This document discusses natural hemorrhoid treatment options. It claims that over 40% of adults will experience hemorrhoids by age 50, and that stress and lifestyle factors contribute to 75% of illnesses. While doctors say hemorrhoids are not linked to lifestyle, many sufferers report relief from dietary and lifestyle changes. It provides two natural treatment tips: avoiding prolonged sitting, and eating a healthy diet to avoid constipation. It promotes a permanent natural treatment program available via a link.
A lung cancer prognosis is an medical opinion about the outcome of the disease in a patient. The score from the PrognostiCheck® test provides a clear illustration of how the individual patient is doing.
International Journal of Cancer Studies & Research (IJCR) ISSN:2167-9118 is a comprehensive, peer reviewed journal devoted to cancer studies and research. IJCR, published by SciDoc is an open access journal that includes high quality papers, which covers all major areas of Cancer and its related fields. SciDoc with its Open Access publication model spreads all the day-to-day developments and research to readers around the world.
A lung cancer prognosis is an medical opinion about the outcome of the disease in a patient. The score from the PrognostiCheck® test provides a clear illustration of how the individual patient is doing.
International Journal of Cancer Studies & Research (IJCR) ISSN:2167-9118 is a comprehensive, peer reviewed journal devoted to cancer studies and research. IJCR, published by SciDoc is an open access journal that includes high quality papers, which covers all major areas of Cancer and its related fields. SciDoc with its Open Access publication model spreads all the day-to-day developments and research to readers around the world.
Nutritional therapy is a complementary therapy and is often used alongside conventional medicine. Therapists cannot claim to be able to cure a condition or illness. They will often work with patients referred to them by medical practitioners and deal with chronic health problems that conventional medicine may find difficult to treat. Therapists will work with clients to conduct a holistic assessment of their nutritional requirements. They will then make a prescription for diet and supplementation.
Home remedies for hemorrhoids are the best natural way to treat hemorrhoids (external and internal both). Its procedure is very simple and easy for everyone.
Top scientist and researchers worked very hard to discover cure for a lot of dieses, Efforts to develop disease-modifying drugs that could, as a consequence of disease reversion. In humans,
Keeping up with the latest in medical news can help you to stay ahead of the curve in many ways.
The Eat To Live Diet is for people whose lives are threatened by their unhealthy weight, thereby requiring them to trim their bodies fast. This weight loss method promises to bring about 20 pounds of weight loss within 1 ½ months. Below are the main principles supporting this method:
Managing with external hemorrhoids
When coping with external hemorrhoids, there are many facts and myths that are floating around about them. It may be difficult to decipher what is truth and what is false. Especially when the situation may be extremely painful, though, it's good to first get an idea of what exactly is correct, what could be wrong. Therefore, this instructive article was created. We will show in the following paragraphs some of the most common myths and facts about the problems of external hemorrhoids that are floating around these days. External hemorrhoids is a myth that you can fix with some simple cream. This is simply not true.
Main causes of outer hemorrhoids is rooted in internal problems
The main cause of external hemorrhoids are internal, even though the symptoms appear externally. So applying the kind of topical cream will not necessarily solve the problem as a whole. Sure, you can ease the pain sensation. Of course, this may reduce the swelling. The fact of the matter is, however, if the issues can't be fixed inside, the outside symptoms won;t be treated.
External hemorrhoids is direcltly related to your diet
A fact, external hemorrhoids, they are also irritated by the diet. In case you're not getting enough fiber, it will lead to constipation, stools are hard and sharp and and may cause pain with your bowel movements. This adds to the issues related to the problem and aggravates it even more. Spicey foods one thing that should be avoided as well. Although many people prefer a little kick to the food, but you can not enjoy a kick to the external hemorrhoids which is why it is important to watch your diet and get as much fiber as you can.
External hemorrhoids are common, not rare
Another myth to consider in relation to external hemorrhoids, is that they are not a common day occurence and you should be embarrassed about your condition. External hemorrhoids are usually more common than you think. At least half of the population, or more probably will end up with them at least once if not several times in their lives. It's a little embarrassing topic because of where the problem is situated, but not something that is shameful. It happens to all of us.
External hemorrhoids have multiple causes
Another fact, external hemorrhoids, the fact that there are several reasons for this problem, not just one. Too many people get hung up on one of the reasons and try to fix that aspect of the problem without the others. For example, the condition is more due to poor blood circulation, unable to purify waste, poor diet, constipation, weakened blood vessels, inflammation, and a host of other things. Put all these together and you find yourself dealing with external hemorrhoids.
The external hemorrhoids is essentially a reflection of the lifestyle you lead, but once you get external hemorrhoids, the condition can be very painful, and seeking medical attention as soon as possible is advisable.
The modules in this session will provide a detailed review of Height/Weight and Blood Work, Immunizations, the VENA tool, Risk Factors/High Risk, Referrals/Other Programs, Nutrition Education, Create SOAP Notes, and the CPA-Determined Follow-up screens. It will also provide a general overview of their corresponding tabs or screens in the Participant Folder.
Allergies generally are understood to be hypersensitivity with a foreign particle or another. Different individuals have different types of tolerances with regard to foreign physiques. When many people cannot change with particular elements within their surroundings, they may are afflicted by certain skin issues that are commonly known as skin allergic reactions.
Visit us for more information http://www.theweightlossdiets.com/
Working out does lots of good things for the body. Two of the main benefits are that it helps you to get in shape and it burns up calories at a fast rate. The harder you work, the more quickly you can get in shape and the more calories you burn during your workout.
Visit us for more information http://www.afterburnworkout.com
Our eating and drinking habits play an important role in the development and prevention of tooth decay. With sugary food and drinks, it’s how much we consume, as well as how often, that affects the development of tooth decay. The physical form of the sugar is also important.
FOR MORE INFORMATION VISIT NOW http://www.nutritionaustralia.org
The Top 10 Health Habits that're harming us big time.pdfIshaq Khan
Here top 10 health habits are presented that are actually having negative effects on our health. They include many that're common in this nowadays modern world. Some of these are such as being affected by ads, taking antibiotics, using sanitizers, painkillers etc.
If you are feeling puffed up, tired or even irritable whenever eating; should you often knowledge abdomen discomfort, reflux, diarrhea or even constipation; should you get rashes, hives, itchy pores and skin or eye, or frequently binge on the explicit meals, you simply might have a meals allergy.Food allergic reactions are increasing for the final fifty many years, and it is estimated that they are behind other health problems, particularly within children.The most typical allergenic meals for children are: dairy products, wheat, hammer toe, sugar, soy, nut products, peanuts, nut products and ova. Several grown ups are troubled by these food types plus oats, candida, chocolate, sea food, beef as well as citrus.
Visit us for more information http://www.stairmasterworkout.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Nutritional therapy is a complementary therapy and is often used alongside conventional medicine. Therapists cannot claim to be able to cure a condition or illness. They will often work with patients referred to them by medical practitioners and deal with chronic health problems that conventional medicine may find difficult to treat. Therapists will work with clients to conduct a holistic assessment of their nutritional requirements. They will then make a prescription for diet and supplementation.
Home remedies for hemorrhoids are the best natural way to treat hemorrhoids (external and internal both). Its procedure is very simple and easy for everyone.
Top scientist and researchers worked very hard to discover cure for a lot of dieses, Efforts to develop disease-modifying drugs that could, as a consequence of disease reversion. In humans,
Keeping up with the latest in medical news can help you to stay ahead of the curve in many ways.
The Eat To Live Diet is for people whose lives are threatened by their unhealthy weight, thereby requiring them to trim their bodies fast. This weight loss method promises to bring about 20 pounds of weight loss within 1 ½ months. Below are the main principles supporting this method:
Managing with external hemorrhoids
When coping with external hemorrhoids, there are many facts and myths that are floating around about them. It may be difficult to decipher what is truth and what is false. Especially when the situation may be extremely painful, though, it's good to first get an idea of what exactly is correct, what could be wrong. Therefore, this instructive article was created. We will show in the following paragraphs some of the most common myths and facts about the problems of external hemorrhoids that are floating around these days. External hemorrhoids is a myth that you can fix with some simple cream. This is simply not true.
Main causes of outer hemorrhoids is rooted in internal problems
The main cause of external hemorrhoids are internal, even though the symptoms appear externally. So applying the kind of topical cream will not necessarily solve the problem as a whole. Sure, you can ease the pain sensation. Of course, this may reduce the swelling. The fact of the matter is, however, if the issues can't be fixed inside, the outside symptoms won;t be treated.
External hemorrhoids is direcltly related to your diet
A fact, external hemorrhoids, they are also irritated by the diet. In case you're not getting enough fiber, it will lead to constipation, stools are hard and sharp and and may cause pain with your bowel movements. This adds to the issues related to the problem and aggravates it even more. Spicey foods one thing that should be avoided as well. Although many people prefer a little kick to the food, but you can not enjoy a kick to the external hemorrhoids which is why it is important to watch your diet and get as much fiber as you can.
External hemorrhoids are common, not rare
Another myth to consider in relation to external hemorrhoids, is that they are not a common day occurence and you should be embarrassed about your condition. External hemorrhoids are usually more common than you think. At least half of the population, or more probably will end up with them at least once if not several times in their lives. It's a little embarrassing topic because of where the problem is situated, but not something that is shameful. It happens to all of us.
External hemorrhoids have multiple causes
Another fact, external hemorrhoids, the fact that there are several reasons for this problem, not just one. Too many people get hung up on one of the reasons and try to fix that aspect of the problem without the others. For example, the condition is more due to poor blood circulation, unable to purify waste, poor diet, constipation, weakened blood vessels, inflammation, and a host of other things. Put all these together and you find yourself dealing with external hemorrhoids.
The external hemorrhoids is essentially a reflection of the lifestyle you lead, but once you get external hemorrhoids, the condition can be very painful, and seeking medical attention as soon as possible is advisable.
The modules in this session will provide a detailed review of Height/Weight and Blood Work, Immunizations, the VENA tool, Risk Factors/High Risk, Referrals/Other Programs, Nutrition Education, Create SOAP Notes, and the CPA-Determined Follow-up screens. It will also provide a general overview of their corresponding tabs or screens in the Participant Folder.
Allergies generally are understood to be hypersensitivity with a foreign particle or another. Different individuals have different types of tolerances with regard to foreign physiques. When many people cannot change with particular elements within their surroundings, they may are afflicted by certain skin issues that are commonly known as skin allergic reactions.
Visit us for more information http://www.theweightlossdiets.com/
Working out does lots of good things for the body. Two of the main benefits are that it helps you to get in shape and it burns up calories at a fast rate. The harder you work, the more quickly you can get in shape and the more calories you burn during your workout.
Visit us for more information http://www.afterburnworkout.com
Our eating and drinking habits play an important role in the development and prevention of tooth decay. With sugary food and drinks, it’s how much we consume, as well as how often, that affects the development of tooth decay. The physical form of the sugar is also important.
FOR MORE INFORMATION VISIT NOW http://www.nutritionaustralia.org
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Here top 10 health habits are presented that are actually having negative effects on our health. They include many that're common in this nowadays modern world. Some of these are such as being affected by ads, taking antibiotics, using sanitizers, painkillers etc.
If you are feeling puffed up, tired or even irritable whenever eating; should you often knowledge abdomen discomfort, reflux, diarrhea or even constipation; should you get rashes, hives, itchy pores and skin or eye, or frequently binge on the explicit meals, you simply might have a meals allergy.Food allergic reactions are increasing for the final fifty many years, and it is estimated that they are behind other health problems, particularly within children.The most typical allergenic meals for children are: dairy products, wheat, hammer toe, sugar, soy, nut products, peanuts, nut products and ova. Several grown ups are troubled by these food types plus oats, candida, chocolate, sea food, beef as well as citrus.
Visit us for more information http://www.stairmasterworkout.com
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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5. Have you spent money on
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14. Many doctors still claim that
there’s NO connection between
hemorrhoids
and lifestyle.
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15. Let me say that again:
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insist that there is NO connection
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and hemorrhoids
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sufferers have reported that
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got worse when they consumed
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want to admit it, the
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NOT to help those who are sick
but to turn over a profit!
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crazy lives we live
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28. The report suggests that sitting
down for prolonged or extended
periods of time can
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29. create excessive pressure on the
sitter’s bottom which provides the
perfect environment for hemorrhoids
to occur
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30. The solution is really
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31. Don’t stay seated for more than
an hour at any one time and it is
also recommended that doing
light stretches will
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32. help to promote a healthy
blood flow to the area
and
help to prevent future hemorrhoids
from
occurring
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33. #2. Processed foods contain
chemicals and additives that can
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tend to produce a harder stool
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which may also be a factor in
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36. Is there a permanent solution to
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information that will show you
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39. It is a natural treatment that
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40. Click on the link below and
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