The document summarizes Amitav Ghosh's novel "The Shadow Lines". It provides background on the author, publication details of the novel, and discusses key themes like nationalism. It also summarizes the plot, which follows a young narrator and his memories of his cousin Ila. The novel examines how political boundaries are created and can divide societies, as seen in the division of India. It analyzes memories and connections between people and places across borders.
This document provides a summary of E.M. Forster's life and career as well as an in-depth summary of his novel "A Passage to India". It outlines the key events in Forster's life from his birth in 1879 to his death in 1970. It then analyzes the novel's setting, major characters, themes of imperialism, racism and the difficulty of intercultural friendship under British rule in India. The document is divided into sections on cultural background, historical background and detailed summaries of each part of the novel.
The Duchess of Malfi Presented by MM Shariful Karim Monir Hossen
This document provides an overview and analysis of John Webster's play The Duchess of Malfi. It begins with background on Webster and an introduction to the play. It then discusses major characters, plot, themes of revenge tragedy, and excerpts of critical analysis. The play is described as a revenge tragedy centered around a Duchess who secretly marries below her class and is executed, leading others to seek revenge. The document provides historical context and analyzes characters and themes through quotes from the play.
T.S. Eliot's 1919 essay "Hamlet and His Problems" argues that Shakespeare's Hamlet is an artistic failure because the play does not adequately convey Hamlet's emotions through external events (the objective correlative). Eliot claims Hamlet attempts to portray too many complex emotions, like Hamlet's disgust for his mother Gertrude's incestuous marriage, without sufficient dramatic events to evoke these feelings in the audience. However, the document argues Eliot fails to consider how an Elizabethan audience would have understood Hamlet's intense emotions given the cultural context of the time regarding marriage and family. It asserts Shakespeare accurately portrayed the genuine rage Hamlet and original viewers would feel toward Claudius for his crimes, and Eliot
The document provides an overview and analysis of Samuel Richardson's novel Pamela or Virtue Rewarded. It discusses how Richardson originally intended the novel as a conduct book but later developed it as an epistolary novel. Pamela tells the story of a 15-year old maidservant who withstands the advances of her master through virtue and integrity. The novel was highly popular and influential as one of the first novels to depict everyday people and manners in a realistic way. It also brought attention to themes of virtue, morality and gender roles.
Cleanth Brooks - The Language of ParadoxDilip Barad
This presentation is based on Cleanth Brooks's essay "The Language of Paradox,", wherein Cleanth Brooks emphasizes how the language of poetry is different from that of the sciences, claiming that he is interested in our seeing that the paradoxes spring from the very nature of the poet's language: “it is a language in which the connotations play as great a part as the denotations. And I do not mean that the connotations are important as supplying some sort of frill or trimming, something external to the real matter in hand. I mean that the poet does not use a notation at all--as a scientist may properly be said to do so. The poet, within limits, has to make up his language as he goes.”
The document summarizes Amitav Ghosh's novel "The Shadow Lines". It provides background on the author, publication details of the novel, and discusses key themes like nationalism. It also summarizes the plot, which follows a young narrator and his memories of his cousin Ila. The novel examines how political boundaries are created and can divide societies, as seen in the division of India. It analyzes memories and connections between people and places across borders.
This document provides a summary of E.M. Forster's life and career as well as an in-depth summary of his novel "A Passage to India". It outlines the key events in Forster's life from his birth in 1879 to his death in 1970. It then analyzes the novel's setting, major characters, themes of imperialism, racism and the difficulty of intercultural friendship under British rule in India. The document is divided into sections on cultural background, historical background and detailed summaries of each part of the novel.
The Duchess of Malfi Presented by MM Shariful Karim Monir Hossen
This document provides an overview and analysis of John Webster's play The Duchess of Malfi. It begins with background on Webster and an introduction to the play. It then discusses major characters, plot, themes of revenge tragedy, and excerpts of critical analysis. The play is described as a revenge tragedy centered around a Duchess who secretly marries below her class and is executed, leading others to seek revenge. The document provides historical context and analyzes characters and themes through quotes from the play.
T.S. Eliot's 1919 essay "Hamlet and His Problems" argues that Shakespeare's Hamlet is an artistic failure because the play does not adequately convey Hamlet's emotions through external events (the objective correlative). Eliot claims Hamlet attempts to portray too many complex emotions, like Hamlet's disgust for his mother Gertrude's incestuous marriage, without sufficient dramatic events to evoke these feelings in the audience. However, the document argues Eliot fails to consider how an Elizabethan audience would have understood Hamlet's intense emotions given the cultural context of the time regarding marriage and family. It asserts Shakespeare accurately portrayed the genuine rage Hamlet and original viewers would feel toward Claudius for his crimes, and Eliot
The document provides an overview and analysis of Samuel Richardson's novel Pamela or Virtue Rewarded. It discusses how Richardson originally intended the novel as a conduct book but later developed it as an epistolary novel. Pamela tells the story of a 15-year old maidservant who withstands the advances of her master through virtue and integrity. The novel was highly popular and influential as one of the first novels to depict everyday people and manners in a realistic way. It also brought attention to themes of virtue, morality and gender roles.
Cleanth Brooks - The Language of ParadoxDilip Barad
This presentation is based on Cleanth Brooks's essay "The Language of Paradox,", wherein Cleanth Brooks emphasizes how the language of poetry is different from that of the sciences, claiming that he is interested in our seeing that the paradoxes spring from the very nature of the poet's language: “it is a language in which the connotations play as great a part as the denotations. And I do not mean that the connotations are important as supplying some sort of frill or trimming, something external to the real matter in hand. I mean that the poet does not use a notation at all--as a scientist may properly be said to do so. The poet, within limits, has to make up his language as he goes.”
This document provides a summary and analysis of the poem "Australia" by A.D. Hope. It outlines Hope's biography and background. The summary then analyzes key themes in the poem, including Hope's criticism of empty spiritual values and lack of cultural identity in Australian society. Technical elements like rhyme scheme and imagery are discussed. Hope's negative portrayal of Australia as lacking humanity is analyzed through metaphors like comparing the country to a sphinx.
This document provides information about Victorian literature and the poet Robert Browning. It summarizes Browning's life, influences, styles of poetry including dramatic monologues, and analyzes some of his most famous poems like "My Last Duchess" and "Porpheyria's Lover." The document also discusses key characteristics of Victorian literature such as its emphasis on order, morality, and influence of science.
The document discusses the rise of the novel as a genre in the 18th century. It provides definitions of the novel and traces its origins from prototypes in Elizabethan literature. The rise of the novel coincided with the rise of the middle class in Europe as printing technology advanced and literacy rates increased. Early novels took different forms such as epistolary, realistic, philosophical, and experimental novels. Major early novelists included Defoe, Fielding, Richardson, Sterne, and Swift. Theories on the rise of the novel discussed include formal realism, progressive narrative, and specific novelistic features before the formal establishment of the genre.
Dramas staged between 1660 and 1700 are called ‘Restoration Dramas’. The dramatic literature of the period was dominated by comedies called ‘Comedy of manners’. Actually ‘Restoration Comedy’ is used as a synonym for “Comedy of Manners”. The plot of the comedy, often concerned with scandal, was traditionally less important than its witty dialogues.
The comedy of manners was first developed in the new comedy of the Ancient Greek Playwright Menander. His style, elaborate plots, and stock characters were imitated by the Roman playwrights Plautus and Terence, whose comedies were widely known and copied during the Renaissance. The best-known comedies of manners, however, may well be those of the French playwright Moliere.
Oscar Wilde and William Congreve are the most celebrated authors of ‘Comedy of Manners’.
This document summarizes Elaine Showalter's work and contributions to feminist literary criticism. It discusses her division of feminist criticism into the "Woman as Reader" and "Woman as Writer" frameworks. It also summarizes Showalter's concept of the three phases of feminist literature - the Feminine phase, the Feminist phase, and the Female phase. The document concludes by discussing Showalter's advocacy for approaching feminist criticism from a cultural perspective that acknowledges differences among women writers.
Eugene O'Neill's play Long Day's Journey into Night follows the Tyrone family over the course of a single day in 1912. It is considered O'Neill's masterpiece and one of the greatest American plays of the 20th century. The semi-autobiographical play depicts the family's decline as they struggle with addiction and mental illness. Each character lives in denial of their own failures and blame the others, escaping their problems through alcohol and drugs. As the day progresses from morning to night, their illusions are shattered by reality and the play ends in tragedy as the family disintegrates.
Sir Philip Sidney (30 November 1554 – 17 October 1586) was an English poet, courtier, scholar, and soldier, who is remembered as one of the most prominent figures of the Elizabethan age. His works include Astrophel and Stella, The Defence of Poesy (also known as The Defence of Poetry or An Apology for Poetry), and The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia.
His artistic contacts were more peaceful and more significant for his lasting fame. During his absence from court, he wrote Astrophel and Stella and the first draft of The Arcadia and The Defence of Poesy. Somewhat earlier, he had met Edmund Spenser, who dedicated The Shepheardes Calender to him. Other literary contacts included membership, along with his friends and fellow poets Fulke Greville, Edward Dyer, Edmund Spenser and Gabriel Harvey, of the (possibly fictitious) 'Areopagus', a humanist endeavour to classicise English verse.
Both through his family heritage and his personal experience (he was in Walsingham's house in Paris during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre), Sidney was a keenly militant Protestant. In the 1570s, he had persuaded John Casimir to consider proposals for a united Protestant effort against the Roman Catholic Church and Spain. In the early 1580s, he argued unsuccessfully for an assault on Spain itself. Promoted General of Horse in 1583,[1] his enthusiasm for the Protestant struggle was given a free rein when he was appointed governor of Flushing in the Netherlands in 1585. In the Netherlands, he consistently urged boldness on his superior, his uncle the Earl of Leicester. He conducted a successful raid on Spanish forces near Axel in July, 1586.
An early biography of Sidney was written by his friend and schoolfellow, Fulke Greville. While Sidney was traditionally depicted as a staunch and unwavering Protestant, recent biographers such as Katherine Duncan-Jones have suggested that his religious loyalties were more ambiguous. He was known to be friendly and sympathetic towards individual Catholics.
An Apology for Poetry(also known as A Defence of Poesie and The Defence of Poetry) – Sidney wrote the Defence before 1583. It is generally believed that he was at least partly motivated by Stephen Gosson, a former playwright who dedicated his attack on the English stage, The School of Abuse, to Sidney in 1579, but Sidney primarily addresses more general objections to poetry, such as those of Plato. In his essay, Sidney integrates a number of classical and Italian precepts on fiction. The essence of his defence is that poetry, by combining the liveliness of history with the ethical focus of philosophy, is more effective than either history or philosophy in rousing its readers to virtue. The work also offers important comments on Edmund Spenser and the Elizabethan stage.
Sidney's "Apology for Poetry" argues that poetry is a divine and socially useful art form. It summarizes Sidney's main points that poetry: (1) is the first form of education and instruction for humanity; (2) acts as a channel for divine inspiration; and (3) can teach virtue while delighting readers more effectively than history or philosophy. The work refutes claims that poetry is a lie, unprofitable, or leads to sin by asserting poetry's noble aim to inspire readers rather than corrupt them.
Alexander Pope was a Roman Catholic poet born in London in 1688 who was self-taught and inspired by classical Greek writers. His masterpiece, "The Rape of the Lock," was written in 1712 as a mock-heroic epic poem satirizing a trivial dispute between two aristocratic families after a lock of hair was cut from a woman without permission. The poem uses the conventions of an epic, such as supernatural machinery involving sylphs and other spirits, to dramatize the trivial conflict in a way that comments on vanity and the disproportionate values of aristocratic society.
1) T.S. Eliot's 1919 essay "Tradition and the Individual Talent" discusses his view of the relationship between poets and the literary tradition that preceded them.
2) Eliot argues that a poet's mind acts as a catalyst that synthesizes feelings and emotions into an artistic creation, emerging from the process unaffected. For Eliot, successful poetry achieves an impersonal form of expression that exists independently of its poet.
3) According to Eliot, a poet must be conscious of both the present and past literary traditions in order to create new works that alter how the past is understood, representing a fusion of different time periods. The progress of the artist involves a continual self-sacrif
Matthew Arnold viewed poetry as the "criticism of life" that is governed by poetic truth and beauty. He believed the best poetry has seriousness of substance combined with superior style and diction. Arnold analyzed poets using his "touchstone method" of comparison and advocated for disinterested criticism. However, critics argue he did not always practice disinterested criticism and overemphasized morality. Overall, Arnold made significant contributions to literary criticism through his analysis of poets and emphasis on poetry's relationship to interpreting life.
David Herbert Lawrence was a British writer born in 1885 in Eastwood, England. Some of his notable works include the novels Sons and Lovers and Lady Chatterley's Lover. Sons and Lovers, published in 1913, is semi-autobiographical and focuses on the protagonist Paul Morel and his complex relationship with his mother. It explores themes of social class differences and Freudian psychoanalysis. The story follows Paul's love interests in Miriam and Clara and how he struggles with his mother's suffocating control over him. Lawrence drew from his own upbringing and relationships in the former mining community of Eastwood as inspiration for the novel.
Wordsworth view on Theme and Subject matter of poetry.Mital Raval
This presentation is a part of my academic presentation Literary Theory & Criticism Department of English M.k. Bhavnagar University and it is submitted to Pro. Dr. Dilip Barad.
This document provides biographical information about English novelist Henry Fielding and summarizes his most notable works and contributions to the development of the novel form. It notes that Fielding published influential picaresque novels like Joseph Andrews and Tom Jones in the mid-1700s. The document highlights how Fielding established plot construction, characterization techniques, and realistic depictions of common life that helped establish the modern novel. It concludes that Fielding is considered the "father of the English novel" for devising theories that revolutionized the novel genre.
The document discusses the role and importance of the reader in Henry Fielding's novels Joseph Andrews and Tom Jones. It explains that Fielding viewed the reader as an active participant in constructing the meaning of the novel, rather than a passive receiver. He used techniques like contrast, ambiguity, and direct addresses to the reader to encourage participation and independent thinking. The document also analyzes how Fielding provided guidance to readers through author-reader dialogue, while still allowing complexity and open-ended interpretations.
Naga Mandala by Girish Karnad is a play that blends mythology and reality. It is based on two oral tales Karnad heard about. The play explores the story of Rani, a neglected wife whose husband Appanna spends little time with her. Seeking his affection, Rani drugs Appanna but accidentally enchants a king cobra instead. The cobra visits Rani nightly disguised as her husband, and she becomes pregnant. When accused of adultery, Rani proves her fidelity by surviving a trial with the cobra. However, her husband discovers the truth and fights with the cobra, killing it. The cobra reveals the truth to Rani before dying, and App
Salman Rushdie uses magic realism in his novel Midnight's Children to tell the story of India's independence. The main character, Saleem Sinai, is born at midnight on August 15th, 1947, when India gains independence. He and other children born at that moment have special supernatural powers. Rushdie blends realistic historical events with magical elements to reflect how independence was experienced on an individual level. Saleem acts as a telepathic link between hundreds of children with gifts, trying to understand their purpose and connection to India's fate. Magic realism allows Rushdie to incorporate indigenous worldviews and critique the effects of colonialism on post-independence India.
This document provides an analysis of symbolism and themes in Henrik Ibsen's play "A Doll's House." It discusses various metaphors and symbols used in the play, including Nora being treated like a doll in a doll house by her father and husband. It also analyzes the symbolism of names Torvald calls Nora, as well as objects like her fancy dress, the Christmas tree, and doors opening and closing. The document concludes by arguing that "A Doll's House" can be considered a modern tragedy as it presents an ordinary woman's journey toward self-liberation in a patriarchal society through the use of deception.
Christopher Marlowe's Contribution to English DramaDilip Barad
Christopher Marlowe made significant contributions to English drama in the late 16th century. He introduced higher level heroic subjects, brought characters to life with realistic qualities, refined the use of blank verse, and brought more unity to plays. Marlowe's works are characterized by their pictorial quality in vividly depicting scenes, ecstatic expressions of passion, and a vitalizing energy that animated his stories and characters. Overall, Marlowe advanced drama as an art form and influenced later playwrights like Shakespeare.
Here is another presentation which is really difficult to make it, because there are very few resources on the internet and some literature books. Nevertheless
we tried to analyze it with some summaries of this poem and thanks to our talented analyze techniques :P Hope you like it and please do not plagiarism...
This document summarizes the play "Nagamandala" by Girish Karnad. It discusses the plot which centers around the protagonist Rani, who loses her husband to a concubine. An old blind woman advises Rani to use magical roots to win him back. Ultimately, Rani has an affair with a king cobra who takes the form of her husband at night. This results in her becoming pregnant. Various themes of the play are explored such as feminism, mythology, and women's empowerment.
1. The narrator introduces the village of Hosahalli where the story takes place, noting that it is not on any maps despite being the narrator's beloved hometown.
2. Ranga returns home after studying in Bangalore for 6 months. He has not lost his culture or traditions. However, he does not want to get married yet as he feels he is too young.
3. The narrator sees Ranga and Ratna, Rama Rao's niece, as the perfect match. Through manipulation, he engineers their meeting and eventual marriage with the help of an astrologer who predicts it will be a good match.
This document provides a summary and analysis of the poem "Australia" by A.D. Hope. It outlines Hope's biography and background. The summary then analyzes key themes in the poem, including Hope's criticism of empty spiritual values and lack of cultural identity in Australian society. Technical elements like rhyme scheme and imagery are discussed. Hope's negative portrayal of Australia as lacking humanity is analyzed through metaphors like comparing the country to a sphinx.
This document provides information about Victorian literature and the poet Robert Browning. It summarizes Browning's life, influences, styles of poetry including dramatic monologues, and analyzes some of his most famous poems like "My Last Duchess" and "Porpheyria's Lover." The document also discusses key characteristics of Victorian literature such as its emphasis on order, morality, and influence of science.
The document discusses the rise of the novel as a genre in the 18th century. It provides definitions of the novel and traces its origins from prototypes in Elizabethan literature. The rise of the novel coincided with the rise of the middle class in Europe as printing technology advanced and literacy rates increased. Early novels took different forms such as epistolary, realistic, philosophical, and experimental novels. Major early novelists included Defoe, Fielding, Richardson, Sterne, and Swift. Theories on the rise of the novel discussed include formal realism, progressive narrative, and specific novelistic features before the formal establishment of the genre.
Dramas staged between 1660 and 1700 are called ‘Restoration Dramas’. The dramatic literature of the period was dominated by comedies called ‘Comedy of manners’. Actually ‘Restoration Comedy’ is used as a synonym for “Comedy of Manners”. The plot of the comedy, often concerned with scandal, was traditionally less important than its witty dialogues.
The comedy of manners was first developed in the new comedy of the Ancient Greek Playwright Menander. His style, elaborate plots, and stock characters were imitated by the Roman playwrights Plautus and Terence, whose comedies were widely known and copied during the Renaissance. The best-known comedies of manners, however, may well be those of the French playwright Moliere.
Oscar Wilde and William Congreve are the most celebrated authors of ‘Comedy of Manners’.
This document summarizes Elaine Showalter's work and contributions to feminist literary criticism. It discusses her division of feminist criticism into the "Woman as Reader" and "Woman as Writer" frameworks. It also summarizes Showalter's concept of the three phases of feminist literature - the Feminine phase, the Feminist phase, and the Female phase. The document concludes by discussing Showalter's advocacy for approaching feminist criticism from a cultural perspective that acknowledges differences among women writers.
Eugene O'Neill's play Long Day's Journey into Night follows the Tyrone family over the course of a single day in 1912. It is considered O'Neill's masterpiece and one of the greatest American plays of the 20th century. The semi-autobiographical play depicts the family's decline as they struggle with addiction and mental illness. Each character lives in denial of their own failures and blame the others, escaping their problems through alcohol and drugs. As the day progresses from morning to night, their illusions are shattered by reality and the play ends in tragedy as the family disintegrates.
Sir Philip Sidney (30 November 1554 – 17 October 1586) was an English poet, courtier, scholar, and soldier, who is remembered as one of the most prominent figures of the Elizabethan age. His works include Astrophel and Stella, The Defence of Poesy (also known as The Defence of Poetry or An Apology for Poetry), and The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia.
His artistic contacts were more peaceful and more significant for his lasting fame. During his absence from court, he wrote Astrophel and Stella and the first draft of The Arcadia and The Defence of Poesy. Somewhat earlier, he had met Edmund Spenser, who dedicated The Shepheardes Calender to him. Other literary contacts included membership, along with his friends and fellow poets Fulke Greville, Edward Dyer, Edmund Spenser and Gabriel Harvey, of the (possibly fictitious) 'Areopagus', a humanist endeavour to classicise English verse.
Both through his family heritage and his personal experience (he was in Walsingham's house in Paris during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre), Sidney was a keenly militant Protestant. In the 1570s, he had persuaded John Casimir to consider proposals for a united Protestant effort against the Roman Catholic Church and Spain. In the early 1580s, he argued unsuccessfully for an assault on Spain itself. Promoted General of Horse in 1583,[1] his enthusiasm for the Protestant struggle was given a free rein when he was appointed governor of Flushing in the Netherlands in 1585. In the Netherlands, he consistently urged boldness on his superior, his uncle the Earl of Leicester. He conducted a successful raid on Spanish forces near Axel in July, 1586.
An early biography of Sidney was written by his friend and schoolfellow, Fulke Greville. While Sidney was traditionally depicted as a staunch and unwavering Protestant, recent biographers such as Katherine Duncan-Jones have suggested that his religious loyalties were more ambiguous. He was known to be friendly and sympathetic towards individual Catholics.
An Apology for Poetry(also known as A Defence of Poesie and The Defence of Poetry) – Sidney wrote the Defence before 1583. It is generally believed that he was at least partly motivated by Stephen Gosson, a former playwright who dedicated his attack on the English stage, The School of Abuse, to Sidney in 1579, but Sidney primarily addresses more general objections to poetry, such as those of Plato. In his essay, Sidney integrates a number of classical and Italian precepts on fiction. The essence of his defence is that poetry, by combining the liveliness of history with the ethical focus of philosophy, is more effective than either history or philosophy in rousing its readers to virtue. The work also offers important comments on Edmund Spenser and the Elizabethan stage.
Sidney's "Apology for Poetry" argues that poetry is a divine and socially useful art form. It summarizes Sidney's main points that poetry: (1) is the first form of education and instruction for humanity; (2) acts as a channel for divine inspiration; and (3) can teach virtue while delighting readers more effectively than history or philosophy. The work refutes claims that poetry is a lie, unprofitable, or leads to sin by asserting poetry's noble aim to inspire readers rather than corrupt them.
Alexander Pope was a Roman Catholic poet born in London in 1688 who was self-taught and inspired by classical Greek writers. His masterpiece, "The Rape of the Lock," was written in 1712 as a mock-heroic epic poem satirizing a trivial dispute between two aristocratic families after a lock of hair was cut from a woman without permission. The poem uses the conventions of an epic, such as supernatural machinery involving sylphs and other spirits, to dramatize the trivial conflict in a way that comments on vanity and the disproportionate values of aristocratic society.
1) T.S. Eliot's 1919 essay "Tradition and the Individual Talent" discusses his view of the relationship between poets and the literary tradition that preceded them.
2) Eliot argues that a poet's mind acts as a catalyst that synthesizes feelings and emotions into an artistic creation, emerging from the process unaffected. For Eliot, successful poetry achieves an impersonal form of expression that exists independently of its poet.
3) According to Eliot, a poet must be conscious of both the present and past literary traditions in order to create new works that alter how the past is understood, representing a fusion of different time periods. The progress of the artist involves a continual self-sacrif
Matthew Arnold viewed poetry as the "criticism of life" that is governed by poetic truth and beauty. He believed the best poetry has seriousness of substance combined with superior style and diction. Arnold analyzed poets using his "touchstone method" of comparison and advocated for disinterested criticism. However, critics argue he did not always practice disinterested criticism and overemphasized morality. Overall, Arnold made significant contributions to literary criticism through his analysis of poets and emphasis on poetry's relationship to interpreting life.
David Herbert Lawrence was a British writer born in 1885 in Eastwood, England. Some of his notable works include the novels Sons and Lovers and Lady Chatterley's Lover. Sons and Lovers, published in 1913, is semi-autobiographical and focuses on the protagonist Paul Morel and his complex relationship with his mother. It explores themes of social class differences and Freudian psychoanalysis. The story follows Paul's love interests in Miriam and Clara and how he struggles with his mother's suffocating control over him. Lawrence drew from his own upbringing and relationships in the former mining community of Eastwood as inspiration for the novel.
Wordsworth view on Theme and Subject matter of poetry.Mital Raval
This presentation is a part of my academic presentation Literary Theory & Criticism Department of English M.k. Bhavnagar University and it is submitted to Pro. Dr. Dilip Barad.
This document provides biographical information about English novelist Henry Fielding and summarizes his most notable works and contributions to the development of the novel form. It notes that Fielding published influential picaresque novels like Joseph Andrews and Tom Jones in the mid-1700s. The document highlights how Fielding established plot construction, characterization techniques, and realistic depictions of common life that helped establish the modern novel. It concludes that Fielding is considered the "father of the English novel" for devising theories that revolutionized the novel genre.
The document discusses the role and importance of the reader in Henry Fielding's novels Joseph Andrews and Tom Jones. It explains that Fielding viewed the reader as an active participant in constructing the meaning of the novel, rather than a passive receiver. He used techniques like contrast, ambiguity, and direct addresses to the reader to encourage participation and independent thinking. The document also analyzes how Fielding provided guidance to readers through author-reader dialogue, while still allowing complexity and open-ended interpretations.
Naga Mandala by Girish Karnad is a play that blends mythology and reality. It is based on two oral tales Karnad heard about. The play explores the story of Rani, a neglected wife whose husband Appanna spends little time with her. Seeking his affection, Rani drugs Appanna but accidentally enchants a king cobra instead. The cobra visits Rani nightly disguised as her husband, and she becomes pregnant. When accused of adultery, Rani proves her fidelity by surviving a trial with the cobra. However, her husband discovers the truth and fights with the cobra, killing it. The cobra reveals the truth to Rani before dying, and App
Salman Rushdie uses magic realism in his novel Midnight's Children to tell the story of India's independence. The main character, Saleem Sinai, is born at midnight on August 15th, 1947, when India gains independence. He and other children born at that moment have special supernatural powers. Rushdie blends realistic historical events with magical elements to reflect how independence was experienced on an individual level. Saleem acts as a telepathic link between hundreds of children with gifts, trying to understand their purpose and connection to India's fate. Magic realism allows Rushdie to incorporate indigenous worldviews and critique the effects of colonialism on post-independence India.
This document provides an analysis of symbolism and themes in Henrik Ibsen's play "A Doll's House." It discusses various metaphors and symbols used in the play, including Nora being treated like a doll in a doll house by her father and husband. It also analyzes the symbolism of names Torvald calls Nora, as well as objects like her fancy dress, the Christmas tree, and doors opening and closing. The document concludes by arguing that "A Doll's House" can be considered a modern tragedy as it presents an ordinary woman's journey toward self-liberation in a patriarchal society through the use of deception.
Christopher Marlowe's Contribution to English DramaDilip Barad
Christopher Marlowe made significant contributions to English drama in the late 16th century. He introduced higher level heroic subjects, brought characters to life with realistic qualities, refined the use of blank verse, and brought more unity to plays. Marlowe's works are characterized by their pictorial quality in vividly depicting scenes, ecstatic expressions of passion, and a vitalizing energy that animated his stories and characters. Overall, Marlowe advanced drama as an art form and influenced later playwrights like Shakespeare.
Here is another presentation which is really difficult to make it, because there are very few resources on the internet and some literature books. Nevertheless
we tried to analyze it with some summaries of this poem and thanks to our talented analyze techniques :P Hope you like it and please do not plagiarism...
This document summarizes the play "Nagamandala" by Girish Karnad. It discusses the plot which centers around the protagonist Rani, who loses her husband to a concubine. An old blind woman advises Rani to use magical roots to win him back. Ultimately, Rani has an affair with a king cobra who takes the form of her husband at night. This results in her becoming pregnant. Various themes of the play are explored such as feminism, mythology, and women's empowerment.
1. The narrator introduces the village of Hosahalli where the story takes place, noting that it is not on any maps despite being the narrator's beloved hometown.
2. Ranga returns home after studying in Bangalore for 6 months. He has not lost his culture or traditions. However, he does not want to get married yet as he feels he is too young.
3. The narrator sees Ranga and Ratna, Rama Rao's niece, as the perfect match. Through manipulation, he engineers their meeting and eventual marriage with the help of an astrologer who predicts it will be a good match.
The story is about a boy named Ranga who returns to his village in Mysore after receiving an English-medium education in Bangalore. When he arrives, the whole village crowds around his house to see if he has changed. The narrator, Shyama, stays and talks with Ranga, finding him to be well-educated but humble. Shyama decides he wants to get Ranga married. He devises a plan to introduce Ranga to his friend Rama Rao's niece, Ratna. Through clever manipulation, Shyama leads Ranga to believe Ratna is available for marriage. Ten years later, Ranga and Ratna have a son named after Shyama, showing that
The story is about a boy named Ranga who returns to his village in Mysore after receiving an education in English in Bangalore. All the villagers are curious to see if he has changed. The narrator, Ranga's neighbor, decides to get Ranga married. He picks Rama Rao's niece Ratna as a suitable match. Through clever planning and tricks, he engineers a meeting between Ranga and Ratna, realizing that Ranga is attracted to her. Ten years later, Ranga and Ratna are married with a three-year-old son, showing that the narrator's matchmaking efforts were successful.
Amrita Pritam addresses the 18th century Sufi poet Waris Shah, who wrote the classic love story of Heer and Ranjha. She asks him to speak up from among the graves and write a new chapter in the book of love, as millions of daughters of Punjab now weep during the violence and bloodshed of Partition. The poem describes the corpses strewn in fields, rivers filled with blood, and poison mixed in the waters that now irrigate a land sprouting poison. Nature itself has transformed as the horizon turns red, winds carry curses, and bamboo shoots become cobras. All art and culture seems lost as celebrations end and spinning wheels fall silent. Pritam calls upon Waris Shah to
Bapsi Sidhwa is a Pakistani author who writes in English and lives in America. Her novel Ice Candy Man takes place during the 1947 partition of India and Pakistan, depicting the human rights violations and conditions people faced. Through the character of Lenny, a Parsee girl, Sidhwa shows how the political changes affected citizens. The novel realistically represents the exploitation and abuse of women. Sidhwa uses code mixing by including Urdu and Punjabi words in conversations to give the story a local flavor and connect to the languages commonly spoken in Pakistan. This novel was one of the first by a Pakistani woman author to describe the experiences of people in Lahore during the partition.
The document provides background information on the poem "Good Bye Party for Miss Pushpa T.S." by Nissim Ezekiel. It summarizes that the poem satirizes the way some Indians speak English through a character giving a farewell speech for Miss Pushpa as she leaves for a foreign country. The character's speech is filled with grammatical errors, irrelevant details, and peculiar word choices that mimic the Indian-accented English the poem aims to mock. It concludes that the poet uses this technique to humorously portray and poke fun at the English spoken in India at the time.
Sarojini Naidu- Life, Work and AchievementsRahila Khan
Sarojini Naidu was a prominent Indian political activist and poet during the Indian independence movement. She was born in Hyderabad in 1879. Naidu received education in both India and England. She married Paidipati G. Naidu and had 5 children. Naidu played a key role in the Indian independence movement, joining in 1905. She advocated for women's rights and universal suffrage. Naidu presided over the Indian National Congress in 1925 and 1929. She was imprisoned multiple times for participating in civil disobedience campaigns. After independence, Naidu became the first female governor of Uttar Pradesh. As a poet, she wrote extensively on themes of love, nature, and nationalism. Her poetry featured
SOUTH ASIAN LITERATURE presentation.pptxSALMANJUTT12
Girish Karnad was an Indian playwright who wrote Hayavadana, about two friends - Devdutta and Kapila - who exchange bodies accidentally via magic. The play explores themes of hybridity, incompleteness, and the conflict between body and mind. It uses symbols like masks and a strange creature called Hayavadana to represent characters' sense of incompleteness. The play also examines issues like women's roles, the relationship between nature and the city, and questions of Indian identity. Overall, Hayavadana is an existential play that considers themes of responsibility, the search for identity, and the complexity of human relationships.
The document provides details about the relationship between Khushwant Singh and his grandmother. It describes how the author was close with his grandmother as a child in the village, with her taking care of him, but their relationship changed as he went to school and university in the city. It then discusses her death and how she was found by sparrows mourning her passing.
https://youtu.be/VAhd2GNf1js...ABUSE TO HUMAN GREED AND ITS IMPULSE ELSE-THE ...Rituparna Ray Chaudhuri
https://youtu.be/gBsuOBWtEFI... ‘‘ A COMPLETE SELF-ANALYSIS,EDITED AND WRITTEN ON BASIS OF THE ORIGINAL STORY AND,THE KEEN DIRECTION BY SATYAJIT RAY IN HIS FILM ‘MONIHARA’ (1961) ON BASIS OF THE AFORESAID ORIGINAL-STORY AND THE THEME.’’ .
CLASS-12
SUBJECT- ENGLISH
AUTHOR- KHUSHWANT SINGH
Introduction
‘Portrait of a Lady’ describes a special bond between grandmother and grandson. Khushwant Singh narrates how the relationship develops over the years, and changes as the grandson grows up and the grandmother grows older. Solitude and silence fill the grandmother's days as she distances herself from the real world. She now prefers the company of the gods and the birds. She enters a world of her own and is content with herself.
This document provides biographical information about renowned Indian film director Satyajit Ray and summarizes some of his most famous films. It details that Ray was born into an artistic family in Bengal and studied economics and art. After working in advertising, he began his film career by directing the acclaimed Apu Trilogy - Pather Panchali, Aparajito, and Apur Sansar - which follow the life of a boy from childhood to adulthood and established Ray as a major director. The document then provides brief overviews of some of Ray's other notable films including Devi and Teen Kanya.
Khushwant Singh was an Indian novelist, lawyer, journalist and politician born in 1915. He received several honors including the Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan awards. The chapter describes the author's relationship with his grandmother over the years. It details their close bond when living together in a village as she accompanied him to school and they would feed dogs together. As they moved to the city, their relationship became more distant as their daily interactions reduced but she found solace in feeding sparrows. After the author left for further studies abroad, his grandmother remained absorbed in prayer until her death, attended only by mourning sparrows at her side.
The Portrait of a Lady describes the author Khushwant Singh's relationship with his grandmother over the course of many years. It details 3 phases - early dependence as a child, growing distance as he attended school in the city, and living independently as a university student. Throughout her life, the author's grandmother maintained religious practices, lovingly taking care of him as a child and feeding sparrows in her later years. She passed away peacefully reciting prayers, with the sparrows mourning her death in the verandah. The story provides a glimpse into the author's childhood, portrait of his devout grandmother, and evolution of their bond over time.
Ranga's Marriage is a story told in first person perspective about a boy named Ranga who returns to his village in Mysore after receiving an English education in Bangalore. The villagers are disappointed to see he has not changed. The narrator, Shyama, befriends Ranga and decides he would be a good match for his friend Rama Rao's niece, Ratna. Through clever manipulation, Shyama engineers opportunities for Ranga and Ratna to meet and sparks a romance between them. It is eventually revealed that Ranga and Ratna did marry and now have a three year old son named after the narrator, Shyama.
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss.For real time update Visit our social media handle.Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace.Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
This novel was written by the famous Punjabi writer Gurdial Singh and later made into a film that led to its translation in English. The PowerPoint presentation analyses the work from a Postcolonial lens.
The document provides context and analysis of Walt Whitman's poem "O Captain! My Captain!". It summarizes that the poem uses a metaphor where the death of a ship's captain represents the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln at the end of the Civil War. Through three stanzas, it depicts the speaker's grief at finding the captain dead on the deck after the ship has returned from its successful journey. The analysis explains that the poem mourns Lincoln's death by using the captain as a symbolic representation of the lost president and leader.
A sonnet is a 14-line poem written in iambic pentameter with a set rhyme scheme. The most common types are the English or Shakespearean sonnet, which has three quatrains and a couplet, and the Italian or Petrarchan sonnet, which has an octave followed by a sestet. Sonnets were invented in Italy in the 13th century and introduced to English by Sir Thomas Wyatt in the 16th century. Famous sonnet writers include Shakespeare, Spenser, and Sidney.
Milton introduces the subject of his epic poem Paradise Lost - humankind's first act of disobedience against God, which was the eating of the forbidden fruit by Adam and Eve. This act brought death and suffering into the world. Milton invokes his muse, identifying it as the Holy Spirit rather than the classical muses, and says he aims to write an epic that surpasses all previous works. The poem then focuses on Satan and his rebellion against God, including his fall from heaven and speech rallying his followers to continue fighting God despite their defeat. Satan leads his legions in constructing a great temple, Pandaemonium, to convene their planning.
The knight tells the poet that he met a beautiful lady in the meadow who seduced him with her beauty and songs. They spent the day together in love and intimacy. That night, in his dreams, the knight saw visions of past kings and warriors who had been misled by the same beautiful lady and were left grieved and starving. He awoke alone on the cold hill, realizing she had bewitched him for her own ends, leaving him distressed like the others. This explained his current lonely, pale state wandering by the empty lake.
- Raina helps a Swiss mercenary soldier, Bluntschli, hide from Serbian soldiers searching her home after a battle. She provides him food and helps him escape.
- The following spring, Bluntschli returns to return an item to Raina's father. Raina's family learns her fiancé Sergius is not actually a skilled military leader as believed.
- Raina grows closer to Bluntschli, realizing he is more rational and honest than Sergius. By the end, Raina is engaged to Bluntschli instead of Sergius, upending her family's expectations.
- Roland Barthes argues that the meaning of a text depends on the reader's interpretation rather than the author's intentions. He asserts that a work's unity lies in how it is received by audiences, not in its origins or creator.
- Barthes's theory of "The Death of the Author" rejects classical literary criticism's practice of incorporating an author's biography and intentions to explain a text's meaning. Instead, it emphasizes the reader's role in deriving new insights and interpretations unconstrained by any single definitive meaning.
- By arguing that the author's role ends as soon as they fix the text in writing, Barthes elevates the status of the reader over the author and asserts that any knowledge gained comes from
- Sonnet 18 praises the youth, beauty, and positive qualities of a young man.
- It contrasts the imperfections of a summer's day with the subject's perpetual beauty and mild nature.
- The poem claims the young man's beauty will never fade with age or chance, and his memory will live on eternally through the poem.
This document provides a summary and analysis of William Shakespeare's famous sonnet 18, also known as "Shall I Compare Thee To A Summer's Day". The summary includes:
1) An overview of the structure and themes of the sonnet, including Shakespeare comparing the beauty of his subject to a summer's day and arguing their beauty is eternal.
2) A line by line explanation of the poem, analyzing the metaphors, similes and personification used by Shakespeare.
3) The conclusion that through his poem, Shakespeare intends to show that his subject's beauty will live on for eternity in his verse, even after death.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Wordsworth's preface argues that poetry should depict ordinary and common experiences using simple language. The poet selects situations from everyday life but imbues them with imagination to present familiar things in an unusual way. Additionally, the poet should have a deeper understanding of human nature and passions than most people and use language as it is naturally used by common people rather than elaborate or artificial language. The preface establishes Wordsworth's view that poetry arises from intense emotion and should bring pleasure by focusing on ordinary human experiences.
This document outlines the course structure and content for an Optional English course on Introduction to Literature: Short Story and Poetry. The course is divided into two semesters. The first semester focuses on the short story, covering definitions and elements of the short story like theme, plot, character, setting and conflict. It also covers different types of short stories like fables, parables, drabble, anecdotes and adventurous stories. Specific short stories analyzed include "The Barber's Trade Union", "A Horse and Two Goats", "The Necklace" and "The Romance of a Busy Broker". The second semester will focus on the study of poetry.
- A Passage to India is a novel by E.M. Forster published in 1924 that examines interactions between Indians and British colonists in India in the early 20th century.
- The major conflict arises when Adela Quested accuses Dr. Aziz, an Indian physician, of attempting to sexually assault her in one of the Marabar Caves, inflaming racial tensions.
- At Aziz's trial, Adela admits she was mistaken in her accusations and that Aziz is innocent, leading to his release but causing the English community to reject Adela.
The document discusses the key figures of English Romanticism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It outlines the contributions and most famous works of William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, Robert Burns, and Lord Byron. These poets are credited with launching the Romantic movement in England through works like Lyrical Ballads and poems such as "Ode on a Grecian Urn", "Kubla Khan", "Ozymandias", and "Auld Lang Syne". They emphasized emotion, nature, imagination, and everyday language in poetry, influencing generations of poets to come.
This document discusses the concepts of satisfaction, envy, and jealousy. It asks what truly determines satisfaction and whether money and wealth equate to satisfaction. It also differentiates between internal and external conflict, noting that the story being discussed contains an internal conflict within the main character's mind rather than an external one between characters.
Chandu, a low-caste barber, is publicly insulted by the wealthy Sahukar for dressing in fine clothes. In response, Chandu goes on strike and refuses to shave or cut the hair of the villagers. His strike is successful and forces the villagers to come to his new barber shop in town, allowing Chandu to establish his own business and gain independence from the villagers who once looked down upon him.
- In Ode to the West Wind, the speaker addresses the powerful West Wind and personifies it as a spiritual being. He describes how the wind scatters dead leaves but also brings new life and growth in spring.
- The speaker pleads with the wind to "lift" him as it does leaves and clouds, as he feels weighed down by the years of his life. He asks the wind to make him its "lyre" and spread his words, just as it spreads seeds, bringing rebirth through destruction.
- Overall, the poem explores themes of death and rebirth through nature's cycles, with the speaker seeking to find renewal or spread his message through becoming one with the powerful force of the
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray.pptxProf.Ravindra Borse
The document provides biographical information about the English poet Thomas Gray, noting that he was born in 1716 in London, died in 1771 in Cambridge, and is best known for his poem "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard." It lists some of his notable works, including the elegy, which was written between 1745-1750 but not published until 1751. The summary analyzes the poem, describing how it uses a speaker who stands in a graveyard contemplating life and death, and the inevitability of mortality for all people, rich and poor alike. The poem suggests that some of those buried in the simple country churchyard may have had untapped talents and could have accomplished great things if given the
The poem compares the harshness of winter weather to the harshness of human nature. While the winter wind is cold and biting, the poet argues that a person's ingratitude and forgetfulness of friends is even more painful. Over two stanzas, the poet asks the winter wind to blow and the sky to freeze, noting that these physical hardships are less severe than the emotional hardship of unfaithful friends forgetting past kindnesses. The poem promotes finding simplicity and truth in nature rather than in the falseness of human relationships.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
6. Girish Karnad was born in
Matheran, near Bombay on 19 May
1938.
His full name is Girish Ragunath
Karnad.
Girish Karnad’s mother tongue is
Konkani, adopted language being
Kannada and English is his
adulthood Language.
7. • Karnad uses traditional stories to convey his point of
view. He focuses more on the cultural context of
Indian past.
• Karnad’s specialty is that he depicts modern
perspective in his characters.
• Karnad has acted in many other movies including
other languages.
• He has also appeared in television screen as actor and
also as Media personality.
• Karnad has also worked as a script-writer and director
for several films and also in television.
• Karnad’s contribution is at a greater high to the
theatre. Working for theatre is his primary passion and
others are profession.
8. Since1970 he has received many honors in
recognition of his dramatic writing, including the
Homi Bhabha Fellowship for creative work in folk
theatre (1970-72), the Padma Shri Award (1974), the
Karnataka Nataka Academy Award (1984), and the
Padma Bhushan Award (1992)and won four Film
fare Awards where three are Film fare Award for
Best Director - Kannada and one Film fare Best
Screenplay Award.
9. Style-
Girish Karnad has continued to produce plays of
superlative standards for the past four decades.
He often used history and mythology to deal with
contemporary themes.
Ancient manuscripts like Ramayana, the
Mahabharata, Yashodhara Charita,
Kathasaritasagar and other notable classical texts
are allegorically used in his plays.
10. NAGA MANDALA (FILM)
The film is based on the drama Naga-Mandala, scripted by Girish Karnad in
1987-88. ‘Naga Mandala’ is Kannada film directed by T.S Nagabharana and
written by Girish Karnad. Movie was released on 31st March 1997.
The Hindi film Paheli have been originated from the Kannada film Naga-
Mandala. The film was selected for Indian Panorama in the International Film
Festival held in 1997.
11.
12. Written in 1988 in Kannada and later translated
into English by the author himself,
Nāgamaṇḍala by Girish Karnad became the
first contemporary play from India to have
been produced by a major professional theatre
in America, the Guthrie Theater in
Minneapolis that opened its season with the
play in 1993
13. Inspired by two folk tales told by
A.K. Ramanujam, the eminent
poet and the playwright has
composed this piece of writing.
14. An allusion to one of the main characters who is a
nāga –a snake, a popular deity mainly in rural
India, portrayed in mythology as half-human (in
the upper part of the body), half-snake (in the
lower part)
nāgamaṇḍala is the name given to a ritual snake
dance performed in the coasts of Karnataka, a
south Indian state which Karnad belongs to.
15. • To begin with the title itself Naga-Mandala comprises of two
easy words ‗Naga‘ meaning serpent and ‗Mandala‘ refers to a
drawing of the serpent on the floor, ―a tantric concept indicating
inner concentration; a source of energy.
• It basically refers to a kind of serpent worship belonging mainly
to the South-Indian areas and precisely to the erstwhile South
Kanara district of Karnataka and some parts of Kerala.
• While performing this worship the participants while dancing
attractively glides the serpent God onto his/her body. Naga-
Mandala is performed by two groups of performers: the ‗Paatri‘
who gets possessed by the serpent God and by ‗Naagakannika’
who is supposedly a female serpent.
• This character is also identified as ‗Ardhanaari'’ who also dances
and sings around the Mandala (serpent drawing, drawn on the
floor with natural colours).
16. Characters
1) Rani- is the main woman character of the play. She
bears all the tyrannies, yet she does not give up her
values of life. She is the only child of her parents and
gets their love in full measure.
As happens with most of the Indian girls, her fond
father finds a match for his daughter and marries her to
Appanna.
An Indian father generally thinks that a man is a good
match for his daughter if he has means to provide
wherewithal to his daughter. These fathers never bother
about the character of the men with whom their
daughters have to pass their lives.
17. Characters
2) Appanna-
• a young man, has no parents alive,
wealthy
• Addicted to visit concubine every night
and continues it even after marriage
• Marries Rani but never loves her
• Makes her a maid and cook
• Locks her up in house in night and
comes back next day for lunch only
18. Characters
3) Kurudavva-
• Kurudavva was an elderly woman and
she was an old friend of Appanna’s
parents.
• Sympathetic to Rani and gives her
support.
• Gives Rani ‘love root’
19.
20. • As the ill-tempered, tyrannical, two -
dimensional husband, Appanna rapidly reduces
her daily life to a featureless existence without
companionship:
“Look, I don’t like idle chatter.
Do as you are told, you understand?” (254).
• Rani’s husband Appanna goes out every night
just uttering,
“well then, I’ll be back tomorrow at noon.
Keep my lunch ready. I shall eat and go” .
He regularly visits to concubines.
21. Appanna is rich but has no interest in
Rani.
He is interested in a concubine.
As his parents are already dead, there is
nobody to tell him the difference between
a wife and a concubine.
Like many Indian men, he considers his
relationship with the concubine a normal
thing; he never feels ashamed of it.
22. The absence of this bond renders the
marriage meaningless and Rani is
reduced to the status of a housemaid
who must cook for husband and feed him
every afternoon.
The prince of her dreams, who was to
bring her to his house turns into a
demon.
23. • Rani, an ideal Indian woman
modest, unquestioning and
uncomplaining, is locked in empty
house.
• Rani behaves like a traditional Indian
woman who fears to do any act against her
husband.
24. • Rani is a sensible woman who does
not think of breaking the pious
relationship of marriage with her
husband.
• She even tries to please her
Husbandbut fruitless
25. • Appanna fails to see that Rani is
young and beautiful.
• He goes to the concubine but keeps his
wife under lock.
26. Rani becomes a maid servant in
her own house.
She sweeps, mops the floor, scrubs
utensils, cooks food, and obeys
Appanna’s commands for a meal.
27. • Sometimes Rani gets a chance to chat
with Kurudavva.
• Kurudavva is the only person she can
meet.
• Rani shares with Kurudavva that her
husband speaks to her (Rani) only in
words such as ‘do this’, ‘do that’, and
‘serve the food’.
• As she is locked in the house, she is not
able to meet anybody.
28. Narrating her tale of woe Rani tells
Kurudavva,
“Apart from him, you are the first person I have
seen since coming here. I’m bored to death.
There is no one to talk to…”
To add to her woes, she is alone during
nights.
She is timid as young girls generally are.
“I am so frightened at night. I can’t sleep a
wink.”
29. Kurudavva was an elderly woman
and she was old friend of
Appanna’s parents.
She suggests some tricks to Rani
to make her husband her lover.
30. Rani tries to offers liquid of a love -
root through food to Appanna but she
fears if there would be negative
consequences of that root on her
husband.
Therefore she pours the curry into
the anthill to destroy it.
31. But there is a King Cobra tastes that
liquid and starts love to Rani.
A cobra can assume any
Form (body) as it likes.
(Popularly known as Icchadhari Naag)
32. Naga which drinks that liquid enters the house and
took the shape of Appanna. Rani thinks that Appanna
started loving her.
But in reality, it was Naga in the form of Appanna
33.
34. • He charges her with the offences of
adultery–
• “Tell me who it is? Who did you go to
with your sari off? You haven’t? And
yet you have bloated tummy.”
• “And you think I’ll let you get away with
that? You shame me in front of the
whole village, you darken my face, you
slut - !”
35. Rani in Naga-Mandala is very simple, innocent and
honest woman who cannot understand why her husband
doubted on her and she is the victim not thesinner. She
even asks her husband –
“Why are you humiliating me like this?
Why are you stripping me naked in front of the
whole village?
Why don’t you kill me instead? I would have killed myself.
But there’s not even a rope in this house for me to
use”(290).
36. Appanna cries, “What am I to do? Is the
whole world against me? Have I sinned so
much that even nature should laugh at me? I
know I have not slept with my wife. Let the
world say what it likes. Let any miracle
declare her goddess.
But I know what sense am I to make of my
life that’s worth nothing!”