Neuroscience and Learning:
evidence-based approach
to best practices
in the classroom
MIRELA RAMACCIOTTI
FURB
MAY, 2018
Premise
“Designing educational
experiences without
knowledge of the brain is
like designing a glove
without knowledge of the
hand.”
Leslie Hart (1983)
Objectives 1. MBE: definition & principles
2. 6 Practices based on Principles
3. 6 Practices to refute Myths
4. Review and Expand
5. Evaluate
Objective
#1
1. MBE:
definition &
principles
Transdisciplinary science
At the intersection of the primary
areas of Neuroscience, Psychology
and Education and based on their
History, Philosophy and
Epistemology (Tokuhama-Espinosa,
2014)
Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2010
Principles in the Science of MBE
• Universal concepts
• Well established
• Evidenced based approach
MBE Principles (prior knowledge)
• #1: “Each brain is unique and uniquely organized. Human brains are
as unique as faces.”
• # 2 : “All brains are not equal because context and ability influence
learning.”
• # 3 : “The brain is changed by experience.”
• # 4 : “The brain is highly plastic.”
• # 5 : “The brain connects new information to old.”
• # 6 : “Attention + Memory = Learning”
(Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2017)
Objective
#2
1. 6 Practices
based on
Principles
Principle #1: Each brain is unique
• Ex.: Mind Maps
www.mindmeister.com
USE VARIATION & TRANSDISCIPLINARITY
(Best Practice #5 inTokuhama-Espinosa, 2014)
Principle # 2: Context and ability shape our brains
MANAGE THE LEARNING AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
(BEST PRACTICE #5 IN TOKUHAMA-ESPINOSA, 2014)
• Consider each student from the point where
s/he is to the point s/he can achieve
• Ex: (create their own portfolio online)
www.wixie.com
Principle # 3: The brain changes with experiences
GIVE CONSTANT (QUALITY) FEEDBACK TO IMPROVE LEARNING
(BEST PRACTICE #5 IN TOKUHAMA-ESPINOSA, 2014)
• Use activities that cater for the social nature of
learning
• Ex.: online journals (blogger)
Photo by Northfield.org on Foter.com /
CC BY-NC-SA
Principle # 4: The brain is highly plastic
STUDENTS CORRESPOND TO EXPECTATIONS
(BLACKWELL, TRZESNIEWSKI,& DWECK, 2007)
• Pygmalion Effect: students correspond to
the expectations we have for them
• What’s you take on intelligence? How do
you see it?
• Photo by Internet Archive Book Images on Foter.com / No known copyright
restrictions
POP QUIZ
Source: www.writemath.com (free download)
Principle # 5: The brain connects new information
to old
INVEST IN MEANINGFUL ELABORATIONS
(Stein & Bransford, 1979;Weinstein, 1982)
• Learning must make sense and be based upon each learner’s
elaboration.
• Ex.:
https://www.thinglink.com/scene/937332690657476611
Feedback
IRRELEVANT ELABORATION
• Most probably 2 to 3 words
RELEVANT ELABORATION
• Most probably 6 to 7 words
Adapted from: Stein, B. S., & Bransford, J. D. (1979). Constraints on effective elaboration: Effects of precision and
subject generation. Journal ofVerbal Learning andVerbal Behavior, 18(6), 769-777.
Principle # 6: learning = memory + attention
DEVELOP STUDENTS’ ABILITY TO TAKE NOTES AND SUMMARIZE IDEAS
(Piolat, Olive & Kellog,2005)
• Note taking demands constant refining and
elaboration (C + S + P)
• Writing uses up brain “real estate” + neural
networks
• Ex.: www.padlet.com
Verification
Principle Best Practice
#5:The brain connects new
information to old
Use variation & transdisciplinarity
# 3:The brain changes with
experiences
Manage the learning at the individual level
# 4:The brain is highly plastic Give constant (quality) feedback to improve learning
# 6: learning = memory +
attention
Students want to correspond to your and their expectations as well
# 2: Context and ability shape
our brains
Promote and invest in active construction (physical & mental) of knowledge
#1: Each brain is unique Develop students’ ability to take notes and summarize ideas
Verification: feedback
Principle Best Practice
#1: Each brain is unique Use variation & transdisciplinarity
# 2: Context and ability
shape our brains
Manage the learning at the individual level
# 3:The brain changes
with experiences
Give constant (quality) feedback to improve learning
# 4:The brain is highly
plastic
Students want to correspond to your and their expectations as well
#5:The brain connects
new information to old
Promote and invest in active construction (physical & mental) of knowledge
# 6: learning = memory
+ attention
Develop students’ ability to take notes and summarize ideas
Objective
#3
1. 6 Practices to
refute Myths
Neuromyth : The brain has unlimited capacity
SPACED X MASSED LEARNING
(BAHRICK ET AL , 2003; KORNELL, 2009)
“Revisiting ideas and concepts solidifies learning (…) the
harder the learning task, the more time and space [is]
needed between learning moments.”
(Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2014, p. 130-131)
Ex:
www.kahoot.com; www.quizlet.com ; www.socrative.com
Neuromyth : Emotion and Cognition can be divorced
“THERE IS NO DECISION WITHOUT EMOTION.”
(ENHANCE CHALLENGE AND INHIBIT THREAT PRACTICE #35 IN
TOKUHAMA-ESPINOSA, 2014)
• All of us learn from observation
(Meltzoff & Moore, 1977)
• Provide learning environments where
people can learn from their mistakes
and where there is no threat or fear.
Neuromyth : Everything important about the brain
happens by the age of 3
HABITS OF MIND
(COSTA & KALLICK, 2005)E LEARNING AS FLUID”
(BEST PRACTICE #34 IN TOKUHAMA-ESPINOSA, 2014)
• It is actually impossible for the brain not to learn (…)
the human potential to learn exists throughout the life
span.”
(Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2014, p. 229)” *
* Barring neurodegenerative disorders
Ex: Develop “Habits of Mind”
www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdH2vRZj6ds
Neuromyth : Brain parts work in isolation
STIMULATE INTERACTION, COLLABORATION AND NETWORKS
(BEST PRACTICE #27 IN TOKUHAMA-ESPINOSA, 2014)
Ex: “the pedagogy of listening”
from Reggio Emilia : begin by
hearing what your students have to
say
Neuromyth : Some people use more their left/right side of
the brain
PROMOTE RECIPROCAL TEACHING
(BROWN & PALINCSAR,1987) 1987) 2014)
Follow these steps:
1. Questioning
2. Clarifying
3. Summarizing
4. Predicting
https://www.learner.org/courses/neuroscience/common_includes/si_flowplay
er.html?pid=2380
Neuromyth : Our brain remembers everything objectively
RETRIEVAL PRACTICE
(KARPICKE & ROEDIGER, 2008), PURPOSEFUL)
(BEST PRACTICE #4 IN TOKUHAMA -ESPINOSA, 2014)
Test
=
Assessment AS LEARNING
Image: https://tse1.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.ltWkMmILuBhVjcL4nI1cnwEsDk&w=261&h=187&c=7&qlt=90&o=4&dpr=125&pid=1.7:
Objective
#4
1. Review &
Expand
Knowledge & Critical Thinking
• “A little knowledge can be a dangerous
thing. Overly broad generalizations, the
application of animal studies to humans,
and stretching conclusions beyond their
intended scope have led to some misguided
gestures in the classroom.
• Teachers need to be critical consumers of
“brain-based” information.
• “Far too many neuromyths continue to be
repeated in educator circles.”
(Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2014, p. 11)
Let’s Review
• https://view.genial.ly/5af4a811e80be017f860535b/mbe-best-practices
Photo on Foter.com
Review & Expand
Mind Brain Education
1.Stimulate imagination Limited capacity What kind of language learning
fosters imagination?
2.There is no cognition without
emotions
Emotions are impulses and
universally recognizable
How can language help us develop
that connection?
3.Habits of mind “the brain cannot not learn” How can language pave this path?
4.Interaction and collaboration The brain works through connections How can language development
foster that?
5.Memory reactivation The brain does not record things
objectively
In what ways can language aid
memory encoding, storage and
retrieval?
Objective
#5
1. Evaluate
Evaluation
3 things you learned today
2 things you will share
1 thing you will use to change your routine
 Mail to: contato@neuroeducamente.com.br
Objectives 1. MBE: definition & principles
2. 6 Practices based on Principles
3. 6 Practices to refute Myths
4. Review and Expand
5. Evaluate
References
Annenberg Foundation (n.d.). “A Tale of Two Cases: Brooke and Nico.” [video]. Retrieved from: www.learner.org/courses/neuroscience/common_includes/si_flowplayer.html?pid=2380
ASCD (2017). Habits of Mind Animations: Listening with Understanding and Empathy [video]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFmE3cueJcc
Bahrick, H. P., Bahrick, L. E., Bahrick, A. S., Bahrick, P. E. (1993). Maintenance of foreign language vocabulary and the spacing effect. Psychological Science, 4, 316–321Big Think (2014). Michio
Kaku on the Evolution of Intelligence [video]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bu7VulZUUdE
Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. Child
development, 78(1), 246-263.
Brown, A. L., & Palincsar, A. S. (1987). Reciprocal teaching of comprehension strategies: A natural history of one program for enhancing learning. Ablex Publishing.
Costa, A., & Kallick, B. (2005). Habits of mind. Hawker Brownlow.
Edutopia, The Sensory Room.” The Sensory Room, Edutopia, 19 Apr. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdH2vRZj6ds
Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L. (2008). The critical importance of retrieval for learning. Science, 319(5865), 966-968.
Kornell, N. (2009). Optimising learning using flashcards: Spacing is more effective than cramming. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23(9), 1297-1317.
Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1977). Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science, 198(4312), 75-78.
OECD. (2002). Understanding the brain: Towards a New Learning Science. Paris: OECD
Piolat, A., Olive, T., & Kellogg, R. T. (2005). Cognitive effort during note taking. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19(3), 291-312.Tokuhama-Espinosa, T. (2014). Making Classrooms Better: 50
Practical applications of Mind, Brain and Education Science. New York: NY. Norton & Company
Stein, B. S., & Bransford, J. D. (1979). Constraints on effective elaboration: Effects of precision and subject generation. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18(6), 769-777.
Tokuhama-Espinosa, T. (2014). Making classrooms better: 50 practical applications of mind, brain, and education science. WW Norton & Company.
Tokuhama-Espinosa, T. (2017). International Delphi panel on Mind Brain, and Education science. Quito, Ecuador: Author. Downloaded 4 April 2017 from
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8RaPiQPEZ9ZbF9RRWE2V055UGc/view?usp=sharing
Weinstein, C. E. (1982). Training students to use elaboration learning strategies. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 7(4), 301-311.
Slides available at:

Neuroscience and learning (furb may, 2018)

  • 1.
    Neuroscience and Learning: evidence-basedapproach to best practices in the classroom MIRELA RAMACCIOTTI FURB MAY, 2018
  • 2.
    Premise “Designing educational experiences without knowledgeof the brain is like designing a glove without knowledge of the hand.” Leslie Hart (1983)
  • 3.
    Objectives 1. MBE:definition & principles 2. 6 Practices based on Principles 3. 6 Practices to refute Myths 4. Review and Expand 5. Evaluate
  • 4.
  • 5.
    Transdisciplinary science At theintersection of the primary areas of Neuroscience, Psychology and Education and based on their History, Philosophy and Epistemology (Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2014) Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2010
  • 6.
    Principles in theScience of MBE • Universal concepts • Well established • Evidenced based approach
  • 7.
    MBE Principles (priorknowledge) • #1: “Each brain is unique and uniquely organized. Human brains are as unique as faces.” • # 2 : “All brains are not equal because context and ability influence learning.” • # 3 : “The brain is changed by experience.” • # 4 : “The brain is highly plastic.” • # 5 : “The brain connects new information to old.” • # 6 : “Attention + Memory = Learning” (Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2017)
  • 8.
  • 9.
    Principle #1: Eachbrain is unique • Ex.: Mind Maps www.mindmeister.com USE VARIATION & TRANSDISCIPLINARITY (Best Practice #5 inTokuhama-Espinosa, 2014)
  • 10.
    Principle # 2:Context and ability shape our brains MANAGE THE LEARNING AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL (BEST PRACTICE #5 IN TOKUHAMA-ESPINOSA, 2014) • Consider each student from the point where s/he is to the point s/he can achieve • Ex: (create their own portfolio online) www.wixie.com
  • 11.
    Principle # 3:The brain changes with experiences GIVE CONSTANT (QUALITY) FEEDBACK TO IMPROVE LEARNING (BEST PRACTICE #5 IN TOKUHAMA-ESPINOSA, 2014) • Use activities that cater for the social nature of learning • Ex.: online journals (blogger) Photo by Northfield.org on Foter.com / CC BY-NC-SA
  • 12.
    Principle # 4:The brain is highly plastic STUDENTS CORRESPOND TO EXPECTATIONS (BLACKWELL, TRZESNIEWSKI,& DWECK, 2007) • Pygmalion Effect: students correspond to the expectations we have for them • What’s you take on intelligence? How do you see it? • Photo by Internet Archive Book Images on Foter.com / No known copyright restrictions
  • 13.
  • 14.
    Principle # 5:The brain connects new information to old INVEST IN MEANINGFUL ELABORATIONS (Stein & Bransford, 1979;Weinstein, 1982) • Learning must make sense and be based upon each learner’s elaboration. • Ex.: https://www.thinglink.com/scene/937332690657476611
  • 15.
    Feedback IRRELEVANT ELABORATION • Mostprobably 2 to 3 words RELEVANT ELABORATION • Most probably 6 to 7 words Adapted from: Stein, B. S., & Bransford, J. D. (1979). Constraints on effective elaboration: Effects of precision and subject generation. Journal ofVerbal Learning andVerbal Behavior, 18(6), 769-777.
  • 16.
    Principle # 6:learning = memory + attention DEVELOP STUDENTS’ ABILITY TO TAKE NOTES AND SUMMARIZE IDEAS (Piolat, Olive & Kellog,2005) • Note taking demands constant refining and elaboration (C + S + P) • Writing uses up brain “real estate” + neural networks • Ex.: www.padlet.com
  • 17.
    Verification Principle Best Practice #5:Thebrain connects new information to old Use variation & transdisciplinarity # 3:The brain changes with experiences Manage the learning at the individual level # 4:The brain is highly plastic Give constant (quality) feedback to improve learning # 6: learning = memory + attention Students want to correspond to your and their expectations as well # 2: Context and ability shape our brains Promote and invest in active construction (physical & mental) of knowledge #1: Each brain is unique Develop students’ ability to take notes and summarize ideas
  • 18.
    Verification: feedback Principle BestPractice #1: Each brain is unique Use variation & transdisciplinarity # 2: Context and ability shape our brains Manage the learning at the individual level # 3:The brain changes with experiences Give constant (quality) feedback to improve learning # 4:The brain is highly plastic Students want to correspond to your and their expectations as well #5:The brain connects new information to old Promote and invest in active construction (physical & mental) of knowledge # 6: learning = memory + attention Develop students’ ability to take notes and summarize ideas
  • 19.
  • 20.
    Neuromyth : Thebrain has unlimited capacity SPACED X MASSED LEARNING (BAHRICK ET AL , 2003; KORNELL, 2009) “Revisiting ideas and concepts solidifies learning (…) the harder the learning task, the more time and space [is] needed between learning moments.” (Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2014, p. 130-131) Ex: www.kahoot.com; www.quizlet.com ; www.socrative.com
  • 21.
    Neuromyth : Emotionand Cognition can be divorced “THERE IS NO DECISION WITHOUT EMOTION.” (ENHANCE CHALLENGE AND INHIBIT THREAT PRACTICE #35 IN TOKUHAMA-ESPINOSA, 2014) • All of us learn from observation (Meltzoff & Moore, 1977) • Provide learning environments where people can learn from their mistakes and where there is no threat or fear.
  • 22.
    Neuromyth : Everythingimportant about the brain happens by the age of 3 HABITS OF MIND (COSTA & KALLICK, 2005)E LEARNING AS FLUID” (BEST PRACTICE #34 IN TOKUHAMA-ESPINOSA, 2014) • It is actually impossible for the brain not to learn (…) the human potential to learn exists throughout the life span.” (Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2014, p. 229)” * * Barring neurodegenerative disorders Ex: Develop “Habits of Mind” www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdH2vRZj6ds
  • 23.
    Neuromyth : Brainparts work in isolation STIMULATE INTERACTION, COLLABORATION AND NETWORKS (BEST PRACTICE #27 IN TOKUHAMA-ESPINOSA, 2014) Ex: “the pedagogy of listening” from Reggio Emilia : begin by hearing what your students have to say
  • 24.
    Neuromyth : Somepeople use more their left/right side of the brain PROMOTE RECIPROCAL TEACHING (BROWN & PALINCSAR,1987) 1987) 2014) Follow these steps: 1. Questioning 2. Clarifying 3. Summarizing 4. Predicting https://www.learner.org/courses/neuroscience/common_includes/si_flowplay er.html?pid=2380
  • 25.
    Neuromyth : Ourbrain remembers everything objectively RETRIEVAL PRACTICE (KARPICKE & ROEDIGER, 2008), PURPOSEFUL) (BEST PRACTICE #4 IN TOKUHAMA -ESPINOSA, 2014) Test = Assessment AS LEARNING Image: https://tse1.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.ltWkMmILuBhVjcL4nI1cnwEsDk&w=261&h=187&c=7&qlt=90&o=4&dpr=125&pid=1.7:
  • 26.
  • 27.
    Knowledge & CriticalThinking • “A little knowledge can be a dangerous thing. Overly broad generalizations, the application of animal studies to humans, and stretching conclusions beyond their intended scope have led to some misguided gestures in the classroom. • Teachers need to be critical consumers of “brain-based” information. • “Far too many neuromyths continue to be repeated in educator circles.” (Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2014, p. 11)
  • 28.
  • 29.
    Review & Expand MindBrain Education 1.Stimulate imagination Limited capacity What kind of language learning fosters imagination? 2.There is no cognition without emotions Emotions are impulses and universally recognizable How can language help us develop that connection? 3.Habits of mind “the brain cannot not learn” How can language pave this path? 4.Interaction and collaboration The brain works through connections How can language development foster that? 5.Memory reactivation The brain does not record things objectively In what ways can language aid memory encoding, storage and retrieval?
  • 30.
  • 31.
    Evaluation 3 things youlearned today 2 things you will share 1 thing you will use to change your routine  Mail to: contato@neuroeducamente.com.br
  • 32.
    Objectives 1. MBE:definition & principles 2. 6 Practices based on Principles 3. 6 Practices to refute Myths 4. Review and Expand 5. Evaluate
  • 33.
    References Annenberg Foundation (n.d.).“A Tale of Two Cases: Brooke and Nico.” [video]. Retrieved from: www.learner.org/courses/neuroscience/common_includes/si_flowplayer.html?pid=2380 ASCD (2017). Habits of Mind Animations: Listening with Understanding and Empathy [video]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFmE3cueJcc Bahrick, H. P., Bahrick, L. E., Bahrick, A. S., Bahrick, P. E. (1993). Maintenance of foreign language vocabulary and the spacing effect. Psychological Science, 4, 316–321Big Think (2014). Michio Kaku on the Evolution of Intelligence [video]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bu7VulZUUdE Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. Child development, 78(1), 246-263. Brown, A. L., & Palincsar, A. S. (1987). Reciprocal teaching of comprehension strategies: A natural history of one program for enhancing learning. Ablex Publishing. Costa, A., & Kallick, B. (2005). Habits of mind. Hawker Brownlow. Edutopia, The Sensory Room.” The Sensory Room, Edutopia, 19 Apr. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdH2vRZj6ds Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L. (2008). The critical importance of retrieval for learning. Science, 319(5865), 966-968. Kornell, N. (2009). Optimising learning using flashcards: Spacing is more effective than cramming. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23(9), 1297-1317. Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1977). Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science, 198(4312), 75-78. OECD. (2002). Understanding the brain: Towards a New Learning Science. Paris: OECD Piolat, A., Olive, T., & Kellogg, R. T. (2005). Cognitive effort during note taking. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19(3), 291-312.Tokuhama-Espinosa, T. (2014). Making Classrooms Better: 50 Practical applications of Mind, Brain and Education Science. New York: NY. Norton & Company Stein, B. S., & Bransford, J. D. (1979). Constraints on effective elaboration: Effects of precision and subject generation. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18(6), 769-777. Tokuhama-Espinosa, T. (2014). Making classrooms better: 50 practical applications of mind, brain, and education science. WW Norton & Company. Tokuhama-Espinosa, T. (2017). International Delphi panel on Mind Brain, and Education science. Quito, Ecuador: Author. Downloaded 4 April 2017 from https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8RaPiQPEZ9ZbF9RRWE2V055UGc/view?usp=sharing Weinstein, C. E. (1982). Training students to use elaboration learning strategies. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 7(4), 301-311.
  • 34.

Editor's Notes

  • #7 Posteriormente a prof. Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa, atualmente em Harvard, trouxe grande embasamento e explicação para a consolidação de princípios, que são (slide) em suas obras recentes com destaque para o livro de 2010 intitulado Mind, Brain and Education Science.
  • #10 O primeiro princípio diz respeito à nossa individualidade. Cada cérebro é único, assim como nossos rostos. Nascemos todos com a mesma estrutura básica do cérebro, mas sua organização e as redes neurais que cada cérebro formas são única e individualmente realizados. Por isso, não há dois cérebros iguais como também não há uma forma única de aprender.
  • #11 O segundo princípio aborda o porquê de nossa diferenciação (ler slide). Nascemos não apenas com diferentes habilidades, que podemos desenvolver ou não, mas aprendemos de formas diferentes porque estamos inseridos em ambientes diferentes e temos diferentes interações ao longo de nossa vida. Isso significa que tanto nossa genética quanto aquilo que vivemos influenciam nosso sucesso ao longo da vida. Somos natureza e interação e nossas diferenças se devem não apenas à inteligência que temos, mas, e principalmente, na forma com que somos criados, nutridos e estimulados ao longo da vida. O segredo está, como afirma a Prof. Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa, em aumentar ao máximo o potencial com o qual somos dotados.
  • #12 A cada dia acordamos com um cérebro diferente daquele com o qual fomos dormir. Isso se explica porque cada experiência, sentimento ou pensamento que temos altera a estrutura física do cérebro. Tanto o uso quanto a falta dele alteram fisicamente a estrutura cerebral. O cérebro se transforma quando encontramos e tentamos lidar com formas diferentes de tratar um problema, enfrentar desafios ou mesmo de encarar nossa vida. O cérebro é uma máquina muito eficiente de aprender. Aprendemos constantemente, coisas boas ou ruins, e aquilo que consolidamos, através da repetição dos estímulos, isto é de nossas experiências, acaba por nos formar.
  • #13 O cérebro é uma máquina plástica que aprende ao longo da vida. Há, no entanto um declínio cognitivo geral na maturidade. Mas, há formas de lidar com esse possível declínio: a primeira boa notícia é que a vitalidade cognitiva na idade avançada melhora com exercícios físicos e também com novos aprendizados, como por exemplo, uma língua. A segunda boa notícia é que, com o aumento da idade há também um aumento nas habilidades e na expertise ou proficiência (também conhecido como sabedoria da maturidade). Em outras palavras: cachorro velho aprende novos truques sim!
  • #15 Ao aprender somos como uma casa, não se constrói nada do telhado para baixo...começamos pela base, pelas fundações e isso no cérebro é igual a conhecimento prévio. Fincamos novas informações naquilo que já conhecemos, da mesma forma, que aprendemos algo complexo ao entender um pouco de cada vez. Precisamos dar mais atenção à forma que lidamos com a educação desde cedo para que as crianças possam aprendem sempre, da melhor forma e calcada em experiências ricas desde a mais tenra idade.
  • #17 Ao aprender somos como uma casa, não se constrói nada do telhado para baixo...começamos pela base, pelas fundações e isso no cérebro é igual a conhecimento prévio. Fincamos novas informações naquilo que já conhecemos, da mesma forma, que aprendemos algo complexo ao entender um pouco de cada vez. Precisamos dar mais atenção à forma que lidamos com a educação desde cedo para que as crianças possam aprendem sempre, da melhor forma e calcada em experiências ricas desde a mais tenra idade.
  • #21 O cérebro é um órgão do corpo humano e como tal sua capacidade tem limite. A confusáo é gerada quando se confunde capacidade com imaginação. Essa realmente não tem limites e é um produto de nossa mente. TOdos nós nascemos com um potencial enorme, fruto em parte de nossa herançca genética, mas vários fatores, como nutrição, status socieconômico e qualidade de educação vão influenciar e, por vezes, podem até limitar, nossa capcidade cerebral
  • #22 O cérebro é um órgão do corpo humano e como tal sua capacidade tem limite. A confusáo é gerada quando se confunde capacidade com imaginação. Essa realmente não tem limites e é um produto de nossa mente. TOdos nós nascemos com um potencial enorme, fruto em parte de nossa herançca genética, mas vários fatores, como nutrição, status socieconômico e qualidade de educação vão influenciar e, por vezes, podem até limitar, nossa capcidade cerebral
  • #23 O cérebro é um órgão do corpo humano e como tal sua capacidade tem limite. A confusáo é gerada quando se confunde capacidade com imaginação. Essa realmente não tem limites e é um produto de nossa mente. TOdos nós nascemos com um potencial enorme, fruto em parte de nossa herançca genética, mas vários fatores, como nutrição, status socieconômico e qualidade de educação vão influenciar e, por vezes, podem até limitar, nossa capcidade cerebral
  • #24 O cérebro é um órgão do corpo humano e como tal sua capacidade tem limite. A confusáo é gerada quando se confunde capacidade com imaginação. Essa realmente não tem limites e é um produto de nossa mente. TOdos nós nascemos com um potencial enorme, fruto em parte de nossa herançca genética, mas vários fatores, como nutrição, status socieconômico e qualidade de educação vão influenciar e, por vezes, podem até limitar, nossa capcidade cerebral
  • #25 O cérebro é um órgão do corpo humano e como tal sua capacidade tem limite. A confusáo é gerada quando se confunde capacidade com imaginação. Essa realmente não tem limites e é um produto de nossa mente. TOdos nós nascemos com um potencial enorme, fruto em parte de nossa herançca genética, mas vários fatores, como nutrição, status socieconômico e qualidade de educação vão influenciar e, por vezes, podem até limitar, nossa capcidade cerebral
  • #26 O cérebro é um órgão do corpo humano e como tal sua capacidade tem limite. A confusáo é gerada quando se confunde capacidade com imaginação. Essa realmente não tem limites e é um produto de nossa mente. TOdos nós nascemos com um potencial enorme, fruto em parte de nossa herançca genética, mas vários fatores, como nutrição, status socieconômico e qualidade de educação vão influenciar e, por vezes, podem até limitar, nossa capcidade cerebral
  • #28 “Um pouco de conhecimento pode se tornar algo perigoso. Generalização muito abrangentes, a aplicação de estudos com animais em humanos e o alargamento de conclusões para além do âmbito a que se pretendem tem sido causa de gestos mal direcionados em sala de aula. Professores precisam aprender a serem consumidores críticos da informação com “base no cérebro”. Há neuromitos demais que continuam a serem repetidos em círculos educacionais.” (Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2014, p. 11)