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Need a short paragraph or two to correspond each question. Topic: "Happiness and the Virtues" Please respond to the following: • View the video titled “Ethical Theory: Aristotle's Virtue Ethics, Solitary Confinement, and Supererogatory Actions” on YouTube video, (5 min 11 s), located at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJ83U1Nx_dI . Be prepared to discuss. Q1. From the “Ethical Theory” video in Aristotle’s essay, analyze Aristotle’s claim that reason determines right action. Discuss how this process occurs and how it is related to the general principle that virtuous action is a “mean” between extremes. Then, discuss the prisoner’s views about isolation. Discuss your agreement or disagreement with Aristotle’s view of happiness. Provide reasons and examples to support your view. Q2. Debate It: Take a position for or against Augustine's claim: “Virtue gives perfection to the soul; the soul obtains virtue by following God; following God is the happy live.” Provide reasons and examples to support your view. Topic: "Virtues and Vices" Please respond to the following: Q3. Analyze and comment on Epictetus’ statement as it relates to behaving with virtue: “Some things are up to us and some are not up to us.” Q4. Analyze the claim by Foot that “virtue belongs to the will.” Explain your understanding of the relationship between virtue and the will. Is virtue a relevant influence to our lives today? Provide reasons and examples to support your view. Topic: "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" Please respond to the following: Q5. Compare Jonathan Edwards’ presentation, which claims that divine judgment will be brought down on a person who yields to vice, to Plutarch’s argument that there “is no pleasure in vice”. Discuss the issue, and provide examples of possible alternative incentives to avoid vice. Q6. Explain how, in your view, a belief in “original sin” might influence a person’s approach to moral education. Provide reasons and examples to support your view. Topic: "Jealousy, Envy, and Grudge" Please respond to the following: Read Immanuel Kant’s views titled “Virtue and Vice”, located at http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-moral/#VirVic . Be prepared to discuss. Q7. From above reading Kant’s essay, debate whether it is possible to envy others without begrudging their happiness. Describe how Kant views this issue. Provide reasons and examples to support your view. Q8. Kant’s claim: “Until one achieves a permanent change in the will's orientation . . . a revolution in which moral righteousness is the nonnegotiable condition of any of one's pursuits, all of one's actions that are in accordance with duty are nevertheless morally worthless.” Topic: "The Moral and Legal Status of Abortion" Please respond to the following: Q9. Discuss Mary Anne Warren’s distinction between being human and being a person. Do you agree that being a person is a necessary condition for having a right to life? If we believe that there c.

Education

Q3. Analyze and comment on Epictetus’ statement as it relates
to behaving with virtue: “Some things are up to us and some are
not up to us.”
Q4. Analyze the claim by Foot that “virtue belongs to the will.”
Explain your understanding of the relationship between virtue
and the will. Is virtue a relevant influence to our lives today?
Provide reasons and examples to support your view.
Topic:
"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" Please respond to the
following:
Q5. Compare Jonathan Edwards’ presentation, which claims that
divine judgment will be brought down on a person who yields to
vice, to Plutarch’s argument that there “is no pleasure in vice”.
Discuss the issue, and provide examples of possible alternative
incentives to avoid vice.
Q6. Explain how, in your view, a belief in “original sin” might
influence a person’s approach to moral education. Provide
reasons and examples to support your view.
Topic:
"Jealousy, Envy, and Grudge" Please respond to the following:
Read Immanuel Kant’s views titled “Virtue and Vice”, located
at
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-moral/#VirVic
. Be prepared to discuss.

Q7. From above reading
Kant’s essay, debate whether it is possible to envy others
without begrudging their happiness. Describe how Kant views
this issue. Provide reasons and examples to support your view.
Q8. Kant’s claim: “Until one achieves a permanent change in
the will's orientation . . . a revolution in which moral
righteousness is the nonnegotiable condition of any of one's
pursuits, all of one's actions that are in accordance with duty are
nevertheless morally worthless.”
Topic:
"The Moral and Legal Status of Abortion" Please respond to the
following:
Q9. Discuss Mary Anne Warren’s distinction between being
human and being a person. Do you agree that being a person is a
necessary condition for having a right to life? If we believe that
there could be persons that are not human, or vice versa, what is
the end result of that view? Who has the power to determine if a
person is human or not?
Q10. Explain the statement: “Abortion is morally wrong.”
Provide reasons and examples to support why a person would
hold to this position.
Topic:
"Social Action and Fairness" Please respond to the following:

Q11. Debate It. Take a position for or against Singer’s claim
that each person has a serious moral obligation to do something
about world hunger. Provide reasons and examples to support
your view.
Q12. Evaluate Fullinwider’s claim that a company’s record of
discrimination will keep reproducing itself in spite of its good
intentions not to discriminate. Provide reasons and examples to
support your view.

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Ethical Claims Both ethics and morals involve considerations about what’s right and wrong. The term “ethics” derives from the Greek word ethos, meaning character, while “moral” comes from the Latin word moralis, meaning ethical. So the words “ethics” and “morals” are often used interchangeably. For most of this text, we’ve been exploring the ways that people provide support that a claim is true. But now we’re exploring something quite different: how people provide support that a claim is right—not “right” in the sense of being accurate but “right” in the sense of being the morally correct thing to do. Not everything has a moral dimension. Some things, like arithmetic, are amoral. The equation 2 + 2 = 4 is neither good nor bad, it’s just true. In contrast, consider the following claim: It is wrong to eat meat. This is still a conclusion, and to persuade others to believe it we will need to construct an argument (i.e., provide sound reasoning to support this conclusion). So we’re still dealing with claims and arguments, fallacies and sources, and so on, but we’ve completely left the realm of science, with its observable phenomena and replicable experiments. We’re in the land of ethics now. We learn ethics like we learn everything else: through a mixture of personal experience and shared knowledge. Every society possesses a sense that some things are right and others are wrong. Generally speaking, we believe that it is good to help other people and bad to hurt them. We learn this from our own reactions to things as we grow up and develop our sense of self. And these lessons are reinforced by parents, teachers, friends, and strangers, as well as in the stories of our culture. A Few Helpful Terms for Discussing Ethics Ethics: thinking and reasoning about right and wrong. Moral principles: rules of conduct that guide an individual’s actions to take into account the interests of other people. Excuse: a reason offered for breaking a moral principle in a given situation. Justification: an argument claiming that violating some moral principle is actually the right course of action in a given situation. Killing is wrong… (moral principle) … unless you are killing someone as punishment for killing someone else. (justification) Moral dilemma: a situation in which there is not an obvious ethically right or wrong answer, often because there are two moral principles in conflict with each other. An armed man has entered a school and is killing children. It’s wrong to kill. Should I kill him to keep him from killing others? Answer the following questions about the material above. Multiple Choice Question How do moral claims differ from other types of claims? · There’s no such thing as a fallacy in a moral claim. · They make a claim about what’s right and wrong. · They must be supported by evidence. · They contain a premise and a conclusion. Multiple Choice Question Kayla normally believes that a mother should make her child as happy as possibl ...

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9.5 Moral Theories All moral claims are grounded in some moral theory. It is the nature of such claims that they are based on a system of beliefs about what is right and wrong, just and unjust. The table below lists a handful of the moral theories you are most likely to encounter in ethical arguments today. It’s important to note that each one has its own strengths and weaknesses. Moral theories give you general guidelines, but you still usually have to apply moral reasoning in individual cases to test them out. For example, none of these theories explicitly claim that killing is wrong. The theories are more about how you would ground your claim that killing is wrong. Moral theories are also not mutually exclusive. The argument that killing is wrong could be grounded in all of these theories. Whether they know it or not, everyone has a moral theory. It is inescapable. Even if their moral theory is that there are no morals, that still represents a moral theory. But not all moral theories are equal—some hold up to critical thinking better than others. You may see wisdom in all of these perspectives, or you may strongly identify with a single one. Regardless, it's important for you to recognize the potential weaknesses in any moral theory you favor, and it's helpful for you to understand why others find legitimacy in the moral theories they employ. Theory Criticisms Kantian Ethics · Immanuel Kant put forth the categorical imperative, which states that you should only act on moral principles that you would be willing to turn into universal laws mandating that everyone act the same way. · This is a version of the question, “How would you like it if everyone did that?” Any two people who want to get married should be able to. · This theory is so absolute that it sometimes goes against moral common sense. It’s wrong to kiss my spouse because I would not like it if everyone kissed my spouse. Utilitarianism · The morally right course of action is the one that will produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. · The only thing that matters is the consequences of the action, not the intentions behind the action (the ends justify the means). · Ignores people’s rights, duties, and intentions. · Could be used to justify an act that most would consider morally wrong because it inflicts harm on one person unjustly, even if it brings great happiness to many others. It’s okay to steal money from my neighbor and take my family on a vacation, because then my whole family would be happy, and only my neighbor would be harmed. Ethical Egoism · Doing whatever is best for your own interests or would make you happy. · This is not necessarily the same thing as doing whatever you want in the moment, because that might not be in your best interests in the long term. · Can be used to justify terrible actions. Ethical Altruism · Doing whatever is best for others or would bring the greatest amount of happiness to people besides yourself. · Some.

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