The document summarizes protests and violence in South Africa in opposition to apartheid policies. It describes overcrowded and poor conditions in Soweto township outside Johannesburg where most blacks were forced to live. In 1976, student protests against mandatory Afrikaans language instruction turned violent when police fired on demonstrators without warning, spreading clashes across Soweto and resulting in 25 deaths on the first day. Subsequent years saw further violent protests in multiple cities as the anti-apartheid movement grew, with the government arresting many protesters but failing to stop the uprising. By the mid-1980s, the economy was suffering and international pressure was mounting for the apartheid government to reform.