necessity theory

1. By INTAN DWI LESTARI, S.Pd

2. When you are learning about
necessity , one thing you must
first know is to understand types
of expression there are for you to
express it.
Read and learn these expressions.
Pronounce them correctly.
• Must…
• Have to…
• Has to…
• Have got to…
• Need to…
• Should…
• Ought to…
• Supposed to…
Pronounciation Focus
Should I?
Source: jamesoladujoye, pixabay.com

3.  Necessity is the need for something. (Cambridge
Dictionary)
 Necessity is a process, thing, or action that is needed in
a situation. (Macmillan Dictionary)
So, the expression of necessity is an expression when we
need or need to do something. Usually in Indonesian,
necessity is called “keharusan”.
The example expression of necessity is using modal such
as must, have to/ has to/ had to, have got to and need to.
DEFINITION OF NECESSITY

4. MUST; expresses strong necessity to do something. It is stronger
than should and ought. It shows that the speaker thinks that the action
specified by the main verb is necessary to do, and it's the right thing to do.
Must is a modal which one of its functions is to express the necessity that
occur in the present and in the future. Must is not used to express the
necessity that happened in the past .
Stating Necessity
Must
Example:
1. He must give up smoking. (It is an order which is likely to be obeyed)
2. He must wait. (It is an order.)
3. She must tell the truth. (It is absolutely necessary.)
4. You must work hard.
5. He must start coming on time.
6. I must talk to him.

5. The pattern which is used to make necessity using must ;
Affirmative Form : Subject + must + verb + O
Example :
1) You must come to the party
2) I must call her now.
3) We must go to sleep early.
4) We must use seat belt while driving.
Negative Form : Subject + must not/ mustn’t + verb
Example :
1) I must not drink too much coffee.
2) You mustn’t tell this secret to anyone.
3) I must not spend my money for unnecessary things.
4) We mustn’t leave any hate comment on any social media
platform.

6. “Have to/has to/had to/will have to”
When you are using “have to/has to/had to” its power is in resemblance
with “must”, that means you don’t have a choice and you must follow/do
what is told. Use 'have to/has to' in the present, 'had to' in the past, and
‘will have to' in the future to express responsibility or necessity.
Examples:
• John has to go to work every day.
• The students have to study tonight.
• You have to know the consequences of your actions.
• She had to work hard yesterday.
• They will have to arrive early.
Stating Necessity

7.  Affirmative Form
Past form: subjek + had to + kata kerja
Present form: subjek + have to/ has to + kata kerja
Future form: subjek + will + have to + kata kerja
Example :
•I had to take a taxi because my car broke down.
•I had to do chores by myself since my sister was sick.
•You have to wash your hands before eating.
•She has to submit the form on Monday.
•We will have to get a job.
•You’ll have to wake me up early.
Note : in the present form), the use of have to depend on subject which is used. If the
subject are I, you, we, they, or plural use have to, while if the subject are he, she, it, or
singualr use has to.
 Negative Form (Bentuk Negatif)
Bentuk negatif form have to is do not have to/ don’t have to/ does not have to/ doesn’t
have to. Sebenarnya, have to dalam bentuk negatif tidak bisa digunakan untuk
menyatakan kalimat keharusan.
Actually, have to in the negative form, it cannot be used for necessity.
Example :
You don’t have to go
You mustn’t go.

8. “Have got to”
Stating Necessity
The verb have (got) to has the meaning of necessity but not as strong as the
meaning of must. Have got to is used in informal speech. Meanwhile, have to,
can be used in both formal and informal conversations.
In general, native speaker use have (got) to more often than must, especially in
American English. As already said, this verbal one has present, past, and future
forms.
Example:
I have got to do something about this stain on my dress.
Driver have got to get a license to drive car
He had to run back home to retrieve his laptop.
She will have to write an essay for the competition.
I have to help my sister with her homework once I got home.

9. “Need to”
Stating Necessity
Use 'need to' to express that something is important for you to do. This
form is usually used for something that is important one time, rather than
referring to a responsibility or duty.
The verb need to can also be used in three forms; present, past and
future. In its use in today's form, the writing is still "need to". Then in the
past form, the writing changed to "needed to". Finally, in its future form,
the writing has changed to "will need to". Please be careful not to forget
“to” after the verb “need”. Because if you only use the verb "need", the
meaning will change to "need"
Examples:
1) She needs to go to Seattle next week.
2) Do you need to get up early tomorrow?
3) I need to spend more time with my children because I've been so
busy lately.
4) We need to focus on getting new business this month
Pattern: S + NEED TO/NEEDS TO /NEEDED TO/WILL NEED TO+
Verb + O

10. STATING NECESSITY
(It is necessary that…)
(It is obligatory that…)
PATTERN
It’s necessary that + Subject + Verb
It is obligatory that +
Example :
1) It’s necessary that I’ll be there on time.
2) It is necessary that we bring umbrella. It is raining outside.
3) It is obligatory that we wear uniform in school.
4) It is obligatory that we stop at red lights.
5) It is obligatory that we wear helmet while riding bicycle or motorcycle.
6) It is obligatory that all drivers have driving license.

11.  Expectation is a belief about what might happen in the
future.( Vocabulary.com)
 Expectation is a belief that something will happen
because it is likely. (Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries)
The expression of expectation is using modal such as
should, ought to, and supposed to, which are more in the
form of hopes and suggestions or suggestions.
Example :
• You should bring your umbrella if you don’t want to get
wet.
• You ought to see a doctor if you don’t feel well.
• You’re supposed to say “thank you” when somebody
helps you.
DEFINITION OF EXPECTATION

12. Stating Expectation
Should
The modal 'should' is used to describe something that is healthy
or a good idea for us to do. Things that we 'should' do are things
that help improve or develop us or things that help other people.
For example:
You should cut down on your salt intake because you have to
lower your blood pressure.
If you want to buy a house, you should start saving money now.
This class should pay more attention to the teacher.
We should go to bed early if we want to wake up before the
traffic hits.

13. Stating Expectation
Ought to
The modal 'ought' is almost the same as 'should' however, it is
most often used in more serious or formal situations or when
used to describe things that 'should' be done in general (by all
people). It is also a more traditional way of saying 'should' and
may be used by older people or people of authority who are
talking to younger people.
For example:
You ought to eat your vegetables!
He ought to make it up to her for forgetting her birthday.
How could you have done this? You ought to know better!
Children ought to respect their parents.

14. Should and ought have very similar meanings and can
often replace each other. Note that ought is followed by
the infinitive with to. They means a suggestion or
advice.
Should vs “Ought to”
Example:
1. You should tell the truth. OR You ought to tell the truth.
2. He should be punctual. OR He ought to be punctual.
3. He should stop smoking. OR He ought to stop smoking.
4. She should find a better job. OR She ought to find a better job.
5. He should consult a doctor. OR He ought to consult a doctor.

15. “Supposed to”
Stating Expectation
• In English, 'supposed to ' is a verb and it means 'to assume' that something is
true or expect that something will happen.
• “Supposed to” may means an obligation.
• It is something that you should do, but it is also okay if you choose not to do it.
• Still, it is better that you do it because it is either good or beneficial for you.
Examples:
• You are supposed to stay in the class today.
• Your are supposed to be in the workshop.
• Emma is supposed to stay in her dorm this night.
“Supposed to” may also means that you are told/have been told to do something,
but you didn’t do it.
Examples:
• Sally is supposed to meet her friend tonight. (But in fact she didn’t)
• All of the employees are supposed to attend today’s meeting. (But in fact they
didn’t)