The document describes various common woodworking tools and hardware. It explains that a band saw uses an endless steel band over two wheels to cut materials like wood. A drill press drops down to drill holes in materials placed under it. A sander uses sandpaper to smooth wood surfaces. Other tools mentioned include hammers for nails, screwdrivers for screws, pliers for gripping nuts and bolts, tape measures for measuring, screws and nails for joining wood, nuts to secure bolts, and cotter pins to hold plates together.
The document provides a history of the term "applied linguistics" including its origins in the 1940s at the University of Michigan and its initial focus on foreign language teaching and automatic translation. It discusses debates around defining applied linguistics and alternative terms that were proposed. While initially focused on linguistics application, the field has broadened in scope over time to incorporate diverse disciplines and address a wider range of language-related issues beyond teaching. Disagreements remain around what constitutes applied linguistics and how broadly or narrowly it should be defined.
The document discusses the key concepts of language sounds, including:
- Sounds are the basic components of speech and essential for communication, though the ability to produce sounds alone is not sufficient.
- Speech sounds are produced through three stages: articulation, phonation, and resonance.
- Sounds can differ in their place and manner of articulation, as well as whether vocal tract closure or nasal airflow is involved.
- Vowels involve free airflow while consonants involve partial or full vocal tract closure.
- Factors like context, familiarity with accents, and variability across speakers can influence sound understanding.
This document provides an overview of Edward Sapir's 1939 work "Sounds of language". It discusses key concepts from the work, including that sounds are the basic components of speech and are essential for communication. However, the ability to produce sounds alone is not sufficient for communication - sounds must be transmitted to the ears of listeners. It also notes that the range of possible human speech sounds is large and varies significantly across languages. The total number of possible sounds exceeds those in use in any single language.
This document provides an overview of pitch and loudness perception. It discusses how pitch perception relates to vocal cord vibration rate and frequency, while loudness perception correlates with intensity or air pressure vibration. The document also examines theories of speech perception, including analysis-by-synthesis and the motor theory. It describes the complex process of how the brain analyzes acoustic cues to identify linguistic units from continuous speech signals.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to foreign ownership of domestic productive assets like factories and land. FDI provides long-term ownership that cannot be easily liquidated. It is considered an important driver of economic growth. The document discusses India's FDI policies, sectors that attract FDI, and arguments for and against allowing FDI in multi-brand retail. India's FDI policy currently allows up to 100% FDI in cash-and-carry wholesale trading and export trading, and up to 51% FDI in single-brand retail with government approval.
Geodis Wilson is an innovative global freight management company that delivers integrated logistics solutions. Its mission is to be the best provider for employees, customers, and suppliers. The Freight Configurator helps Geodis Wilson establish a consistent sales approach and can serve as a marketing tool. It allows customers to view customized solutions combining Geodis Wilson's core, information, and value-added services to meet their needs. The configurator received an award for its development and benefits include better understanding clients, offering the right products, and building closer relationships.
The document describes various common woodworking tools and hardware. It explains that a band saw uses an endless steel band over two wheels to cut materials like wood. A drill press drops down to drill holes in materials placed under it. A sander uses sandpaper to smooth wood surfaces. Other tools mentioned include hammers for nails, screwdrivers for screws, pliers for gripping nuts and bolts, tape measures for measuring, screws and nails for joining wood, nuts to secure bolts, and cotter pins to hold plates together.
The document provides a history of the term "applied linguistics" including its origins in the 1940s at the University of Michigan and its initial focus on foreign language teaching and automatic translation. It discusses debates around defining applied linguistics and alternative terms that were proposed. While initially focused on linguistics application, the field has broadened in scope over time to incorporate diverse disciplines and address a wider range of language-related issues beyond teaching. Disagreements remain around what constitutes applied linguistics and how broadly or narrowly it should be defined.
The document discusses the key concepts of language sounds, including:
- Sounds are the basic components of speech and essential for communication, though the ability to produce sounds alone is not sufficient.
- Speech sounds are produced through three stages: articulation, phonation, and resonance.
- Sounds can differ in their place and manner of articulation, as well as whether vocal tract closure or nasal airflow is involved.
- Vowels involve free airflow while consonants involve partial or full vocal tract closure.
- Factors like context, familiarity with accents, and variability across speakers can influence sound understanding.
This document provides an overview of Edward Sapir's 1939 work "Sounds of language". It discusses key concepts from the work, including that sounds are the basic components of speech and are essential for communication. However, the ability to produce sounds alone is not sufficient for communication - sounds must be transmitted to the ears of listeners. It also notes that the range of possible human speech sounds is large and varies significantly across languages. The total number of possible sounds exceeds those in use in any single language.
This document provides an overview of pitch and loudness perception. It discusses how pitch perception relates to vocal cord vibration rate and frequency, while loudness perception correlates with intensity or air pressure vibration. The document also examines theories of speech perception, including analysis-by-synthesis and the motor theory. It describes the complex process of how the brain analyzes acoustic cues to identify linguistic units from continuous speech signals.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to foreign ownership of domestic productive assets like factories and land. FDI provides long-term ownership that cannot be easily liquidated. It is considered an important driver of economic growth. The document discusses India's FDI policies, sectors that attract FDI, and arguments for and against allowing FDI in multi-brand retail. India's FDI policy currently allows up to 100% FDI in cash-and-carry wholesale trading and export trading, and up to 51% FDI in single-brand retail with government approval.
Geodis Wilson is an innovative global freight management company that delivers integrated logistics solutions. Its mission is to be the best provider for employees, customers, and suppliers. The Freight Configurator helps Geodis Wilson establish a consistent sales approach and can serve as a marketing tool. It allows customers to view customized solutions combining Geodis Wilson's core, information, and value-added services to meet their needs. The configurator received an award for its development and benefits include better understanding clients, offering the right products, and building closer relationships.
Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field that applies linguistic theory and methods to real-world problems. The term was first used in the 1940s but applications of linguistics occurred prior. Definitions of applied linguistics have varied over time, from focusing on foreign language teaching to having a broader scope that draws on multiple disciplines. While not all applied linguistics is practical, the field addresses real-world issues and aims to advance fields like education. Recent discussions emphasize that the scope of applied linguistics is wide-ranging and involves analyzing language problems.
Perception is the process by which individuals detect and interpret information from the external world through the senses. Speech perception specifically refers to how acoustic properties like frequency and intensity are registered and interpreted as speech. Perception follows the same steps as sound production but in reverse. The brain selects auditory information impressively by analyzing speech signals to identify language units. Perception of speech sounds can differ in pitch, loudness, quality, and length. Pitch refers to the high-low sensation and corresponds to frequency, while loudness corresponds to intensity but the relationship is not direct. Quality refers to the timbre or tone of a sound.
The document is a paper on speech acts that was written by Aseel Kazum Mahmood on January 22nd, 2014. It discusses speech acts from a sociolinguistic perspective and provides definitions and classifications of different types of speech acts, including constative utterances, ethical propositions, phatic utterances, and performative utterances. It also discusses felicity conditions for successful performatives and the concept of phatic communion in language.
Robotic submarines and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are increasingly being used for military and civilian purposes. The US Navy is testing the use of AUVs to detect mines in very shallow waters where ships and manned submarines cannot operate safely. AUVs can be programmed to systematically scan areas using sonar to locate mine-like objects. Additionally, underwater satellites and autonomous robots are helping with anti-submarine warfare by detecting enemy submarines.
This document discusses the use of corpus approaches to analyze discourse. It begins by explaining the advantages of using large corpora to analyze language use from a discourse perspective. It then defines what a corpus is and discusses different types of corpora, including general corpora that aim to represent language broadly and specialized corpora focused on specific text types or genres. Several examples of specialized corpora are provided, including MICASE, BASE, BAWE, and TOEFL corpora. Key considerations for constructing corpora are outlined, such as what to include, size, sampling, and ensuring representativeness. The Longman Spoken and Written English Corpus is then discussed as an example that analyzed discourse characteristics of conversation.
This document provides an overview of the process of speech production according to psycholinguistic models. It discusses conceptualization, formulation, articulation, self-monitoring, and feedback loops. The summary is as follows:
[1] The document outlines models of speech production including Levelt's model which describes conceptualization, formulation, articulation, and self-monitoring stages.
[2] Conceptualization involves sparking an idea and initial thoughts, while formulation is the linguistic encoding of concepts.
[3] Articulation is the motor control process of producing sounds through the vocal tract using three muscle systems, and self-monitoring allows speakers to correct mistakes.
This document summarizes the stages of language production according to psycholinguistic models. It discusses four main stages:
1) Conceptualization, where thoughts are formed into a message. McNeil's theory that imagistic and syntactic thoughts collaborate is described.
2) Formulation, where the message is encoded into linguistic structures. Lashey's work on slips of the tongue and priming is mentioned.
3) Articulation, the physical production of speech, which involves coordinated use of respiratory, laryngeal, and supralaryngeal muscles and motor control from the brain.
4) Self-monitoring, where speakers detect and repair errors through interruptions, editing expressions, and different types
This document discusses speech act theory and politeness in speech acts. It begins with an introduction to speech acts and J.L. Austin's speech act theory. Direct and indirect speech acts are explained, along with how to categorize different types of speech acts such as representatives, directives, commissives, etc. Felicity conditions for speech acts are presented. The concept of politeness and how it relates to maintaining face is discussed. Indirect speech acts are explained as a way to be polite. Sentence types and identifying them is also covered. In the end, references used in the document are listed.
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of dialect, register, and style. It defines register as varieties of language defined by their social use, such as the registers of scientific or religious language. Dialect refers to varieties according to the user. The document explores the relationships and overlaps between these concepts. It examines factors that influence register, such as formality, topic, and social roles. Models of analyzing registers along dimensions like field, mode, and tenor are discussed. The principles of stylistic variation and how style relates to formality are also summarized.
Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field that applies linguistic theory and methods to real-world problems. The term was first used in the 1940s but applications of linguistics occurred prior. Definitions of applied linguistics have varied over time, from focusing on foreign language teaching to having a broader scope that draws on multiple disciplines. While not all applied linguistics is practical, the field addresses real-world issues and aims to advance fields like education. Recent discussions emphasize that the scope of applied linguistics is wide-ranging and involves analyzing language problems.
Perception is the process by which individuals detect and interpret information from the external world through the senses. Speech perception specifically refers to how acoustic properties like frequency and intensity are registered and interpreted as speech. Perception follows the same steps as sound production but in reverse. The brain selects auditory information impressively by analyzing speech signals to identify language units. Perception of speech sounds can differ in pitch, loudness, quality, and length. Pitch refers to the high-low sensation and corresponds to frequency, while loudness corresponds to intensity but the relationship is not direct. Quality refers to the timbre or tone of a sound.
The document is a paper on speech acts that was written by Aseel Kazum Mahmood on January 22nd, 2014. It discusses speech acts from a sociolinguistic perspective and provides definitions and classifications of different types of speech acts, including constative utterances, ethical propositions, phatic utterances, and performative utterances. It also discusses felicity conditions for successful performatives and the concept of phatic communion in language.
Robotic submarines and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are increasingly being used for military and civilian purposes. The US Navy is testing the use of AUVs to detect mines in very shallow waters where ships and manned submarines cannot operate safely. AUVs can be programmed to systematically scan areas using sonar to locate mine-like objects. Additionally, underwater satellites and autonomous robots are helping with anti-submarine warfare by detecting enemy submarines.
This document discusses the use of corpus approaches to analyze discourse. It begins by explaining the advantages of using large corpora to analyze language use from a discourse perspective. It then defines what a corpus is and discusses different types of corpora, including general corpora that aim to represent language broadly and specialized corpora focused on specific text types or genres. Several examples of specialized corpora are provided, including MICASE, BASE, BAWE, and TOEFL corpora. Key considerations for constructing corpora are outlined, such as what to include, size, sampling, and ensuring representativeness. The Longman Spoken and Written English Corpus is then discussed as an example that analyzed discourse characteristics of conversation.
This document provides an overview of the process of speech production according to psycholinguistic models. It discusses conceptualization, formulation, articulation, self-monitoring, and feedback loops. The summary is as follows:
[1] The document outlines models of speech production including Levelt's model which describes conceptualization, formulation, articulation, and self-monitoring stages.
[2] Conceptualization involves sparking an idea and initial thoughts, while formulation is the linguistic encoding of concepts.
[3] Articulation is the motor control process of producing sounds through the vocal tract using three muscle systems, and self-monitoring allows speakers to correct mistakes.
This document summarizes the stages of language production according to psycholinguistic models. It discusses four main stages:
1) Conceptualization, where thoughts are formed into a message. McNeil's theory that imagistic and syntactic thoughts collaborate is described.
2) Formulation, where the message is encoded into linguistic structures. Lashey's work on slips of the tongue and priming is mentioned.
3) Articulation, the physical production of speech, which involves coordinated use of respiratory, laryngeal, and supralaryngeal muscles and motor control from the brain.
4) Self-monitoring, where speakers detect and repair errors through interruptions, editing expressions, and different types
This document discusses speech act theory and politeness in speech acts. It begins with an introduction to speech acts and J.L. Austin's speech act theory. Direct and indirect speech acts are explained, along with how to categorize different types of speech acts such as representatives, directives, commissives, etc. Felicity conditions for speech acts are presented. The concept of politeness and how it relates to maintaining face is discussed. Indirect speech acts are explained as a way to be polite. Sentence types and identifying them is also covered. In the end, references used in the document are listed.
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of dialect, register, and style. It defines register as varieties of language defined by their social use, such as the registers of scientific or religious language. Dialect refers to varieties according to the user. The document explores the relationships and overlaps between these concepts. It examines factors that influence register, such as formality, topic, and social roles. Models of analyzing registers along dimensions like field, mode, and tenor are discussed. The principles of stylistic variation and how style relates to formality are also summarized.
2. Loodusliit märgib, et kuigi mitu inimest on saadud kätte
huntide salaküttimiselt või katselt neid salaküttida, jätkab
põllumajandus- ja metsandusministeerium
hundilaskmislubade andmist. Organisatsiooni hinnangul
saadab see välja vale signaali, jättes mulje, justkui tooks
salaküttimine kaasa rohkem jahilube.
Soomes elab hinnanguliselt 150-165 hunti ning neid
peetakse seal äärmiselt ohustatud liigiks, kusjuures
suurimaks ohuks ongi salaküttimine.
Loodusliit nõuab, et praegu rohkem ühtki hundijahiluba ei
antaks. Samuti leiab organisatsioon, et ELil oleks aeg
Soome hundipoliitika osas karm joon võtta.
http://www.postimees.ee/1127356/soome-
looduskaitsjad-palusid-elil-huntide-eest-seista
3. Mida märgib loodusliit?
Mitu hunti elab Soomes?
Mis on suurimaks ohuks?
4. Nimeta Põhja-Atlandi Lepingu organisatsioon
Millega tegeleb OSCE?
Nimeta Julgeolekunõukogu põhiülesandeid
5. Millist probleemi
kirjeldab see
karikatuur?
Mida püüab Euroopa
liit teha selleks,et
lahendada
probleemi?
Millest sõltub see
probleem?