142 -.546 .064 .299 -.109 -.458

Page | 46
E
L
A
T
I
O
N
Interference with
work
-.113 -.020 -.070 -.198 .142 1.000 .206 .110 -.507 .109 .207
Health problems .160 -.072 -.346 -.545 -.546 .206 1.000 .032 -.496 .163 .492
Job title .020 .104 -.005 .128 .064 .110 .032 1.000 .034 .734 -.163
Monthly income -.143 .047 .323 .433 .299 -.507 -.496 .034 1.000 -.117 -.578
Occupation -.022 -.035 -.047 -.167 -.109 .109 .163 .734 -.117 1.000 .180
Location ofpain .187 -.084 -.091 -.589 -.458 .207 .492 -.163 -.578 .180 1.000
Si
g.
(1
-
ta
il
e
d)
Sex .049 .247 .289 .047 .247 .165 .451 .192 .448 .127
Duration of work .049 .154 .068 .034 .453 .332 .265 .389 .417 .306
Pain during work .247 .154 .239 .090 .337 .015 .488 .023 .387 .291
Pain after shift .289 .068 .239 .000 .114 .000 .219 .003 .154 .000
Time off .047 .034 .090 .000 .194 .000 .350 .032 .254 .002
Interference .247 .453 .337 .114 .194 .104 .253 .000 .255 .103
Health problems .165 .332 .015 .000 .000 .104 .423 .001 .161 .001
Job title .451 .265 .488 .219 .350 .253 .423 .420 .000 .161
Monthly income .192 .389 .023 .003 .032 .000 .001 .420 .239 .000
Occupation .448 .417 .387 .154 .254 .255 .161 .000 .239 .137
Location ofpain .127 .306 .291 .000 .002 .103 .001 .161 .000 .137
a. Determinant = .011

Page | 47
5.46 Hypothesis Test for the Presence of MSD
Selection of statistical tests
The statistical test to be selected depends on what we are comparing, number of data
collection time points, number of observations and the type of data.
Statistical test is a test on the Null Hypothesis. More specifically, it tests the
Probability that the Null Hypothesis is valid.
Component Matrix
Component
1 2 3 4
Sex -.273 -.155 -.293 -.639
Duration of work -.035 .052 .846 .248
Pain during work .387 .013 .372 .196
Pain after shift .778 .096 -.337 -.106
Time off .693 .170 -.445 .358
Interference with work -.340 .271 -.335 .705
Health problems with
work
-.798 .005 -.049 -.092
Job title .013 .928 .062 -.204
Monthly income .758 -.027 .283 -.315
Occupation -.260 .865 .059 -.194
Location of pain -.781 -.118 -.030 .064
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
a. 4 components extracted

Page | 48
Figure 5.46- Selection of statistical test
1. What are you comparing? We have one set of data and comparing two
groups i.e. Workers affected by MSDs and not affected by MSDs.
2. How many data Collection time points? We have collected one set of data.
3. How many observations? We have 40 observations
4. What kind of data? Variables will be nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio-
level. A nominal level variable is a variable where the categories just have
names. Ordinal data is data that is ordered, like first, second, third, etc.
Interval-level data have equally spaced units, such as a Likert type scale.
Ratio-level data are similar to interval level data, except that the data have
a zero point in it, like amount or score.
For our analysis, we use S.I index scores which are categorized as ratio-
level data.
Since we are comparing two groups, collected as a set of ratio-level data, having 40
observations and the population standard deviation being known, we have chosen
One-sample Z-test as our statistical test.
The one-sample z test is used when we want to calculate whether our sample comes
from a particular population. In the one-sample Z test, we are comparing the mean
calculated on some single set of scores to a known population mean.

Page | 49
We calculate the mean, the standard deviation of both categories from table 3 (MSD
and Non-MSD workers) to conduct a two-tailed t-test. We determined the mean of the
Strain Index of given total sample population (40) , workers affected by MSDs (10)
and workers not affected by it (30) as follow :
Mean SI Score of total Sample Size X= 2.43
Mean SI Score of workers not affected by MSDs µo= 0.99
Mean SI Score of workers affected by MSDs µ1= 6.77
The solution to this problem takes four steps:
(1) State the hypotheses
The first step is to state the null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis.
Null hypothesis is workers are not affected by MSDs: µo = 0.99
Alternative hypothesis is workers are affected by MSDs: µo ≠ 0.99
Note that these hypotheses constitute a two-tailed test.
(2) Formulate an analysis plan
For this analysis, the significance level is 0.05. The test method is a one-
sample t-test.
(3) Analyze sample data
Using sample data, we compute the standard error (SE) and the degrees of
freedom (DF), and the t-score test statistic (t).
SE = s/sqrt(n)
2.96/sqrt(40)=2.96/7.07=0.468
DF=n-1=40=39
t = (x - μ) / SE = (0.99 – 2.43)/0.468 = -3.0769
Where s is the standard deviation of the sample, x is the sample mean, μ is the
known hypothesized population mean and n is the sample size.

Page | 50
Since we have a two-tailed test, the P-value is the probability that the t-score
having 39 degrees of freedom is less than -3.0769 or greater than 3.0769.
We use the t Distribution Calculator to find P (t < -3.0769) = 0.04, and P (t
>3.0769) = 0.0008. Thus, the P-value = 0.0008+ 0.0008= 0.0016
(4) Interpret results.
Figure 5.47 Normal distribution curve regarding P-value
Since the P-value (0.0016) is lesser than the significance level (0.05), we can
reject the null hypothesis of the workers without MSDs and thus accepting the
alternate hypothesis which is the presence of MSDs among workers of the
construction site.
Hence by using statistical tools, we provide with the data taken from the
construction site, proving with the P-test, that there is a presence of MSDs
within the construction site.
6. CONCLUSION
Results of the questionnaires and semi-structured interviews are revealed that the
workers have at various periods of experienced pain/discomfort arising from their
work. The large amount of number of the semi-skilled and unskilled workers who
dosent have some access to or have a very little or some knowledge of the ergonomics
risk factors inherent in their respective profession, resort for steps to taking of drugs
µ = 0.99
0.0008 0.0008

Page | 51
like pain relievers very often to reduce the amount of pains. The parts of the body
mostly are affected by the pains which are associated with the upper level body
movements; shoulders, neck, wrists and the upper back. Most of the previous skilled
workers identified as the process of manual lifting of heavy loads and poor work
environment as the major cause of the pain or discomfort. The results of this study
revealed that we’re able to assess statistically, the various areas are the upper body
affected, the degree of pain, and the presence of musculoskeletal orders among the
construction workers. There are several measures that can be taken to mitigate the
injuries and practise better ergonomic principles are followed. These factors include:
Process of redesigning of workplace to reduce the frequent scene of bending and
twisting of the trunk torso by the workers, massive ergonomics risk factors are
involved and awareness campaigns for all the things to do some of the sensitize the
semiskilled and unskilled workers on the dangers of WMSDs.
7. FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
7.1 Framework for the Muscle Fatigue Analysis

Page | 52
In most fatigue evaluation methods, muscle fatigue evaluation might not only
available for static postures, but not suitable for dynamic working process. . These
techniques might not accurate though enough to localize MSD risks to certain
muscles. Hence there is a need to find a model that expresses the dynamic
movements of the workers. These are justified with the use of PLIBEL (Plan
för Identifiering av Belastningsfaktorer: “method for the identification of
musculoskeletal stressfactors which may have injurious effects”) and the use of Muscle Fatigue
Analysis. For this purpose, a model is suggested based on the factors taken as input data which is then
utilised in a form of virtual environment with the human stimulation data and processed in software
to obtain certain criteria to judge the various means of not improving the work environments along
with the proper assessment of the workers of some movements. The given frameworks consists
of three main modules: some of the virtual environment module, data collection
module , with evaluation module. The module of virtual environment is obtained by
creating the necessary situations. Data collection module is obtained by evaluating
dynamic manual handling jobs consists of motion, forces and personal factors. To
achieve the motion data, some of the motion capture technique can be applied to
achieve the motion information which can be achieved from some existing human
simulation tools such as PLIBEL. The virtual human is modelled with the motion data
obtained from PLIBEL doing the manual handling job in the virtual environment. The
evaluation module takes all the input data to evaluate the manual operation. In this
given module, evaluation criteria some of the aspects of the manual operation are
predefined in the framework, some of the postures analysis criteria and fatigue criteria
and discomfort from the criteria. With these criteria,we know the different aspect can
be evaluated by processing the input data. And since an ideal condition can be
provided for workers.

Page | 53
Model 7- Muscle Fatigue Analysis
Virtual Human
Virtual Interaction
Virtual Environment Comfort Criteria
Fatigue Test
Efficiency Criteria
Posture Criteria
Human Motion
Interaction
Environment
Simulated Human
Motion
FatigueAnalysis
ComfortAnalysis
PostureAnalysis
OWES
Objective
Work
Evaluation
System
Existing Simulation Software
Motion Capture
Haptic Interface
Virtual Reality

Page | 54
7.2 Input to human simulation through 3DSSP Software
3D Static Strength Prediction Program 3D SSP is based on over thirty years of
research at the centre of ergonomics regarding the biomechanical causes and static
strength capabilities of with respect to the outside environment on the physical
ability of the workers.
The posture entry is done with the aid of an inverse set of kinematics algorithm by
conducting the effect of load and its manipulations on the human body. However
some of the environmental factors such as nature of the object being handled,
workplace obstructions, traction and some of the feet-floor interface, and worker
apparel cannot be found.
The summary from the analysis can be provided as follows:
Task Input Summary
Body segment angles and hand locations and hand force magnitude and direction.
Analysis Summary
Hand forces and l5 or s1 disc compression and percent capable and balance, and
coefficient of the friction.
Anthropometry
Anthropometric data including body segment lengths, centre of gravity, and body
segment weights.
Strength Capabilities
For each joint articulation: resultant moment produced with some of the strength
capability to generate a moment larger than the resultant moment.
Figure 7.1- Model of the program

Page | 55
Figure 7.2 – Modelling the mannequin to the proposed display model along with
the input values to the posture angles and the load carried (weight carried with
it)
Figure 7.3- Report summary about the various regions of the body affected by
the load inputs

Page | 56
8. REFERENCES
1. Creative Research Systems Survey software -
http://www.surveysystem.com/index.htm
2. Nordic questionnaire -
http://www.uresp.ulaval.ca/backpaindefs/en/PDF/KuorinkaPaper.pdf
3. OSHA - http://elcosh.org/document/1648/d000560/preventing-
muskuloskeletal-disorders-in-construction-workers.html
4. Rapid Upper Limb Assessment - ergo-plus.com/wp-content/uploads/RULA-
A-Step-by-Step-Guide1.pdf
5. Moore-Garg Strain Index - J. Steven Moore and
ArunGargpersonal.health.usf.edu/tbernard/HollowHills/StrainIndexM12.pdf.
6. Hypothesis test for mean - http://stattrek.com/hypothesis-
test/mean.aspx?Tutorial=AP
7. OSHA : Ergonomics Program Management Guidelines-
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3123/3123.html
8. Risk assessment on Filipino construction workers James Renier T. Domingo,
Ma. Theresa S. De Pano
9. Status survey of occupational risk factors of manual material handling tasks at
a construction site/Pradip Kumar Ray, RatriParida, IshaSaha
10. Moore-Garg Strain Index -
personal.health.usf.edu/tbernard/HollowHills/StrainIndexM12.pdf.
11. A Conceptual Model for Work-related Neck and Upper Limb Musculoskeletal
Disorders, Thomson J Amstrong PhD, Peter Buckle PhD, Lawrence J Fine.
12. Handbook of OSHA construction Safety and Health, Secon Edition.
13. New Jersey Institute of Technology, Paper on Ergonomics Assessment of
Airport Baggage Handler.
14. Occupational Medicine 2004;54:297–303
15. www.sjsu.com/faculty/gertsman/StatPremer/hyp-test.pdf
16. Framework for Dynamic Evaluation of Muscle Fatigue in Manual Handling
Work - https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0809/0809.3181.pdf

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