This chapter discusses government spending, sectoral priorities, and debt management in Bangladesh. It outlines trends and projections for total expenditure, recurrent vs. capital expenditure, major spending categories like subsidies and transfers, and interest payments. Infrastructure sectors like agriculture, power, and transportation are priorities. The deficit is projected to be financed through external and domestic sources, with debt levels expected to rise but remain sustainable. External debt is primarily in US dollars and yen, with repayments projected to increase gradually.
Financial Ratio Breakdown of Waste ManagementAmandaRouquette
Intermediate Financial Management Course presentation of Waste Management organization. This includes:
full breakdown of business and industry position, Ratio and Financial Statement Analysis on ROE, and a final proposal to Improve Return on Equity on the Income Statement.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Financial Ratio Breakdown of Waste ManagementAmandaRouquette
Intermediate Financial Management Course presentation of Waste Management organization. This includes:
full breakdown of business and industry position, Ratio and Financial Statement Analysis on ROE, and a final proposal to Improve Return on Equity on the Income Statement.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
This presentation poster infographic delves into the multifaceted impacts of globalization through the lens of Nike, a prominent global brand. It explores how globalization has reshaped Nike's supply chain, marketing strategies, and cultural influence worldwide, examining both the benefits and challenges associated with its global expansion.
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1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
2. Outline of the Chapter
• Public Sector Outlays
• Medium-Term Outlook of Government Spending
• Recurrent and Capital Expenditure
• Trends and Medium-Term Outlook of Recurrent Expenditure
• Trend and Medium-Term Outlook of Capital Expenditure
• Deficit Financing and Debt Sustainability
• Debt Profile
• Medium Term Outlook of Debt Stock
4. Medium-Term Outlook of Government Spending
Total Govt. Expenditure as Percentage of GDP
11.6 12.2
13.3 13 13 13.1
14.9 15.2 15.4
16.2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18 FY17
FY18
FY19
FY20
FY21
FY22
FY23
rev.
FY24
proj.
FY25
proj.
FY26
proj.
5. Composition of Govt. Expenditure and Their Trend
55.5 55.6
56.7
57.9
59.4 59.1
57.3
44.5 44.4
43.3
42.1
40.6 40.9
42.7
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24
%
of
Total
Expenditure
Recurrent Expenditure Capital Expenditure
6. Major Heads
of
Recurrent
Expenditure
Interest
Payments
Subsidies,
Transfers &
Fiscal
Incentives
Goods &
Services
Pay &
Allowances
• Depends on the financing mix
of external and domestic
sources
• Currently more than 90% is
for domestic debt
All government
payments in exchange
for goods and services
used to produce market
and nonmarket goods
and services
• Rationalization of subsidy by allocating more
resources in livelihood support programs
• Decreasing the subsidy on energy
• Transfer payments for households or non-profit
institutions serving households
• Fiscal incentives for promotion of export,
remittance, agriculture etc.
• Constant efforts to
rationalize this exp.
• EFT makes the payment
system robust and free
from unseen leakages.
8. Trend of Subsidies, Transfers & Incentives
Items FY16 FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23
Actual Revised
Cash Loan and Subsidy
Percent of Total Exp. 1.66 3.02 2.66 5.23 4.98 4.35 6.25 8.07
Percent of GDP 0.19 0.35 0.32 0.69 0.65 0.57 0.82 1.20
Fiscal Incentives
Percent of Total Exp. 2.98 3.01 3.02 5.16 3.97 4.84 6.24 2.98
Percent of GDP 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.67 0.52 0.63 0.93 0.34
Total of Subsidies, Transfers & Incentives
Percent of Total Exp. 4.64 6.03 5.68 10.39 8.95 9.19 12.49 11.05
Percent of GDP 0.53 0.72 0.72 1.36 1.17 1.2 1.75 1.54
9. Trend of Interest Payments
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 rev.
As
%
of
Total
Expenditure
Domestic Interest payment Foreign Interest payment
10. Medium-Term Outlook of Capital Expenditure and ADP
FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 FY25 FY26
Actual Revised Budget Projection
5.42
5.89 5.65 5.49 5.30 6.09 6.50 6.41 6.68
1,107.0
1,483.8
1,670.0
2,011.9 1,976.4
2,099.8
2,275.7
841.0
1,195.4
1,472.9 1,507.8
1,604.0
1,860.6
1,460.2 8
-
500.0
1,000.0
1,500.0
2,000.0
2,500.0
FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23
In
Billion
Taka
ADP Allocation Vs. Implementation
ADP Revised Allocation ADP Implementation
Capital Expenditure (as % of GDP)
11. Sectoral Priorities
Agriculture
Power and Energy
Transport and Communication
Social Security and Welfare
Education, Science and Technology
Local Government and Rural Development
Protecting Lives and Strengthen Healthcare
12. Deficit Financing and Debt Strategy
430.4
203.7
350
200 180 191.4 190.3
0
100
200
300
400
500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
FY21 FY22 FY23
budget
FY23
revised
FY24 FY25 FY26
NSC
External
and
domestic
NSC External Domestic
Domestic Financing
• In the medium term, borrowing from domestic sources will be stable at 2.9 percent of the GDP
External Financing
• Financing from external sources will remain steady at approximately 2.1 percent of the GDP
14. Medium Term Outlook of Debt Stock
Indicators Actual Actual Budget Revised Estimate Projection
FY 21 FY 22 FY 23 FY 23 FY 24 FY 25 FY 26
Total Debt 11443 13390 15778 15697 18329 21180 24388
(32.4) (33.7) (35.5) (35.1) (36.6) (37.6) (38.5)
Domestic 7239 8479 9974 9917 11393 13071 14972
(20.5) (21.3) (22.4) (22.2) (22.8) (23.2) (23.6)
{63.3} {63.3} {63.2} {63.2} {62.2} {61.7} {61.4}
External 4204 4911 5804 5780 6936 8109 9415
11.9 12.4 13.0 12.9 13.9 14.4 14.8
{36.7} {36.7} {36.8} {36.8} {37.8} {38.3} {38.6}
Source: Finance Division; Figure in ( ) indicates percent of GDP and { } indicates percent of total debt stock
15. External Debt Currency Mix & Redemption Profile
USD
50%
Euro
15%
JPY
21%
Pound Sterling
3%
RMB
9%
Others
2%
1,419 1,527
2,103
2,383 2,457 2,553
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 FY25 FY26
Million
USD
Currency Mix
Around 50 percent of the total external
debt is denominated in US dollars.
Other significant currencies include the
Japanese yen and the euro.
Redemption Profile
At the end of FY22, the government paid
back USD 1.5 billion which is expected to
rise to USD 2.1 billion in FY23 and projected
to be USD 2.6 billion by the end of FY26.
Editor's Notes
improving physical infrastructure, increasing industrial production, ensuring food security, creating jobs, strengthening healthcare, developing human resources, alleviating poverty etc. through equitable distribution of resources, expanding social safety net programs and adapting to climate change