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Monitoring and Evaluation Logical Framework.pptx
- 1. Monitoring and Evaluation UnderstandingM&E and Designing Projects
- 2. Results Chain • Aidsin managing projects • Causal linkage between intervention (eg. project/ govt. scheme) and desired impact • Roadmap to change • Based on if-then logic Results chain Source: A Practitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 3. Results Chain Inputs Resources allocated/availablefor a project Activities The work performed that converts inputs into outputs Outputs Outputs are also defined as the short- term results and often form the deliverables of the project. Results chain Source: A Practitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 4. Results Chain Outcome Mid-term results/objectives Impact Final desired goal Class activity: Make a results chain for a government scheme of your choice. Results chain Source: A Practitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 5. Result chain example Resultschain Source: A Practitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 6. Activity Develop a Resultschain for a government scheme being currently implemented
- 7. Logical Framework Logical FrameworkAnalysis It is a project management tool It was developed for USAID Helps organize the project and structure the project Aims: Efficient resource allocation ; performance measurement; development of standards for the project Source: A Practitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 8. Steps in LogicalFramework Analysis 1. Situation Analysis Attempt is made to understand the existing situation Identify what is ‘wrong’ Causes for the situation are analyzed Serves as an entry point to the project by throwing light on what needs to be done Activity : For the same government scheme you chose, think of the possible situations which led to the implementation the government scheme. Elucidate the situation in detail. Source: A Practitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 9. Steps in LogicalFramework Analysis 2. Problem Analysis Involves identifying the key problems and then establishing the cause and effect relationships between these problems Helps in identifying the ‘root causes’ and subsequently addressing them Source: A Practitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 10. Steps in LogicalFramework Analysis 2. Problem Analysis Common method used to identify the core problem is the problem tree, which helps to visually depict the connection between the various possible causes of the problem Source: A Practitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 11. Steps in LogicalFramework Analysis 2. Problem Analysis Problem tree Activity : Think of other issues which may cause this problems – and then add more branches to the problem tree. IGA: Income Generating
- 12. Steps in LogicalFramework Analysis 3. Objective Analysis After identifying the problems and developing the problem tree, the next step is to conduct the objective analysis. It is done o formulate the objectives of the project by developing an objective tree. The problem statements (negatives) are turned into objective statements (positives). Source: A Practitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 13. Steps in LogicalFramework Analysis 3. Objective Analysis While the problem tree shows the cause and effect relationship between problems, the objective tree shows the means to the end relationship between the objectives. Source: A Practitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 14. Steps in LogicalFramework Analysis 3. Objective Analysis Activity : Think of other objectives and then add more branches to the tree. Source: A Practitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 15. Steps in LogicalFramework Analysis 4. Alternative Analysis It is done in order to identify the possible alternative options and select one project strategy Criteria like benefits to the target group, resource availability, sustainability of the intervention, technical feasibility, relevance, likelihood of success, implementability etc., can be used for the assessment of the alternatives Source: A Practitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 16. Steps in LogicalFramework Analysis 4. Alternative Analysis Different branches in the objective tree, which constitute of alternate options, are then identified It is advisable to have a set of assessments to reach to one specific alternative Source: A Practitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 17. Steps in LogicalFramework Analysis 4. Alternative Analysis Source: A Practitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 18. Steps in LogicalFramework Analysis 5. Risk and Assumption Analysis Important to assess the potential risks of a project Therefore analysis of external and internal risks is conducted Logframes use ‘assumption’ instead of ‘risks’ Source: A Practitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 19. Steps in LogicalFramework Analysis 5. Risk and Assumption Analysis • Risks/Assumptions • Temporary power outage • Project implementers getting sick • Data breach • Litigation • Fraud by a project executive • Terrorist attack • Accident killing most of the project executives • Increase in resource costs Risk Analysis Matrix Activity : Identify additional risks to your specific project/scheme. In which box of the matrix will each of the the above risks fall in? Source: A Practitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 20. Logical Framework Source: APractitioners’ Manual on Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Projects By Kultar Singh, Dharmendra Chandurkar and Varun Dutt
- 21. Steps in LogicalFramework Analysis Show all 5 steps for LFA. Use the following schemes/projects : - Smart Cities - National Mission for Clean Ganga - PM Swasthya Suraksha Yojana - Start up India - Digital India Mission
- 22. Monitoring Sustainability viaMetrics https://sps.columbia.edu/news/importance-sustainability-metrics- sustainability-management
- 23. Balanced Scorecard • Thebalanced scorecard is a strategic management framework used by organizations to monitor and manage performance across key areas of their operations. • It provides a comprehensive view of performance • It helps align the strategic objectives with operational activities. • The balanced scorecard comprises four perspectives: Financial, Customer, Internal Business Processes, and Learning and Growth Source: https://hbr.org/1992/01/the-balanced-scorecard- measures-that-drive-performance-2
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- 25. 4 Perspectives ofBalanced Scorecard Financial Perspective How to we look to the shareholders? Customer Perspective How to customers see us? Metrics Revenue growth, profitability, return on investment Focus Financial health and performance Metrics Customer satisfaction, loyalty, retention, market share Focus Understanding and meeting customer needs Source: https://hbr.org/1992/01/the-balanced-scorecard- measures-that-drive-performance-2
- 26. 4 Perspectives ofBalanced Scorecard Internal Business Processes Perspective What must we excel at? Metrics: Quality, speed, innovation, operational excellence. Focus: Efficiency and effectiveness of internal processes. Learning and Growth Perspective What must we continue to improve at? Metrics: Employee training, satisfaction, organizational culture. Focus: Innovation, learning, and organizational development. Source: https://hbr.org/1992/01/the-balanced-scorecard- measures-that-drive-performance-2
- 27. FINANCIAL CUSTOMER INTERNAL PROCESSES LEARNING & GROWTH 2016 20172018 2019 2020 4.2 years 85% Strategic objective 3.2 years 70% Strategic objective 4.4 years 90% Strategic objective 3.6 years 60% Strategic objective 4.2 years 97% Strategic objective 4.2 years 90% Strategic objective 4.5 years 98% Strategic objective 4.2 years 85% Strategic objective 4.2 years 85% Strategic objective 4.4 years 90% Strategic objective 4.2 years 75% Strategic objective 3.7 years 55% Strategic objective 4.4 years 85% Strategic objective 4.4 years 85% Strategic objective 4.2 years 70% Strategic objective 4.2 years 60% Strategic objective 4.4 years 92% Strategic objective 3.5 years 85% Strategic objective 3.7 years 80% Strategic objective 3.4 years 75% Strategic objective 2021 Basic Balanced Scorecard Template : Example COMPANY NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measure Target Initiative Measures Targets Initiatives
- 28. Implementation of BalancedScorecard Implementation Process • Define strategic objectives for each perspective. • Identify relevant metrics and targets. • Develop initiatives to achieve objectives. • Implement measurement and reporting systems. Communication and Alignment • Ensure understanding across the organization. • Align individual and team goals with strategic objectives.
- 29. Balanced Scorecard: Exampleof a company Source: https://lucid.app/lucidchart/2d688134-6082-4df8-b385- fe171e15cf95/view?_gl=1*prip1s*_ga*MTkwNDA1MDU1LjE3MDk3ODA1MDM.*_ga_MPV5H3XMB5*MTcwOTc4 MDUwMy4xLjAuMTcwOTc4MDUwNS41OC4wLjA.*_gcl_au*MTczNDk0OTczOS4xNzA5NzgwNTA1&anonId=0.2fb1 3d18e16dc0747&sessionDate=2024-03- 07T03%3A01%3A59.356Z&sessionId=0.64d517de18e16dc0749&fromMarketing=true&page=0_0#
- 30. Implementation of BalancedScorecard Comprehensive Performance Evaluation • Provides a holistic view of organizational performance. • Enables better decision-making and resource allocation. Strategic Alignment • Ensures alignment of operational activities with strategic objectives. • Fosters a shared understanding of organizational goals. Continuous Improvement • Identifies areas for improvement and opportunities for innovation. • Facilitates a culture of continuous learning and adaptation.
- 31. Conclusion • The balancedscorecard is a powerful tool for strategic management, offering an overview of performance across key areas. • It incorporates both financial and non-financial metrics. • It enables organizations to make informed decisions, drive performance improvement, and achieve long-term success.
- 32. Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) Systematic analysis of environmental impact over the course of the entire life cycle of a : • Product, • Material, • Process, or • A Measurable activity. LCA models the environmental implications of the many interacting systems that make up industrial production. When accurately performed, it can provide valuable data that decision-makers can use in support of sustainability initiatives. Source: https://www.rit.edu/sustainabilityinstitute/blog/what-life-cycle-assessment-lca
- 33. Life Cycle Thinking(LCT) LCT Linear Model • A product’s life cycle is not unlike a living thing’s: Natural resources (energy, materials, and water) are used while wasted material, energy, and emissions are created. • This happens at different points throughout an entire lifespan, resulting in environmental impacts, all ranging in severity. • The life cycle reflects a linear model of production, also known as a cradle-to- grave life cycle. An LCA can also account for other models of life cycles, such as cradle-to-cradle. Circular Production Model Source: https://www.rit.edu/sustainabilityinstitute/blog/what-life- cycle-assessment-lca
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- 35. Life Cycle Stages:Inputs and Outputs Life Cycle Stages LCA is a tool for identifying or comparing the environmental impacts of a product or industrial activity by quantifying all material flows and assessing how they interact with the natural environment Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1993) Source: https://www.rit.edu/sustainabilityinstitute/blog/what-life-cycle-assessment- lca#:~:text=An%20LCA%20is%20a%20systematic,that%20make%20up%20industrial%20production
- 36. Steps of LCA Source:https://www.rit.edu/sustainabilityinstitute/blog/what-life-cycle-assessment- lca#:~:text=An%20LCA%20is%20a%20systematic,that%20make%20up%20industrial%20production
- 37. Steps The ISO standardsdescribe the principles and full framework for conducting an LCA. The assessment is broken down into the following four phases: 1.Goal and scope definition 2.Life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) 3.Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) 4.Interpretation Source: https://www.rit.edu/sustainabilityinstitute/blog/what-life-cycle-assessment- lca#:~:text=An%20LCA%20is%20a%20systematic,that%20make%20up%20industrial%20production
- 38. Step 1 :Goals and Scope Functional units, system boundaries, and limits to the analysis are set to outline where in the life cycle the study begins and where it ends Functional Unit = measurement of production or output against which impact indicator metrics Scope of an LCA is determined by the number of life cycle stages and impact categories that will be assessed Businesses are more likely to choose an LCA with a narrow scope – requires less time and resources Source: https://www.rit.edu/sustainabilityinstitute/blog/what-life-cycle-assessment- lca#:~:text=An%20LCA%20is%20a%20systematic,that%20make%20up%20industrial%20production
- 39. Step 2: InventoryAnalysis Steps • Data collection • Industrial input and output are measured • Inventory list is created Final Output Source: https://www.rit.edu/sustainabilityinstitute/blog/what-life-cycle-assessment- lca#:~:text=An%20LCA%20is%20a%20systematic,that%20make%20up%20industrial%20production
- 40. Step 3: ImpactAssessment • Analysis of inventory data • Making meaningful conclusions from the data analysis • The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency breaks down an LCIA into the following steps: 1.selection and definition of impact categories 2.classification 3.characterization 4.normalization 5.grouping 6.weighting 7.evaluating and reporting LCIA results Source: https://www.rit.edu/sustainabilityinstitute/blog/what-life-cycle-assessment- lca#:~:text=An%20LCA%20is%20a%20systematic,that%20make%20up%20industrial%20production
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- 42. Step 4 –Interpretation, Critical Review and Reporting • Interpreted alongside its original goals and scope • Results are most often put into a report format; it has : Key priorities for mitigating environmental impact Suggested opportunities for improving the sustainability • ISO standards for LCA dictate that this interpretation should Identify significant issues based on the LCI( Inventory Analysis; Step 2) and LCIA phase (Impact Assessment; Step 3); Evaluate the study itself, how complete it is, if it’s done sensitively and consistently, and account for uncertainty; and Provide conclusions, limitations, and recommendations. Source: https://www.rit.edu/sustainabilityinstitute/blog/what-life-cycle-assessment- lca#:~:text=An%20LCA%20is%20a%20systematic,that%20make%20up%20industrial%20production
- 43. Questions • Develop aTheory of Change for a government intervention of your choice. Provide the analysis of various tools such a Logical Framework, Results Framework etc. used to evaluate a project. • How does a balanced scorecard aid in monitoring the enterprise ? Explain with the help of an example. • Explain the Life Cycle Assessment. Describe and critically analyse all steps to conduct an LCA.