NEUROLEUKEMIA Neuroleukemia is a potentially life-threatening complication in some acute myeloid leukemia cases if the central nervous system is not protected with initial therapy. Pathological lesions include infiltration by leukemia cells, hemorrhage, and demyelination. Symptoms include intracranial hemorrhage and hyperviscosity syndrome. Treatment involves systemic chemotherapy with cytarabine and anthracyclines, and neuroprophylaxis with intrathecal methotrexate or cytarabine injections to prevent central nervous system involvement.