This document discusses the concept of diminishing returns in technology and its implications. It notes that while complexity was never an obstacle when design costs were low, limits are now upon us. This leads naturally to discussions about multicore processors and their role as technology moves out of being the primary driver of markets. The intent is to provide context for discussions around efficiency and diminishing returns to better understand multicore and questions about future directions.
This document summarizes a presentation on modeling and simulating two Combined Input/Output Queue (CIOQ) switch architectures. The architectures aim to reduce Head-of-Line Blocking (HOLB) without requiring high internal speeds. Simulation models were developed in Arena and evaluated under varying traffic loads, switch sizes, and numbers of internal links. Results validated previous work and showed HOLB reduction compared to input queueing. Future work includes evaluating other traffic scenarios to analyze CIOQ performance in IP/MPLS/DiffServ networks.
This ppt full contains about gpio. Once you Studied this, then you can able drive tms320f2812 digital I/O pins. some important and programming registers also explained.
AIHRO-The Humanoid Project | Final year Btech project @ ADI SHANKARA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY .
Project was Selected as one of the finalist in TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INNOVATION CHALLENGE 2015
Paper presentation on a paper describing the working principles of a 1970's transistor organ and how it is emulated with software. The emulation presented in this paper is open source and written in a functional language called Faust. The architecture of the organ proved to be challenging for Faust. The process of writing this emulation highlighted some of Faust’s strengths and helped identify ways to improve the language.
The one day workshop covers topics related to motor control applications using the TMS320F2812 microcontroller. It includes block diagrams of motor control systems, requirements of inverters, and an introduction to the TMS320F2812 microcontroller. The workshop outlines creating linker command files, system initialization procedures, and examples for LED blinking and using the PWM module.
This document summarizes a webinar on structuring effective meetings in contentious settings. The webinar covered unseen structures that can impact meetings, challenges faced in contentious meetings, and tools to address those challenges. Specific tools discussed include seating structures, PALPaR, three reaction questions, visible note taking, 1-2-All, practical subgrouping, FATT, and ARE IN. The presenter emphasized using meeting structure to enable balanced participation and respectful exchanges.
The impact of innovation on travel and tourism industries (World Travel Marke...Brian Solis
From the impact of Pokemon Go on Silicon Valley to artificial intelligence, futurist Brian Solis talks to Mathew Parsons of World Travel Market about the future of travel, tourism and hospitality.
This document summarizes a presentation on modeling and simulating two Combined Input/Output Queue (CIOQ) switch architectures. The architectures aim to reduce Head-of-Line Blocking (HOLB) without requiring high internal speeds. Simulation models were developed in Arena and evaluated under varying traffic loads, switch sizes, and numbers of internal links. Results validated previous work and showed HOLB reduction compared to input queueing. Future work includes evaluating other traffic scenarios to analyze CIOQ performance in IP/MPLS/DiffServ networks.
This ppt full contains about gpio. Once you Studied this, then you can able drive tms320f2812 digital I/O pins. some important and programming registers also explained.
AIHRO-The Humanoid Project | Final year Btech project @ ADI SHANKARA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY .
Project was Selected as one of the finalist in TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INNOVATION CHALLENGE 2015
Paper presentation on a paper describing the working principles of a 1970's transistor organ and how it is emulated with software. The emulation presented in this paper is open source and written in a functional language called Faust. The architecture of the organ proved to be challenging for Faust. The process of writing this emulation highlighted some of Faust’s strengths and helped identify ways to improve the language.
The one day workshop covers topics related to motor control applications using the TMS320F2812 microcontroller. It includes block diagrams of motor control systems, requirements of inverters, and an introduction to the TMS320F2812 microcontroller. The workshop outlines creating linker command files, system initialization procedures, and examples for LED blinking and using the PWM module.
This document summarizes a webinar on structuring effective meetings in contentious settings. The webinar covered unseen structures that can impact meetings, challenges faced in contentious meetings, and tools to address those challenges. Specific tools discussed include seating structures, PALPaR, three reaction questions, visible note taking, 1-2-All, practical subgrouping, FATT, and ARE IN. The presenter emphasized using meeting structure to enable balanced participation and respectful exchanges.
The impact of innovation on travel and tourism industries (World Travel Marke...Brian Solis
From the impact of Pokemon Go on Silicon Valley to artificial intelligence, futurist Brian Solis talks to Mathew Parsons of World Travel Market about the future of travel, tourism and hospitality.
Computing Platforms for the 21C - 25feb14Ian Phillips
(See http://youtu.be/Z0YU0T5cR6E )
A Compute Platform is normally considered to be the highly stable HW and SW architecture associated with Mainframe or PC computers. But the 21 century is bringing serious computing power to the hands of the consumer and computers that don't look like computers have totally eclipsed traditional computing market. Does this change the definition of the Compute Platform in the 21C?
## By Ian Phillips, Uo.Liverpool. 25feb14. http://ianp24.blogspot.co.uk/
## Opinions expressed are my own.
PCCAT Keynote 1jun12: We are already designing integrated circuits with more than a Billion transistors; and despite the faltering steps of Moore's law, we will be designing more than 10 times that within the next 5yrs. How will industry ever deliver a complete design in a reasonable time-frame today? The answer is Reuse and Hierarchy, both vitally important tools, yet neither academic topics in their own right.
Futurologists extrapolate and project trends to predict the future. They visit labs and universities to see emerging technologies. The 5 year future involves technologies already in labs, while the 10 and 20 year futures involve more uncertainty. Megatrends involve acceleration of technology, connectivity, complexity and networking. Microtrends involve chips enabling everything to connect and collaborate. The biggest megatrend is machines building more machines. Disruptive forces will impact companies and countries through digitization, connectivity and smarter devices. Predictions include positioning replacing communications and home creativity replacing office creativity. Exponential growth in computing power will solve problems too complex for humans alone. Opportunities exist in energy, transportation, food production, nanotechnology, 3D printing
After 54 yrs in the Electronics Industry I retired in 2016. For most of that time I was working as an Electronic Design Engineer against the backdrop of Moore's Law; which drove the fast evolution of Electronics, and by stages delivered the Intelligent Electronic Systems that pervade all aspects of our lives today. I employed a room-based model for my career plan; keep getting invited to the 'rooms' where decisions are made ... all I had to do was to continue be known for my valued contributions.
Silicon is extracted from sand and grown into crystalline ingots which are sliced into wafers. Wafers are doped with elements like boron and phosphorus to create transistors on integrated circuits. Computer-aided design (CAD) software is used to design and simulate chips before they are manufactured using photolithography to etch transistor patterns on successive wafer layers, allowing billions of transistors to fit on a single chip.
The document discusses technology transitions and adoption over time. It provides examples of technologies like teleconferencing, robots, ebooks, and health records that took longer to be widely adopted than initially predicted. Reasons for slow adoption include people, institutions, infrastructure not being ready, technology not being at the right stage, and optimistic plans needing to be made to secure funding. The document advocates betting against optimistic predictions of rapid technology adoption and transition.
The early 21c has brought the power of the computer into the hands of the general population, and though these computers consume small amounts of energy they are so numerous that their Energy Efficiency will soon become a major issue. This presentation looks at modern Computing, the ways that Energy Efficiency is currently being enhanced, and the principles behind this.
For our role to be appreciated we must become more visible to the public eye. I propose the use of a little used (and not misunderstood) term, "Electronic Systems", as a banner behind which the Electronic, Computer Scientists, Embedded System, Mechatronic, Physicists, Mathematicians, Process Engineers, etc can 'assemble' ... and thus speak with unity.
CrestaTV is the next step in the evolution of computing by bringing in Live Broadcast in addition to all the Music Pictures Documents and Contacts we carry with us.
Computing Platforms for the XXIc - DSD/SEAA KeynoteIan Phillips
Wikipedia defines Platform as "A raised level surface on which people or things can stand". A more familiar technical interpretation applies to the hardware and OS configuration applicable to the execution of software; most frequently applicable to highly stable PC or Mainframe architectures. But the world has changed a lot since serious computing power moved into the embedded consumer arena. Now, with runs of many millions for single products, the argument for customisation is much more justifiable; so the traditional view of platforms is struggling against a tide of individuality. Can the ARM architecture bring stability back into this chaos, or is something else needed? Isaac Newton realised the reality of platforms when he talked of standing on the shoulders of giants. A platform is a stable place where engineers and scientists can stand to achieve more than they would otherwise have done. So our XXI Century Platforms are the shape to deliver improved Productivity, Reuse, Quality, TTM, Cost, etc. for the System Products we are now charged to deliver. Its business, stupid!
[Harvard CS264] 15a - The Onset of Parallelism, Changes in Computer Architect...npinto
The document discusses changes in computer architecture and Microsoft's role in the transition to parallel computing. It notes that computer cores are increasing rapidly and that Microsoft aims to make parallelism accessible to all developers through tools like Visual Studio. It also outlines Microsoft's involvement in GPU computing through technologies like DirectX and efforts to support GPU programming across its software stack.
By 1833 the knowledge of materials had advanced to a point where the first electronic amplifier was made. It was just a relay, but it enabled the creation of the first control systems which found immediate military and commercial applications ... Electronics had arrived, and the world didn't look back. In 1974 the solid-state transistor emerged, and within 15yrs the first integrated circuit. Moores' Law was discovered, the periodic beat that produced ever more sophisticated, cheaper and pervasive products ... And a societal addiction to their magic. Through nearly 200yrs of electronics Scientists have increased our knowledge and processing of the 118 elements ... but the materials themselves are still the same as they were in 1833. So today as the size of integrated transistors approach the size of atoms themselves, can societies 'expectation exponential' be maintained ... Have we reached the end of Moore's Law?
1. Computer organization refers to how the major components of a computer system (processor, memory, I/O devices) work together and are interconnected. It examines the basic digital circuits that make up the system.
2. Memory capacity has been doubling every 2 years, resulting in a 64x increase in capacity from 1996 to now. Hard disk capacity doubles every year, leading to a 250x increase over the last decade.
3. Processor performance has been doubling every 1.5 years, resulting in over a 100x increase in the last decade. This is driven by Moore's Law, which predicts transistor counts will double every couple years.
"Scientists investigate that which already is; engineers create that which has never been." - A.Einstein. By 1833 the knowledge about physical materials had advanced to a point where the first electronic amplifier was made. It was a relay, but it enabled the creation of the first control systems which found immediate use for military and commercial purposes ... Electronics had arrived, and the world didn't look back. In 1951 the first transistor appeared, and within the next 9 yrs the first integrated circuit and the recognition of Moores' Law. And with each beat, the sophistication of the products linked to it increased ... And society, became increasingly dependent on them. Through all of this, Physicists have increased their knowledge about our 118 elements, but the atoms themselves haven't changed! And so today with individual transistors approaching the size of the atom, the possibilities to maintain this 'logarithm of expectation' has clear limits. After 186yrs are we approaching the end of the electronic system scaling, that society now accepts as a fundamental law? [1,929 views on LinkedIn by 1dec19]
Gary Tarolli's presentation on April 27, 2015 to the Computer Systems Fundamentals class at Middlesex Community College. A great perspective on the history of graphics and Gary's unique role in groundbreaking companies like 3dfx and nvidia.
The document discusses the history and development of transistors and semiconductors. It describes how semiconductors were discovered to conduct electricity when doped with impurities, and how this led to the development of the transistor. The first silicon transistor was created in 1954, kickstarting the digital age. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and enabled the development of integrated circuits, microprocessors, and computers. Advances in semiconductor manufacturing have dramatically reduced transistor sizes over time, increasing processing power.
... The Importance of Communicating our Role.
Electronic System brand; the necessity for it and its management.
Seminar to Uo.Liverpool Students: 5may11
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
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Similar to Progress: Despite the Law of Diminishing Returns
Computing Platforms for the 21C - 25feb14Ian Phillips
(See http://youtu.be/Z0YU0T5cR6E )
A Compute Platform is normally considered to be the highly stable HW and SW architecture associated with Mainframe or PC computers. But the 21 century is bringing serious computing power to the hands of the consumer and computers that don't look like computers have totally eclipsed traditional computing market. Does this change the definition of the Compute Platform in the 21C?
## By Ian Phillips, Uo.Liverpool. 25feb14. http://ianp24.blogspot.co.uk/
## Opinions expressed are my own.
PCCAT Keynote 1jun12: We are already designing integrated circuits with more than a Billion transistors; and despite the faltering steps of Moore's law, we will be designing more than 10 times that within the next 5yrs. How will industry ever deliver a complete design in a reasonable time-frame today? The answer is Reuse and Hierarchy, both vitally important tools, yet neither academic topics in their own right.
Futurologists extrapolate and project trends to predict the future. They visit labs and universities to see emerging technologies. The 5 year future involves technologies already in labs, while the 10 and 20 year futures involve more uncertainty. Megatrends involve acceleration of technology, connectivity, complexity and networking. Microtrends involve chips enabling everything to connect and collaborate. The biggest megatrend is machines building more machines. Disruptive forces will impact companies and countries through digitization, connectivity and smarter devices. Predictions include positioning replacing communications and home creativity replacing office creativity. Exponential growth in computing power will solve problems too complex for humans alone. Opportunities exist in energy, transportation, food production, nanotechnology, 3D printing
After 54 yrs in the Electronics Industry I retired in 2016. For most of that time I was working as an Electronic Design Engineer against the backdrop of Moore's Law; which drove the fast evolution of Electronics, and by stages delivered the Intelligent Electronic Systems that pervade all aspects of our lives today. I employed a room-based model for my career plan; keep getting invited to the 'rooms' where decisions are made ... all I had to do was to continue be known for my valued contributions.
Silicon is extracted from sand and grown into crystalline ingots which are sliced into wafers. Wafers are doped with elements like boron and phosphorus to create transistors on integrated circuits. Computer-aided design (CAD) software is used to design and simulate chips before they are manufactured using photolithography to etch transistor patterns on successive wafer layers, allowing billions of transistors to fit on a single chip.
The document discusses technology transitions and adoption over time. It provides examples of technologies like teleconferencing, robots, ebooks, and health records that took longer to be widely adopted than initially predicted. Reasons for slow adoption include people, institutions, infrastructure not being ready, technology not being at the right stage, and optimistic plans needing to be made to secure funding. The document advocates betting against optimistic predictions of rapid technology adoption and transition.
The early 21c has brought the power of the computer into the hands of the general population, and though these computers consume small amounts of energy they are so numerous that their Energy Efficiency will soon become a major issue. This presentation looks at modern Computing, the ways that Energy Efficiency is currently being enhanced, and the principles behind this.
For our role to be appreciated we must become more visible to the public eye. I propose the use of a little used (and not misunderstood) term, "Electronic Systems", as a banner behind which the Electronic, Computer Scientists, Embedded System, Mechatronic, Physicists, Mathematicians, Process Engineers, etc can 'assemble' ... and thus speak with unity.
CrestaTV is the next step in the evolution of computing by bringing in Live Broadcast in addition to all the Music Pictures Documents and Contacts we carry with us.
Computing Platforms for the XXIc - DSD/SEAA KeynoteIan Phillips
Wikipedia defines Platform as "A raised level surface on which people or things can stand". A more familiar technical interpretation applies to the hardware and OS configuration applicable to the execution of software; most frequently applicable to highly stable PC or Mainframe architectures. But the world has changed a lot since serious computing power moved into the embedded consumer arena. Now, with runs of many millions for single products, the argument for customisation is much more justifiable; so the traditional view of platforms is struggling against a tide of individuality. Can the ARM architecture bring stability back into this chaos, or is something else needed? Isaac Newton realised the reality of platforms when he talked of standing on the shoulders of giants. A platform is a stable place where engineers and scientists can stand to achieve more than they would otherwise have done. So our XXI Century Platforms are the shape to deliver improved Productivity, Reuse, Quality, TTM, Cost, etc. for the System Products we are now charged to deliver. Its business, stupid!
[Harvard CS264] 15a - The Onset of Parallelism, Changes in Computer Architect...npinto
The document discusses changes in computer architecture and Microsoft's role in the transition to parallel computing. It notes that computer cores are increasing rapidly and that Microsoft aims to make parallelism accessible to all developers through tools like Visual Studio. It also outlines Microsoft's involvement in GPU computing through technologies like DirectX and efforts to support GPU programming across its software stack.
By 1833 the knowledge of materials had advanced to a point where the first electronic amplifier was made. It was just a relay, but it enabled the creation of the first control systems which found immediate military and commercial applications ... Electronics had arrived, and the world didn't look back. In 1974 the solid-state transistor emerged, and within 15yrs the first integrated circuit. Moores' Law was discovered, the periodic beat that produced ever more sophisticated, cheaper and pervasive products ... And a societal addiction to their magic. Through nearly 200yrs of electronics Scientists have increased our knowledge and processing of the 118 elements ... but the materials themselves are still the same as they were in 1833. So today as the size of integrated transistors approach the size of atoms themselves, can societies 'expectation exponential' be maintained ... Have we reached the end of Moore's Law?
1. Computer organization refers to how the major components of a computer system (processor, memory, I/O devices) work together and are interconnected. It examines the basic digital circuits that make up the system.
2. Memory capacity has been doubling every 2 years, resulting in a 64x increase in capacity from 1996 to now. Hard disk capacity doubles every year, leading to a 250x increase over the last decade.
3. Processor performance has been doubling every 1.5 years, resulting in over a 100x increase in the last decade. This is driven by Moore's Law, which predicts transistor counts will double every couple years.
"Scientists investigate that which already is; engineers create that which has never been." - A.Einstein. By 1833 the knowledge about physical materials had advanced to a point where the first electronic amplifier was made. It was a relay, but it enabled the creation of the first control systems which found immediate use for military and commercial purposes ... Electronics had arrived, and the world didn't look back. In 1951 the first transistor appeared, and within the next 9 yrs the first integrated circuit and the recognition of Moores' Law. And with each beat, the sophistication of the products linked to it increased ... And society, became increasingly dependent on them. Through all of this, Physicists have increased their knowledge about our 118 elements, but the atoms themselves haven't changed! And so today with individual transistors approaching the size of the atom, the possibilities to maintain this 'logarithm of expectation' has clear limits. After 186yrs are we approaching the end of the electronic system scaling, that society now accepts as a fundamental law? [1,929 views on LinkedIn by 1dec19]
Gary Tarolli's presentation on April 27, 2015 to the Computer Systems Fundamentals class at Middlesex Community College. A great perspective on the history of graphics and Gary's unique role in groundbreaking companies like 3dfx and nvidia.
The document discusses the history and development of transistors and semiconductors. It describes how semiconductors were discovered to conduct electricity when doped with impurities, and how this led to the development of the transistor. The first silicon transistor was created in 1954, kickstarting the digital age. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and enabled the development of integrated circuits, microprocessors, and computers. Advances in semiconductor manufacturing have dramatically reduced transistor sizes over time, increasing processing power.
... The Importance of Communicating our Role.
Electronic System brand; the necessity for it and its management.
Seminar to Uo.Liverpool Students: 5may11
Similar to Progress: Despite the Law of Diminishing Returns (20)
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
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https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
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5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
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Progress: Despite the Law of Diminishing Returns
1. Abstract ...
Why does it take millions of transistors to realise the broadcast radio receiver
done in five in the 70's? Why are there millions of lines of software in products that
are not programmable? And why do we throw things away before they break? The
last 40 years saw the exponential growth of silicon capacity and the technology
lead markets that ensued. Complexity was never an obstacle whilst design cost
was 2nd order, but now that limits are upon us it is also apparent that p p buy
, p pp people y
products not technology ... so we strive to deliver elevated expectation despite
Diminishing Returns.
My intent is to give context to subsequent Multicore discussions in and beyond
this event. I will do this by looking at 'Efficiency' in a context of increasingly
Diminishing Returns This will lead quite naturally to Multicore (CMP); its rationale
Returns.
and its role. But will also raise questions about the way(s) forward ... as
technology moves out of the market driving seat.
1
2. 1v0
Prof. Ian Phillips
Principal Staff Eng’r,
Progress:
ARM Ltd
ian.phillips@arm.com
Visiting Prof. at ...
Despite the Law of
p
Diminishing Returns
OR
Contribution to Industry
Award 2008
Whatever happened to the 6 transistor radio?
Multi-Processor Workshop
5sep11
2
4. A Moment of Retrospection
I learned all I know in the past!
... I just have more of it than most people!
I’ll take you back 36yrs to 1975 ...
New: Degree, Home, Job, Wife, Baby, Car, Phone ...
Mk1: H man bab
Mk1 Human baby C1975 Mark’N’: Mud-Hut
M k’N’ M d H t C1975
Aka Dylan-Paul Phillips Aka: 5 Manor Close.
Mk1: Ian Phillips
C1975 ... M
More-or-less th same t d !
l the today!
4
5. 1975: Technology Products
Vauxhall Viva HB SL90
GPO Type 706 Telephone
... Recognisably the same, but very different today.
5
6. 1975: Semiconductor Electronics
Domestically we had...
Portable Radio
Pocket Calculator
Hi-Fi (Partial)
Colour TV (Partial)
... That’s about all!
Professionally we had... TI SR 51 Calculator
c1975
1975
BeoVision 3500 c1975
Computers & First PCs
Radio Receivers
Satellites
Under-Sea Cables
Transmitters (Partial)
TV C
Cameras (P ti l)
(Partial)
Telephony (Partial) Stuart 5 Transistor Radio
1975
IBM 220PX c1975
6
10. Computer: A Machine for Computing ...
Computing ...
... A general term for algebraic (mathematical) manipulation of data ...
Numerated Processed Data/
Phenomena y=F(x,t,s)
F( t ) Information
OUT (y)
IN (x)
... State and Time are factors in this.
It can include phenomena ranging from human thinking to calculations
with a narrower meaning. Wikipedia
Usually used it to exercise analogies (models) of real-world situations;
Frequently in real-time.
q y
... No mention of Implementation Technology in this!
10
11. Planet Motion Computer – Orrery c1700
Mechanical
Technology
• Inventor: George Graham (1674-1751)
• Single-Task, Continuous Time, Analogue Mechanical Computing (With backlash!)
11
12. Babbage's Difference Engine 1837
Mechanical
(Re)construction Technology
c 000
c2000
Th diff
The difference engine consists of a number of columns, numbered f
i i t f b f l b d from 1 t N E h column is able to store one decimal number. The only operation
to N. Each l i bl t t d i l b Th l ti
the engine can do is add the value of a column n + 1 to column n to produce the new value of n. Column N can only store a constant, column 1 displays
(and possibly prints) the value of the calculation on the current iteration.
Computer for Calculating Tables: A Basic ALU Engine
12
13. Enigma ~1940
Mechanical
Technology
Data Encryption/Decryption Computer
13
14. Colossus Computer 1944
Valve/Mechanical
Technology
Code-Breaking
Code Breaking Computer: A Data Processor
14
15. Digital Computer – Baby 1947 (Reconstruction)
Valve/Software
Technology
General Purpose, Quantised Time and Data, (Digital) Electronic Computing
15
16. Analogue Computer – AKAT c1960
Transistor
Technology
General Purpose, Continuous Time, Approximate (Analogue) Electronic Computing
16
17. Evolution of Radio
Tele Verta
Tele-Verta Radio
4 Valves
1 Rectifier Valve
BTH c1945
Crystal Set
1 Diode Evoke DAB Radio
c1925 100 M Transistors
2-3 Embedded Processors
Bush Radio c2005
7 Transistors
1 Diode
c1960
Ian’s ‘Span’
17
18. Radio as Computation ...
Integrated Circuit
Transistor
Valve
Technology
Vi
Vrf=Vi*100
Vrf Vro='Bandpass'(Vif*1000)
Vif
Vro
Vif=Vrf*Vlo
Vlo
Vlo=Cos(t*1^6)
Single-Task, Continuous Time, Approximate (Analogue) Electronic Computing
18
19. Products Make Business
21c Businesses have to be
Operations and Competition is Global and so are Investors
Nationality has little meaning
Business needs
End-Customers buy Products, not Technology
Technologies enable Product Options
Business-Models make Money
New Products are
Design is a Cost/Risk to be Minimised
New Technology increases Cost/Risk ...
... But does not always increase Value
HW, SW, Mechanics, Optics, etc are (just) means to an end!
... New Technology ≠ Market Success (Any More)
19
20. High Performance Computing (HPC)
The exponential progression of
Moores Law has enabled the
fantastic computation power we
now take for granted ...
AF T
Few Tens of h dli
f headline-grabbing
bbi
A Few Hundred Million visible
... BUT...
Tens of Billions of invisible
ubiquitous
... Gives impression that General Purpose
Digital Computation is what it is all about.
20
22. Embedded Computing Is ...
Entertainment
Remote Control
Security
Televisions
ID C d
Cards
Memory
Logistics
Transport
Banking
g
Manufacturing
Energy
Communications
Medical
... etc, etc, etc.
t t t
22
23. High Performance (Embedded) Computing
Obvious: Less-Obvious:
Business Model Infrastructure ...
Manufacture and Distribution
Aesthetics
A th ti
Road network, Fuel supply, Tyres
Performance Service network & Training
Brand & Image Sales and Marketing, etc
Finance schemes
Fi h
Technologies
Dealership Internal Combustion Engine ...
Warranty, etc Bearings, Casting, Metal forming,
Paint, Aerodynamics Glass Rubber,
Paint Aerodynamics, Glass, Rubber
Suspension ...
Manufacturing, Reliability, Quality ...
Electronic Systems
23
24. The Evolution of Customer(kind) Universe – 13.6Byr
Earth – 4.5Byr
(Us!) – appeared 35,000 yr ago
‘Developed’ from Homo-Sapien (Wise Human) 100,000 yr ago
Primary Objective: Survive Nature (1,000 generations)
- appeared ~2,000 yr ago
Pythagoras Socrates Plato Aristotle Archimedes ...
Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Archimedes,
Pythagoras
Objective: Understand Nature (100 gen.)
- appeared ~1,000 yrs ago
Galileo, Descartes, (1000 ad)
Electricity - William Gilbert (1600ad) Galileo
Objective: Manipulate Nature (50 gen.)
- just 260 yrs ago
Industrial Revolution (1750: 8 gen’n)
Year 0: Science Meets Exploitation
Objective: Exploit Nature (10 gen.) Brunell
... Remember: Real (Cro-Magnon) Customers Don't Buy Technology!
24
28. The Threshold of Magic 1: Clarke: Any sufficiently
advanced technology is
indistinguishable from magic.
Everybody has a threshold, beyond which Functionality is
Indistinguishable From Magic1!
Chemical Systems
Ch i l S t
Biological Systems
Economic Systems
y
Electronic Systems
The Incandescent Light:
is the
for most non-scientific,
but well educated people!
... Its not a crime, to Not Understand Technology!
... The crime is not realising people don’t when you
are the one who suffers as a result!
28
30. Exciting Technology ... At the Module
Inside the Case
iPhone 4's vibrator motor. rear-facing 5 MP camera with
720p video at 30 FPS, tap to
focus feature, and LED flash.
,
30 Source ... http://www.ifixit.com
31. Exciting Technology ... At the Module
Inside the Case
The Control Board.
31 Source ... http://www.ifixit.com
32. Exciting Technology ... Inside the Module
Inside The Control Board (a-side)
Visible Design-Team Members...
A4 PProcessor, specified b A l d i
ifi d by Apple, designed and manufactured b S
d d f t d by Samsung ...
The central unit that provides the iPhone 4 with its GP computing power.
Inc. ARM A8 600 MHz CPU (also other ARM CPUs and IP?)
ST-Micro (3 axis gyroscope) - (ARM Partner)
Broadcom (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GPS) - (ARM Partner)
Skyworks (GSM)
Triquint (GSM PA)
Infineon (GSM Transceiver) - (ARM Partner)
GPS
Bluetooth,
EDR &FM
32 Source ... http://www.ifixit.com
33. Exciting Technology ... Inside the Module
Inside The Control Board (b-side)
Visible Design-Team Members ...
Samsung (flash memory) - (ARM Partner)
Cirrus Logic (audio codec) - (ARM Partner)
g ( ) ( )
AKM (Magnetic Sensor)
Texas Instruments (Touch Screen Controller and mobile DDR) - (ARM Partner)
Invisible Design-Team Members ...
g
OS & Drivers, GSM Security; Graphics, Video and Sound ...
Manufacturing, Assembly, Test, Certification ...
33 Source ... http://www.ifixit.com
34. Exciting Technology ... Inside ‘The Chip’
Memory
‘Package’
2 Memory Dies
Glue Processor SOC Di
P Die
4-Layer Platform
Package
Package’
The A4 SIP Package (Cross section)
(Cross-section)
The processor is the centre rectangle. The silver circles beneath it are solder balls.
Two rectangles above are RAM die, offset to make room for the wirebonds.
Putting the RAM close to the p
g processor reduces latency, making RAM faster and cuts p
y, g power.
Unknown Mfr (Memory)
Samsung/ARM (Processor)
Unknown (SIP Technology)
34 Source ... http://www.ifixit.com
35. The Phone: Hetrogeneous Computation ...
• About 20 Chips in a Smart-
Phone
• Processing:
• Audio, Video, RF,
Touch, Temperature,
Orientation, G-Force,
Orientation G Force
Magnetism, Power
• Core Functions:
• GSM GPS WiFi
GSM, GPS, WiFi,
3/4G Net, BlueTooth
• Application Functions:
• Applets Games Mail,
Applets, Games, Mail
Diary, Address-book,
etc.
... Multi Processing before we
Multi-Processing
open the ‘App’n Processor’!
... Partitioning: The difference between a good and bad Product!
35
36. Commodity HMP In Qual. Today...
Pocket ‘Super-Computer’ ...
10 Programmable Processors
4 x A9 Processors (2x2): ~10,000 MIP
P (2 2) 10 000 Block-Diagram for a typical 40nm Mobile
4 x MALI 400 Fragment Proc: ~1Gp/s Computing & Smart-Phone Platform Chip
1 x MALI 400 Vertex Processor
1 x MALI Video CoDec
Plus Dedicated Processors
Smart MMUs
Smart Interrupt Controllers
Smart DMA Engines
Smart QoS and Power Mgt
Smart Cache & Memory Repair
Plus ...
Customer Additions/Peripherals!
... ~15 Proc ~2GHz 1-2W
Proc., ~2GHz,
... Strong Application Focus
36
37. 30nm Target Architectures
About 50MTr
About 50KTr
... D li i ~5x speed (A hit t
Delivering 5 d (Architecture + P
Process + Cl k)
Clock)
37
38. There’s D
Th ’ Design;
and there’s
Technical Design ...
38
39. Design A Part-Formalised Process ...
Partition and Refine until every Thread has identified an Established
(Reuse) path to Physical Implementation
Then C
Th Construct and V if ...
t t d Verify
Concept Phone Actual Phone
Known-Links from
K Li k f
AAA cell
TFT-LCD
Model-to-Reality (Reuse)
High
Electronics
GaAs Front End
H
Std Radio Chip
Low Hierarchy of Reuse
Baseband
Signal Processing
ARM CPU
MALI MPU
H
HW Support
FP Engine
Gates/MC.Code
39
40. Functional
F2
F1 F5 Analysis
A l i
F4
F3
(F2) ( )
(F5)
Thread
(F1) (F3)
HW1 HW2 HW3 HW4 RTOS/Drivers
Hardware I t f
H d Interface
Bus(es) Processor(s)
Execution Pl tf
E ti Platform
40
41. The Real-Time Execution of Models
It is about creating a Functional-Model and an Execution-Platform
for it, to meet Functional and Non-Functional needs.
D i A hi
Design: hierarchical mathematical process of M d l R fi
hi l th ti l f Model Refinement and
t d
Verification; based on (Heuristic) Architectural decisions.
Implementation: Process of ‘bringing up’ and Validating the Functional-
Model on the Physical Execution-Platform.
A good Solution is one that ...
1. Meets a valued human need
2. Is Manufacturable to support a Competitive Price/Biz Model
3. Works at least as well as your Competitors
4. Scores well on Aesthetic (Non-Functional) criteria
A bad Solution is one where the Technology Shows!
41
43. The Argument for (C)MP
Potentially Much Better Power Efficiency than Large/Fast Uni-Processor
Power is a Major Problem ... On Die and In System.
But 10x-100x improvement required!
Potential to deliver Higher Performance than Uni-Processor
Can Amdahl’s Law be broken?
Amdahl s
For GP applications difficult to see improvement after 3/4 processors
Potential to handle Redundancy Schemes
Many Processor ‘Tiles’ with NoC Connectivity
Potentially a small % malfunction can be ‘re-routed’
Potential to offer a Scalable Standard Implementation
Scalable,
Reduces Chip Design/Masks/Qual’n/Production Cost by ~90%
Needs a new (tbd!) GP Software Methodology
Must work with Legacy (90% of designs are inherited).
... Can CMP actually deliver any (let alone all) of this?
43
44. Amdahl’s Law is Alive and Well
32 100% parallel
28 Speedup on parallel processors is limited by the
sequential portion of the program
24
peedup
20
Sequential portion need not be large
to significantly constrain speedup!
Maximum sp
16
12 95% parallel
M
8
90% parallel
4
75% parallel
50% parallel
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Number of cores
44
45. Many (C)MP Technologies ... even in the UK
Transputer (Inmos 1978)
Highly Parallel Apps (Graphics)
Lots of history; no success ...
y
Pixelfusion –
1,536 processors/chip
Clearspeed –
p
192 full 64 bit arch/chip
Picochip –
Aimed at 3G Pico-Cells
Spinnaker –
18 processors (Scal. to 1^6)
18,000 neurons (Scal. To 10^9)
XMOS –
New version of Transputer
Occam
HandleC – HW synthesys (See also SystemC)
OpenCL – Smartphone's / Tablets (GPGPU)
... Success(?) requires a End-Product and Market of appropriate Scale.
45
46. OpenCL Enables Heterogeneity
Plug-in architecture
Mali-T604 Vithar GPU
ARM/NEON
Custom Device
Video Decoder
Discovery of
computational units
Scheduling of work
... It does not automatically
solve “which computation
where”
46
47. Architecture: A Viable Mix of Technology
YES: Power is a Major Concern ...
Power-Efficiency the way of recovering it.
Away from.. ..towards.. ..wherever possible.
But so is Productivity, NRE Cost, TTM, Quality ...
Reuse: As much as possible:
Mech, Elect, SW, Acoustic, RF, Stacks, OS, Displays, Keyboards, etc.
Teams: Use people who know how to do the work (duh!)
Use External Expertise: It is seldom a differentiating factor in your Product.
Producible: Make something that can be economically made (duh!)
Performance: Competitive; don’t push the bounds of possibility.
don t
New Technology: As little as possible.
And so are Aesthetics ...
Colour, Style, Package, Availability, Quality, Business Model, etc ...
... Remember: The Product is the way to deliver
a Compelling End-Customer Experience.
47
48. Conclusions
Multi-Processing makes sense in lots of Products today...
It will seldom be entire solutions (ie: Small markets)
It will seldom be homogeneous
If the Work-Load and Programming Models are good.
Physical Concurrency makes sense in lots of Products
Products...
Mechanical, CPU/GPU, Optical, RF, MEM, SAW, etc
Simplifies Productivity, Design, Qualification, Quality and Reuse
Few Products (None) have the luxury of a Clean-Sheet Design...
Legacy is unavoidable
CPU is not the answer for everything...
everything
‘Software’ is amongst the least energy efficient technology
DSP, Video HW and GPU can be (much) better
But Analogue and Mechanical are best
... Products can be Enabled or Disabled MP Technology
48
49. The END
Th EN ...
Th k for L
Thanks f Listening
49
50. Reading & References
The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail (Disruptive Tech.)
by Clayton M. Christensen: HBS Press, 1997
Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology (Research in 21C)
by Henry Willi
b H William Ch b
Chesbrough : HBS Press, 2003
h P
The World Is Flat (Globalisation)
by Thomas L. Friedman: Penguin, 2005
Staying Power (Business)
y g ( )
by Michael Cusumano: Oxford, 2010
A Short History of Nearly Everything (A different view on what we know)
by Bill Bryson: Black Swan, 2003
y y
The Voyages of the Beagle (Scientific Observation)
By Charles Darwin,1860
An Essay on the Principles of Population (Natural Competition)
By Thomas M l h 1789
B Th Malthus,1789
50