Networking and data communication presentation slides

Chapter 1 Dr. Ali Al-Hamdi 1
Chapter 1
Introduction
Part I: Overview

 Data Communications roles in our life
 Business point of view and the way we live.
 Chapter topics
 Definitions, characteristics, components, and types of data
representations and exchange.
 Networks, their elements, criteria, and topologies.
 Different types of nets. and concept of switching.
 Internet history.
 Standards and their organizations.
Lead-in

 1.1.1 Defintions and characteristics
 Communication
 Telecommunication
 Data
 Data communication
 DCS characteristics (effectiveness-based)
 Delivery
 Accuracy
 Timeliness
 Jitter
1.1 Data Communications

 1.1.2 Components

 1.1.3 Data Representation
 Text
 Numbers
 Images
 Audio
 Video

 1.1.4 Data Flow (Types)
 Simplex
 Example
 Channel capacity
 ½ Duplex
 Example
 Full-duplex
 Example

 1.2.1 Defintions
 Network
 Network Elements
 1.2.2 Netwrork Criteria
 Performance
 Performance measures: (transit time + response time) which depend
on a number of factors.
 Performance evaluated by 2metrics : throughput and Delay.
 Reliability
 Security
1.2 Networks

 1.2.3 Physical Structure
 Types of connections
 Point-to-point: definition, examples.
 Multipoint (multidrop): definition, examples, and sharing methods
(spatial and temporal)
1.2 Networks

 1.2.3 Physical Structure: Topology
 Definition: physical topology + network topology.
 Types: 3
 Mesh topology
 Type of connection
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Example of application
1.2 Networks

 1.2.3 Physical Structure: Topologies
 Star topology
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
1.2 Networks

 Bus topology
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
1.2 Networks

 Ring topology
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
1.2 Networks

 1.3.1 Difficulty of distinguishing the criteria of
net. types?
 1.3.2 LAN
 Definition
 Topologies used
 Relation to other types
1.3 Network Types

 1.3.3 WAN
 Definition
 Types
 Point-to-Point WAN
 Switched WAN
1.3 Network Types

 1.3.4 Internetwork (internet)
 Definition
 Examples
 LANs via Point-to-Point WAN
1.3 Network Types

 1.3.4 Internetwork (internet)
 Examples
 ? WANs and ? LANs
1.3 Network Types

 1.3.5 Switching
 Definition (internet?)
 Types
 Circuit-Switched Net.
 Packet-Switched Net.
Comparison
1.3 Network Types

 1.3.6 The Internet
 Definition (Internet)
 Backbones Ownership
 Sprint,
 Verizon (MCI),
 AT&T and
 NNT
1.3 Network Types

 1.3.7 Accessing the Internet
 Using Telephone Networks
 Dial-up service
 DSL Service
 Using TV Cable Networks
 Using Wireless Networks
 Direct Connection to the Internet
1.3 Network Types

 1.4.1 Early History
 Communication Nets. (telegraph and telephone) before 1960,
 Birth of packet-switched Networks theories (1961) at MIT (US)
and NPL (UK) at the same time,
 ARPA idea of finding a way to connect mainframe computers
(mid 1960) at DOD,
 In1967, at ACM, ARPA presented its idea, a small net. to connect
computers (ARPANET) using IMP (Interface Message Processor),
 By 1969, ARPANET was in reality, 4 USA universities was
connected by IMP and their communications were controlled by a
NCP (Network Control Protocol) S/W.
1.4 Internet History

 1.4.2 Birth of the Internet
 Gateway idea as an intermediary H/W to transfer data
from one net. to another (dissimilar nets.) in 1972.
 TCP/IP evolution
 In 1973, idea of achieving end-to-end data delivery protocols.
So, TCP net. version of NCP including encapsulation, the
datagram, the functions of a gateway, and error correction.
ARPANET responsibility was handed over to the Defense
Communication Agency (DCA).
 In 1977, an internet consisting of three different networks
(ARPANET, packet radio, and packet satellite) was
successfully demonstrated.

 TCP/IP evolution
 Shortly thereafter, a decision was made to split TCP into two
protocols: (TCP) for segmentation, reassembly, and error
detection and (IP) for datagram routing. Birth of TCP/IP.
 In 1981, under a Defence Department contract, UC Berkeley
upgraded the UNIX operating system to include TCP/IP giving
much for the popularity of internetworking.
 In 1983, TCP/IP became the official protocol for the
ARPANET.

 MILNET (1983): ARPANET split into two networks: Military
Network (MILNET) and ARPANET as nonmilitary.
 CSNET (1981) was created for scientific purposes and sponsored
by (NSF). Mid 1980s, most U.S. universities with computer
science departments were part of CSNET.
 NSFNET
In 1986, NSF sponsored NSFNET, a backbone that connected
5 supercomputer centers throughout the US, via T-line
(1.544Mbps).

 NSFNET
 In 1990, ARPANET was officially retired and replaced by
NSFNET,
 In 1995, NSFNET reverted back to its original concept of a
research network..
 In 1991: a high-speed Internet backbone called Advanced Network
Services Network (ANSNET) was built by 3 companies IBM,
Merit, and Verizon, forming a nonprofit organization called
Advanced Network & Services (ANS), that replaced NSFNET.
 Internet responsibility moved from USA government to NPOs.

 1.4.3 Internet Today
 WWW (1990)
 Invented at CERN by Tim Berners-Lee.
The commercial applications were added to the
Internet.
Multimedia (Voice over IP, Video over IP (Skype), view
sharing (YouTube), TV over IP (PPLive)).
 P2P applications
 Recently?!

 1.5.1 Internet Standards
 Definition
 IS development Procedure
 Internet draft
 Request For Comments (RFCs)
 RFC Maturity Levels
1.5 Standards and Administration

 Proposed Standard: is a specification that is stable, well
understood, and usually tested and implemented by several
different groups.
 Draft Standard: A proposed standard is elevated to draft
standard status after at least two successful independent and
interoperable implementations.
 Internet Standard: A draft standard reaches Internet standard
status after demonstrations of successful implementation.

 Historic: The historic RFCs either have been superseded by
later specifications or have never passed the necessary
maturity levels to become an Internet standard.
 Experimental: An RFC classified as experimental describes
work related to an experimental situation that does not affect
the operation of the Internet.
 Informational: An RFC classified as informational contains
general, historical, or tutorial information related to the
Internet.

 Requirements Levels
 Required: An RFC must be implemented by all Internet systems to
achieve minimum conformance. For example, IP and ICMP are required
protocol.
 Recommended: An RFC is not required for minimum conformance. For
example, FTP and TELNET are recommended protocols.
 Elective: An RFC is not required and not recommended. However, a
system can use it for its own benefit.

 Requirements Levels
 Limited use: An RFC should be used only in limited situations. Most of
the experimental RFCs fall under this category.
 Not Recommended: An RFC use should be used only in limited
situations. Most of the experimental RFCs fall under this category.

 1.5.2 Internet Administration
 IA Origins?
 ISOC
 Formed in 1992, as an international NPO,
 Provides support for Internet standads process,
 Supporting internet bodies such as IAB, IRTF, and IETF.
 Promotes research and other activities related to the Internet.

 1.5.2 Internet Administration
 ISOC Bodies
 Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Technical
advisor to ISOC for TCP/IP and Int. community.
 IETF: managed by IESG
 IRTF: managed by IRSG

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