Monetary policy questions
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Monetary policy involves controlling interest rates and the money supply, while fiscal policy involves government spending and taxation. The document asks a series of questions about monetary policy, fiscal policy, the Federal Reserve, how it serves the government and influences the economy through actions like open market operations and adjusting reserve requirements. It also questions when the Federal Reserve would use easy or tight money policies and why.
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Money and Our Monetary SystemThe monetary system in any economy fa.pdf
Money and Our Monetary System
The monetary system in any economy facilitates trade and allows people to trade more
efficiently, as compared to a barter economy. In the United States, the monetary authority is the
Federal Reserve System (also referred to as the Federal Reserve, or informally, as the “Fed”.)
For this use the Fed’s website (http://www.federalreserve.gov/) when addressing the questions
below.
What are the requirements for something to be considered money? Why does the dollar have
value?
What does the money supply consist of and what are the respective amounts in the total money
supply for the United States?
What are the primary functions of the Fed? What role does the Federal Open Market Committee
(FOMC) play in our economy?
What role do the financial institutions (commercial banks and other institutions) play in our
financial system?
What is meant by the term “fractional-reserve banking” in our system? What are the implications
for consumers?
What are the tools available to the FED for controlling the money supply? Which are used most
often? Which are most effective?
How does the money multiplier help to determine the effects of monetary policy?
What are the pros and cons of using monetary policy, as opposed to the use of fiscal policy, for
implementing economic policies and practices?
Solution
Money is basically medium of exchange so for anything to be consideredd money there are three
eligibility criterias
It is a currency which is backed by a stable and sound government, other than that dollar has
value because it fulfills all the three criteria mentioned above. It is widely accepted which
provides good strength to its value.
It consist of M1 and M2(the definitions and details are copied from fedreserve site)
Money Stock Measures. Billions of dollars.
There are four primar functions of Fed
The role of FOMC is to make monetary policy for federal reserve stsrem which it could
implement in the U.S.
The most basic role of financial institutions is to provide circulate money in the economy and
facilitate liquidity. It enables the flow of economic activities and helps in spreading the effects of
implemented monetary policies.Table 1
Money Stock Measures. Billions of dollars.DateSeasonally adjustedNot seasonally adjustedM1
1M2 2M1 1M2 2Jan. 20142,688.411,033.82,697.511,058.9Feb.
20142,712.911,098.92,701.711,110.3Mar. 20142,746.111,153.52,768.711,235.4Apr.
20142,770.911,212.32,805.211,288.7May 20142,790.511,281.82,777.711,231.9June
20142,820.811,335.32,820.211,293.7July 20142,836.811,402.02,837.411,348.7Aug.
20142,807.411,438.72,786.111,379.9Sept. 20142,869.611,476.62,831.111,430.4Oct.
20142,874.011,528.62,860.411,496.4Nov. 20142,884.711,566.72,856.011,572.2Dec.
20142,927.311,636.42,985.211,717.4Jan. 20152,937.911,703.52,944.611,723.7Feb.
20152,985.111,800.12,976.111,812.2Mar. 20152,990.211,835.13,019.611,921.3Apr.
20152,995.611,888.03,032.411,970.7May 20152,989.811,923.92,973.111,873.0June
20153,015.311,970.63,017.011,926.7July 2015.
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There are three (3) types of textbook based homework items locate.docx
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Chapter 4: E2
E2. As the executive of a bank or thrift institution you are faced with an intense seasonal demand for loans. Assuming that your loanable funds are inadequate to take care of the demand, how might your Reserve Bank help you with this problem?
Chapter 5: P1, P6
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P6. Assume a financial system has a monetary base of $25 million. The required reserves ratio is 10 percent, and there are no leakages in the system. a. What is the size of the money multiplier? b. What will be the system’s money supply?
76
CHAPTER 4
Federal Reserve System
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
LO 4.1 Discuss how the Federal Reserve System (Fed) responded to the recent fi nancial
crisis and Great Recession.
LO 4.2 Identify three weaknesses of the national banking system that existed before the
Federal Reserve System was created.
LO 4.3 Describe the Federal Reserve System and identify the fi ve major components into
which it is organized.
LO 4.4 Identify and describe the policy instruments used by the Fed to carry out monetary
policy.
LO 4.5 Discuss the Fed’s supervisory and regulatory functions.
LO 4.6 Identify important Fed service functions.
LO 4.7 Identify specifi c examples of foreign countries that use central banking systems to
regulate money supply and implement monetary policy.
W H E R E W E H A V E B E E N . . .
In Chapter 3 we discussed the types and roles of fi nancial institutions that have evolved in
the United States to meet the needs of individuals and businesses and help the fi nancial sys-
tem operate effi ciently. We also described the traditional diff erences between commercial
banking and investment banking, followed by coverage of the functions of banks (all depos-
itory institutions) and the banking system. By now you also should have an understanding of
the structure and chartering of commercial banks, the availability of branch banking, and the
use of bank holding companies. You also should now have a basic understanding of the bank
balance sheet and how the bank management process is carried out in terms of liquidity and
capital management. Selected information also was provided on international banking and
several foreign banking systems.
W H E R E W E A R E G O I N G . . .
The last two chapters in Part 1 address the role of policy makers in the fi nancial system and
how international trade and fi nance infl uence the U.
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1-What's the different between debt financing and equity financing? The following link shows the current US surplus / deficit (i.e. debt financing), how long do you think the government can continue to spend like this? What can be done to reverse this situation?
2-The largest uninterrupted stretch of deficits came between 1970 and 1997. It's hard to imagine that the United States will post a surplus anytime soon - will we give the 28 year stretch between 1970 and 1997 a run for its money?
Any idea who is purchasing all this debt?
3-What is meant by foreign exchange risk? What specific problems does foreign exchange present in an organization? How could an organization needing Euros in six months protect itself from currency fluctuations?
4-
There are many variables that may cause problems with foreign exchange. There's a political risk potential in some countries that may have certain political instabilities.
How / why might politics impact a countries currency
5-The seller (writer) has the obligation to either buy or sell stock (depending on what type of option he or she sold -- either a call option or a put option) to the buyer at a specified price by a specified date.
Any idea what a "naked" call is?
.
Chapter 08_Conduct of Monetary Policy: Tools, Goals, Strategy, and Tactics
This document provides an overview of monetary policy tools and goals. It discusses how central banks like the Federal Reserve and European Central Bank implement monetary policy through tools like open market operations, discount rates, and reserve requirements. It also examines the goals of price stability and inflation targeting, and debates whether price stability or dual mandates are preferable. Tactics for choosing policy instruments on a daily basis and evaluating the pros and cons of monetary targeting and inflation targeting are also summarized.
Chapter 07_Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary Policy
The document discusses the structure and operations of central banks, focusing on the U.S. Federal Reserve System. It describes the origins of the Fed following financial panics in the 19th century. The structure of the Fed involves 12 regional banks, a Board of Governors, and the Federal Open Market Committee. Central bank independence and its relationship to macroeconomic performance is also examined.
28 Monetary Policy andBank RegulationFigure 28.1 Marri.docx
28 | Monetary Policy and
Bank Regulation
Figure 28.1 Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Headquarters, Washington D.C. Some of the most influential
decisions regarding monetary policy in the United States are made behind these doors. (Credit: modification of work
by “squirrel83”/Flickr Creative Commons)
The Problem of the Zero Percent Interest Rate Lower Bound
Most economists believe that monetary policy (the manipulation of interest rates and credit conditions by
a nation’s central bank) has a powerful influence on a nation’s economy. Monetary policy works when the
central bank reduces interest rates and makes credit more available. As a result, business investment
and other types of spending increase, causing GDP and employment to grow.
But what if the interest rates banks pay are close to zero already? They cannot be made negative, can
they? That would mean that lenders pay borrowers for the privilege of taking their money. Yet, this was
the situation the U.S. Federal Reserve found itself in at the end of the 2008–2009 recession. The federal
funds rate, which is the interest rate for banks that the Federal Reserve targets with its monetary policy,
was slightly above 5% in 2007. By 2009, it had fallen to 0.16%.
The Federal Reserve’s situation was further complicated because fiscal policy, the other major tool for
managing the economy, was constrained by fears that the federal budget deficit and the public debt
were already too high. What were the Federal Reserve’s options? How could monetary policy be used
to stimulate the economy? The answer, as we will see in this chapter, was to change the rules of the
game.
CHAPTER 28 | MONETARY POLICY AND BANK REGULATION 569
Introduction to Monetary Policy and Bank Regulation
In this chapter, you will learn about:
• The Federal Reserve Banking System and Central Banks
• Bank Regulation
• How a Central Bank Executes Monetary Policy
• Monetary Policy and Economic Outcomes
• Pitfalls for Monetary Policy
Money, loans, and banks are all tied together. Money is deposited in bank accounts, which is then loaned to businesses,
individuals, and other banks. When the interlocking system of money, loans, and banks works well, economic transactions
are made smoothly in goods and labor markets and savers are connected with borrowers. If the money and banking system
does not operate smoothly, the economy can either fall into recession or suffer prolonged inflation.
The government of every country has public policies that support the system of money, loans, and banking. But these
policies do not always work perfectly. This chapter discusses how monetary policy works and what may prevent it from
working perfectly.
28.1 | The Federal Reserve Banking System and Central
Banks
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the structure and organization of the U.S. Federal Reserve
• Discuss how central banks impact monetary policy, promote financial stability, and provide banking services
In ma.
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OUTPUT GAPS (Section worth 2 points)
1. Describe the conditions of an economy during an expansionary gap, where the economy’s output is beyond full-employment. What is the primary concern of policy makers? (1 point)
2. Describe the conditions of an economy during a contractionary gap, where the economy’s output is less than full-employment. What is the primary concern of policy makers? (1 point)
FISCAL POLICY (Section worth 8 points)
1. Given an expansionary gap, what two fiscal tools can policy makers use to encourage the economy to return to full-employment? (1 point)
2. Given a recessionary gap, what two fiscal tools can policy makers use to encourage the economy to return to full-employment? (1 point)
3. Assume an economy is in recession and is experiencing an output gap of $500 billion (i.e. actual GDP is less than Potential GDP). If the Marginal Propensity to Consume is .8, how much “stimulus” government spending would be needed to return the economy to full employment? Explain how you reached these results. (2 points)
4. What are the arguments as to why allowing the Federal government to run a deficit won’t cause the economy to go bankrupt? (2 points)
MONEY, BANKING AND MONETARY POLICY (Section worth 10 points)
5. Describe the function of money in a market economy? (1 point)
6. If US Currency is no longer backed by gold or silver, what ultimately gives it value? (1 point)
7. Given an expansionary gap, what three monetary tools can policy makers use to encourage the economy to return to full-employment? (1 point)
8. Given a recessionary gap, what Federal Open Market Operations (FOMO) actions would the FED use to help the economy return to full-employment? (1 point).
9. Describe what FOMO actions can be used to reduce inflation. Include an explanation of how such actions cascade to cause the economy to return to full-employment (track the steps from FOMO action, to money supply, to interest rates, to aggregate demand, etc.) (3 points).
10. If the required bank reserves is 10%, how much total money will be created if banks received deposits from FOMO of $10 billion and then lent all their excess reserves? (Hint: use the money multiplier) (3 points)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
City/Town Council Paper
Grading Rubric for Girgis V161: Urban Problems &
Solution
s
Student Name: _______________________________________
Grading
Area
A Range B Range C Range D Range
1. Research &
Background
Information
Outside sources are used,
more information from
sources outside of class,
well documented and
annotated.
Included facts from
sources, information is
from reliable sources, all
facts documented and
annotated.
Most facts are
documented, some
information is not
from reliable
sources.
Information is not
documented, mislead ...
76CHAPTER 4Federal Reserve SystemL E A R N I N G .docx
76
CHAPTER 4
Federal Reserve System
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
LO 4.1 Discuss how the Federal Reserve System (Fed) responded to the recent fi nancial
crisis and Great Recession.
LO 4.2 Identify three weaknesses of the national banking system that existed before the
Federal Reserve System was created.
LO 4.3 Describe the Federal Reserve System and identify the fi ve major components into
which it is organized.
LO 4.4 Identify and describe the policy instruments used by the Fed to carry out monetary
policy.
LO 4.5 Discuss the Fed’s supervisory and regulatory functions.
LO 4.6 Identify important Fed service functions.
LO 4.7 Identify specifi c examples of foreign countries that use central banking systems to
regulate money supply and implement monetary policy.
W H E R E W E H A V E B E E N . . .
In Chapter 3 we discussed the types and roles of fi nancial institutions that have evolved in
the United States to meet the needs of individuals and businesses and help the fi nancial sys-
tem operate effi ciently. We also described the traditional diff erences between commercial
banking and investment banking, followed by coverage of the functions of banks (all depos-
itory institutions) and the banking system. By now you also should have an understanding of
the structure and chartering of commercial banks, the availability of branch banking, and the
use of bank holding companies. You also should now have a basic understanding of the bank
balance sheet and how the bank management process is carried out in terms of liquidity and
capital management. Selected information also was provided on international banking and
several foreign banking systems.
W H E R E W E A R E G O I N G . . .
The last two chapters in Part 1 address the role of policy makers in the fi nancial system and
how international trade and fi nance infl uence the U.S. fi nancial system. In Chapter 5 you will
have the opportunity to review economic objectives that direct policy-making activities. We
Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4.1 U.S. Central Bank Response to the Financial Crisis and Great Recession 77
then briefl y review fi scal policy and how it is administered through taxation and expenditure
plans. This is followed by a discussion of the policy instruments employed by the U.S.
Treasury and how the Treasury carries out its debt management activities. You will then see
how the money supply is changed by the banking system, as well as develop an understand-
ing of the factors that aff ect bank reserves. The monetary base and the money multiplier also
will be described and discussed. Chapter 6 focuses on how currency exchange rates are
determined and how international trade is fi nanced.
H O W T H I S C H A P T E R A P P L I E S T O M E . . .
Actions taken by the Fed impact your ability to borrow money and the cost of, or i.
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The document summarizes the Federal Reserve System. It describes the Fed as the central bank of the US responsible for monetary policy and regulating banks. It was established in 1913 to prevent banking panics. The Fed has three parts: the Board of Governors, 12 regional banks, and the FOMC. The FOMC sets monetary policy goals of price stability and maximum employment using four tools including open market operations and adjusting interest rates.
hat is the FEDs job and how does the FED manage the money suppl
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Reply to these questions in your post:
If the FED decides to continue the process of raising interest rates, what is the likely response of firms and households to the increased cost of borrowing?
Thinking back to the discussion on the deficit and the debt, how might an increase in the interest rate affect a decision by the government to allow continued large deficits?
Discuss with a peer:
Reply to a peer and discuss if their reasoning about borrowing or allowing large deficits is similar to yours.
Respond to a classmate:
The Federal Reserve was established in 1913 to help reduce the panics in the financial world. It was created by Congress to provide the nation with a safer, flexible and more stable monetary and financial system.
Federal Reserve's responsibilities fall into four general areas:
• conducts the nation’s monetary policy to promote maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates in the U.S. economy;
• promotes the stability of the financial system and seeks to minimize and contain systemic risks through active monitoring and engagement in the U.S. and abroad;
• promotes the safety and soundness of individual financial institutions and monitors their impact on the financial system as a whole;
It is the responsibility of the Fed to implement policies that will help to maintain good economic health for our country. One of the primary tools the Fed uses is interest rates -- which have a direct impact on the direction of our economy. By raising the interest rate will cause the economy to slow down
...
Liberty Study Guide and Answers Homeworksimple.com_Part2.pdf
More info: https://www.homeworksimple.com
Lisa buys a high powered 3000 Lumen flashlight. She takes it to the end of her street and shines it into the eyes of pedestrians and motorists who walk by. Lisa has committed which of the following torts?
2. Children are not capable of committing an intentional tort.
3. Compensatory damages and punitive damages are available remedies in every tort case.
4. The defendant is given the first opportunity to present evidence in a trial, because our legal
system emphasizes the importance of innocence until proven guilty.
5. A tort is:
6. The elements off false imprisonment include all of the following EXCEPT:
7. Trespass to Chattels can be distinguished from Conversion by:
8. Susan was taking piano lessons from Charles. Susan and her family invited Charles to a social
event at their home. That evening, while Susan was seated at her desk writing, Charles walked up behind her and touched her back with both of his hands in a movement later described as one a pianist would make in striking and lifting the fingers from a keyboard. The resulting contact generated unexpected harmful injuries, including a thoracic outlet syndrome requiring the removal of the first rib on Susan’s right side. Which of the following would best explain a finding of a battery in this case?
9. Which of the following could not constitute battery if done with the requisite intent?
10. When asserting a general defense, the defendant admits to committing the tort, but asserts a
legal excuse or justification for his/her actions.
11. Motive is an evil state of mind, while intent means that one is aware of the consequences of their
actions.
12. Joe pushes Rachel into a room and tells her that he is going to leave her locked into the room
until she dies of starvation. The room has a single door, which Joe locks upon leaving. The room also has a window. Outside the window, there is a fire escape ladder attached to the building. Which of the following torts has Joe committed against Rachel?
13. At the end of a beauty pageant, the winner and the runner-up were standing side by side. As the winner was preparing to make an acceptance speech, the runner-up made a crude and insulting comment under her breath regarding the winner. In anger, the winner pushed the runner-up and she fell off the stage. If the runner-up brings an action for battery against the winner, who will prevail?
14. The elements for criminal assault and battery are distinct from the elements of the tort of assault and battery.
15. The Case of the Thorns adopted a strict liability approach that is quite different from much of modern tort law.
16. When a case is decided by an appellate court, and a written opinion is published, which of the following is a term for the binding rule of law to come from the case:
17. Rebecca has problems with sleep. She decides to take a new herbal remedy that purports to help with sleep. Rebecca has
The FED and its influence on Money and Credit
The Federal Reserve System is the central bank of the United States. It was created in 1913 to provide a safer and more stable monetary and financial system. The Fed has several key functions including conducting monetary policy, promoting financial stability, and overseeing banks. It uses various tools like open market operations, adjusting reserve requirements and interest rates to influence the money supply and achieve its goals of maximum employment, stable prices and moderate long-term interest rates.
What is the major purpose of the Federal Reserve System What is the.pdf
What is the major purpose of the Federal Reserve System? What is the responsibility of the
Board of Governors and the Federal Open Market Committee? Should the Fed be independent as
it is now or should it be a federal gency subject ot the direction by Congress or the President?
Why or why not?
Solution
The most critical and visible function of Federal Reserve is to carry out monetary policy. It is
solely done to deal with inflation as well as preserve stable prices. To obtain the above
mentioned things the Fed sets a 2.0 percent inflation target for the core inflation rate. Maximum
employment is also pursued by it. The main aim is the natural rate of unemployment of 4.7-5.8
percent. The Fed also moderates long-term interest rates by the way of open market operations
along with the fed funds rate. The objective of monetary policy is healthy economic growth.
Next, the Fed supervises and regulates several of the nation’s banks to guard consumers. It also
maintains the permanence of the financial markets while constrains potential crises. It provides
banking services to other banks, the U.S. government along with foreign banks. It is America\'s
central bank which makes it the most authoritative solitary actor in the U.S. economy along with
the world.
The Federal Reserve System has three components, the Board of Governors directs monetary
policy while its seven members are in charge for setting the discount rate as well as the reserve
requirement for member banks. Staff economists make available all analyses.
The Federal Open Market Committee oversees open market operations which includes setting
the target for the fed funds rate, thus guides interest rates. The board members along with four of
the twelve bank presidents are members meet eight times a year.
The Federal Reserve Banks administer commercial banks in addition execute policy. They
supervise commercial banks along with the board .
It Manages Inflation by administration of credit which is the largest constituent of the money
supply. The Federal Reserve sets for the nation\'s banks the reserve requirement. It oversees
approximately 5,000 bank holding companies, 850 state bank members of the Federal Reserve
Banking System plus any foreign banks operating in the United States.
The Federal Reserve worked intimately with the Treasury Department to thwart global financial
collapse throughout the financial crisis of 2008. The Fed buys U.S. Treasurys from the federal
government, which we call monetizing the debt. That\'s for the reason that the Fed creates the
money it uses to buy the Treasurys, while adding that much money to the money supply.
The FOMC holds eight frequently planned meetings per year. Economic and financial conditions
are revived. The appropriate position of monetary policy is also determined by it, along with the
assessment of the risks to its long-run goals of price stability and sustainable economic growth.
The Federal Open Market Committee is comprised of twelve members--th.
Surname 1Surname 6The open market operation in the F.docx
Surname 1
Surname 6
The open market operation in the Federal Reserve
Name:
Course:
Tutor:
Date
Q. 1.
The effects of open market operation using T-accounts
Through the open market the Federal Reserve is able to influence the market by affecting the expectation of the participants in the market and changing the supply of money. The open market operation mainly entails the sales of reserves securities or the purchase that represents a considerable amount of trading in the market. The purchase of dollars from the public has the impact on the financial markets such as U.S dollar exchange rates, Treasury bond, Eurodollar and Treasury bill. Therefore, the main purpose of this essay is to address the impact of open market of the Federal Reserve on the fiscal markets.
The open market operation is the key tool used by the central bank or Federal Reserve to implement the monetary policies that enable the sales and purchase of securities. Therefore this tool plays a major role in the supply of funds and maintaining the Federal Reserve’s rate which is the main objective of the committee established by the Federal Open Market. However, the security that is certified to be sold or purchased and supplied by the Federal Reserve is limited by the authority that conducts the Open Market Operation.
Q. 2.
The Current Federal Funds Rate
Federal funds rate is the interest rate used by the depository institution to lend moneys overnight to other bank institution as per the Federal Reserve regulations. Federal funds rate which is the most persuasive interest rates is only usable to the creditworthy institutions depending on their transactions overnight. The interest rate that is paid by the borrowing bank is negotiated by the two banks and the weighted average is determined bearing in mind the Federal
Reserve’s effective rates. In addition, the target rate of the federal is determined after a lengthy discussion with the Federal Open Market group members.
Open market is used to ensure effectiveness in the federal funds rate and influence the money supply in the economy of most countries like U.S. The weighted average of federal reserves is mostly calculated after closing the transactions of the previous day. However, according to the current statistics the federal rates have been influenced or affected by the groups of brokers. Therefore the rates fluctuate depending on the high and low rates transacted by the ICAP’s brokers.
As per the Federal reserves, discount rates is the charged interest rate directed to the depository institutions like the commercial banks depending on the loan received and the lending facility used. Three discount programs are being offered by the Federal funds banks to bank institution namely: seasonal credit, secondary credit and primary credit. The short-terms rates of the federal have declined since 2003 due to the high volatility that affected the fund rates. From the analysis of the key factors that influence t ...
Are there any good reasons to have 12 Federal Reserve banks scattere.pdf
Are there any good reasons to have 12 Federal Reserve banks scattered around the country rather
than having everything run by the Board of Governors in Washington, D.C.? What are the costs
and benefits?
Suppose that you thought that someday you would become a member of the Board of Governors
of the Fed. How would you prepare for the job? What would you study in college? What types of
jobs would you seek after college?
Please cite references
Solution
Having 12 Federal Reserve Bank, spread across the country is good as USA is a big country
having many states with different sets of laws. Each Federal Reserve Bank can focus upon a
particular geographical area and can understand the gravity of the situation better. A good
understanding of situation helps Fed to devise policies that takes care of the interest of all the
parties.
Benefits of Many Federal Reserve Banks:
1. Decentralization of Many functions
2. Delegation of work
3. Focused approach on a particular area.
4. Reduced burden on one bank
Cost of Many Federal Reserve Banks:
1. Cost of Communication and coordination
2. Delay in decision making process
3. Difficulty to bring in consensus
4. Issue of Accountability
5. Lacy of effective leadership at the time of crisis
To prepare for the job of a “member of the Board of Governors of the Fed\", I should work in the
area of economic policy planning and managing economic and financial system of the country. I
need to understand the roots of economic issues, their solutions as well as the strength and
weaknesses of the economy. I have to offer the solutions also to some of the immediate problems
being faced by economy. I have to gain experience while working in a bank of good repute also
to understand the whole working system also.
I have to study, commerce, Economics and international business.
I have to seek jobs like:
1. Start with a role in Commercial banks
2. Take exposure also in forex and international business
3. Move ahead with a senior positions in Development banking institutions
4. Work with agencies who are involved in drafting policies for the development of economy.
5. Then start with a role in Fed and move upward
References:.
The Potential Money Multiplier Read the scenario below, and then a.docx
The Potential Money Multiplier
Read the scenario below, and then answer questions 1 and 2. Refer to this week’s readings in the text, if needed.
Scenario: Bank A has an increase in deposits (or excess reserves) of $100M and the reserve requirement is 10% with other banks not holding reserves beyond the requirement.
How much money can Bank A create by making loans?
How much money can the banking system as a whole create? (Show calculation).
Current Monetary Policy
After reading the Week Five required readings, address these questions in your post
What are the current monetary policy goals?
How has the Fed attempted to meet some of these goals? What have been the outcomes?
Do you agree or disagree with the Fed taking action to intervene when the economy is not well-functioning? Why or why not?
.
Federal Reserve Essay
The Federal Reserve System was established in 1913 to serve as the central bank of the United States. It aims to maintain stable prices and full employment through its control of monetary policy. The Fed influences monetary conditions in the economy by regulating the money supply and interest rates. It also supervises and regulates banks to ensure the safety and soundness of the financial system. The Federal Reserve System is made up of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks and the Board of Governors in Washington D.C.
Resume (2)
Donavon Hornbeck is seeking a position that utilizes his talents and strengths gained through his career as a teacher and manager. He has a Bachelor's degree in Political Science and Economics from Hope College and obtained additional teaching certifications from Baker College and Lansing Community College. Hornbeck has over 12 years of experience teaching secondary math and social studies at Hanover Horton High School. He also has experience as a tent coordinator for American Eagle/BigFireworks, managing 20 fireworks tents, and working as the communications director for a state senator. Hornbeck maintains a high GPA and was involved in varsity sports and other extracurricular activities during his education.
Michigan Natives - Powerpoint Project
This document provides a checklist for a PowerPoint presentation about Native American tribes from the Great Lakes region. It outlines the scoring criteria for 7 slides that should cover: an introduction with the student's name and a graphic or picture; details about the tribe including who they were, their way of life, where they lived, and how they interacted with others; and a conclusion acknowledging sources. A total of 24 points can be earned by meeting criteria for slide content, use of pictures, and presentation skills. 15 possible tribes from the region are also listed.
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This document discusses the history and historiography of philosophy. It defines key terms like history of philosophy, historiography of philosophy, and philosophy of the history of philosophy. The main issues discussed in historiography of philosophy are: the types of claims historians can make (descriptive, interpretive, evaluative); the relationship between philosophy and its history; the value of studying history of philosophy for philosophy; the role of texts; appropriate approaches; and common genres used. The document seeks to clarify these concepts and issues in the field.
Money and Our Monetary SystemThe monetary system in any economy fa.pdf
Money and Our Monetary System
The monetary system in any economy facilitates trade and allows people to trade more
efficiently, as compared to a barter economy. In the United States, the monetary authority is the
Federal Reserve System (also referred to as the Federal Reserve, or informally, as the “Fed”.)
For this use the Fed’s website (http://www.federalreserve.gov/) when addressing the questions
below.
What are the requirements for something to be considered money? Why does the dollar have
value?
What does the money supply consist of and what are the respective amounts in the total money
supply for the United States?
What are the primary functions of the Fed? What role does the Federal Open Market Committee
(FOMC) play in our economy?
What role do the financial institutions (commercial banks and other institutions) play in our
financial system?
What is meant by the term “fractional-reserve banking” in our system? What are the implications
for consumers?
What are the tools available to the FED for controlling the money supply? Which are used most
often? Which are most effective?
How does the money multiplier help to determine the effects of monetary policy?
What are the pros and cons of using monetary policy, as opposed to the use of fiscal policy, for
implementing economic policies and practices?
Solution
Money is basically medium of exchange so for anything to be consideredd money there are three
eligibility criterias
It is a currency which is backed by a stable and sound government, other than that dollar has
value because it fulfills all the three criteria mentioned above. It is widely accepted which
provides good strength to its value.
It consist of M1 and M2(the definitions and details are copied from fedreserve site)
Money Stock Measures. Billions of dollars.
There are four primar functions of Fed
The role of FOMC is to make monetary policy for federal reserve stsrem which it could
implement in the U.S.
The most basic role of financial institutions is to provide circulate money in the economy and
facilitate liquidity. It enables the flow of economic activities and helps in spreading the effects of
implemented monetary policies.Table 1
Money Stock Measures. Billions of dollars.DateSeasonally adjustedNot seasonally adjustedM1
1M2 2M1 1M2 2Jan. 20142,688.411,033.82,697.511,058.9Feb.
20142,712.911,098.92,701.711,110.3Mar. 20142,746.111,153.52,768.711,235.4Apr.
20142,770.911,212.32,805.211,288.7May 20142,790.511,281.82,777.711,231.9June
20142,820.811,335.32,820.211,293.7July 20142,836.811,402.02,837.411,348.7Aug.
20142,807.411,438.72,786.111,379.9Sept. 20142,869.611,476.62,831.111,430.4Oct.
20142,874.011,528.62,860.411,496.4Nov. 20142,884.711,566.72,856.011,572.2Dec.
20142,927.311,636.42,985.211,717.4Jan. 20152,937.911,703.52,944.611,723.7Feb.
20152,985.111,800.12,976.111,812.2Mar. 20152,990.211,835.13,019.611,921.3Apr.
20152,995.611,888.03,032.411,970.7May 20152,989.811,923.92,973.111,873.0June
20153,015.311,970.63,017.011,926.7July 2015.
What is the primary goal of a commercial.docx
The primary goal of a commercial bank is to maximize profits. Commercial banks pursue this goal by accepting demand deposits and using those funds to make loans and invest in assets that earn interest. Demand deposits are more important for small banks than large banks because they are considered a more stable source of funds for small banks. Borrowed funds such as bonds have also become an important source of funds for banks to increase lending and grow their balance sheets.
The Federal Reserve System was established to provide a stable m.docx
The Federal Reserve System was established to provide a stable monetary system for the entire economy. The Federal Reserve Bank (the Fed) has three major tools to control the money supply: 1) reserve requirements, 2) discount window for loans to member banks, and 3) open market operations.
When the economy is in a recessionary mode, what will likely be the actions by the Federal Reserve using monetary policy? Suppose the Federal Reserve purchases a $100,000 bond from John Doe, who deposits the proceeds in the Manufacturer's National Bank; what will be the impact of this transaction on the supply of money?
How do each of the Fed's tools work? What is the fractional reserve system, and how does it work in relation to the Fed? Review the Federal Reserve System and how the Fed alters the monetary base to achieve the levels of money supply in the economy.
.
There are three (3) types of textbook based homework items locate.docx
There are three (3) types of textbook based homework items located at the end of each chapter. These include Review Questions (RQ), Exercises (E), and Problems (P). Some homework items have been custom created.
Complete the following from the textbook:
Chapter 4: E2
E2. As the executive of a bank or thrift institution you are faced with an intense seasonal demand for loans. Assuming that your loanable funds are inadequate to take care of the demand, how might your Reserve Bank help you with this problem?
Chapter 5: P1, P6
P1. Assume that Banc One receives a primary deposit of $1 million. The bank must keep reserves of 20 percent against its deposits. Prepare a simple balance sheet of assets and liabilities for Banc One immediately after the deposit is received.
P6. Assume a financial system has a monetary base of $25 million. The required reserves ratio is 10 percent, and there are no leakages in the system. a. What is the size of the money multiplier? b. What will be the system’s money supply?
76
CHAPTER 4
Federal Reserve System
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
LO 4.1 Discuss how the Federal Reserve System (Fed) responded to the recent fi nancial
crisis and Great Recession.
LO 4.2 Identify three weaknesses of the national banking system that existed before the
Federal Reserve System was created.
LO 4.3 Describe the Federal Reserve System and identify the fi ve major components into
which it is organized.
LO 4.4 Identify and describe the policy instruments used by the Fed to carry out monetary
policy.
LO 4.5 Discuss the Fed’s supervisory and regulatory functions.
LO 4.6 Identify important Fed service functions.
LO 4.7 Identify specifi c examples of foreign countries that use central banking systems to
regulate money supply and implement monetary policy.
W H E R E W E H A V E B E E N . . .
In Chapter 3 we discussed the types and roles of fi nancial institutions that have evolved in
the United States to meet the needs of individuals and businesses and help the fi nancial sys-
tem operate effi ciently. We also described the traditional diff erences between commercial
banking and investment banking, followed by coverage of the functions of banks (all depos-
itory institutions) and the banking system. By now you also should have an understanding of
the structure and chartering of commercial banks, the availability of branch banking, and the
use of bank holding companies. You also should now have a basic understanding of the bank
balance sheet and how the bank management process is carried out in terms of liquidity and
capital management. Selected information also was provided on international banking and
several foreign banking systems.
W H E R E W E A R E G O I N G . . .
The last two chapters in Part 1 address the role of policy makers in the fi nancial system and
how international trade and fi nance infl uence the U.
Hi, can someone answer these questions for me please Please let it .docx
Hi, can someone answer these questions for me please? Please let it be in your own words and not copied from anyother websites. Thanks.
1-What's the different between debt financing and equity financing? The following link shows the current US surplus / deficit (i.e. debt financing), how long do you think the government can continue to spend like this? What can be done to reverse this situation?
2-The largest uninterrupted stretch of deficits came between 1970 and 1997. It's hard to imagine that the United States will post a surplus anytime soon - will we give the 28 year stretch between 1970 and 1997 a run for its money?
Any idea who is purchasing all this debt?
3-What is meant by foreign exchange risk? What specific problems does foreign exchange present in an organization? How could an organization needing Euros in six months protect itself from currency fluctuations?
4-
There are many variables that may cause problems with foreign exchange. There's a political risk potential in some countries that may have certain political instabilities.
How / why might politics impact a countries currency
5-The seller (writer) has the obligation to either buy or sell stock (depending on what type of option he or she sold -- either a call option or a put option) to the buyer at a specified price by a specified date.
Any idea what a "naked" call is?
.
Chapter 08_Conduct of Monetary Policy: Tools, Goals, Strategy, and Tactics
This document provides an overview of monetary policy tools and goals. It discusses how central banks like the Federal Reserve and European Central Bank implement monetary policy through tools like open market operations, discount rates, and reserve requirements. It also examines the goals of price stability and inflation targeting, and debates whether price stability or dual mandates are preferable. Tactics for choosing policy instruments on a daily basis and evaluating the pros and cons of monetary targeting and inflation targeting are also summarized.
Chapter 07_Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary Policy
The document discusses the structure and operations of central banks, focusing on the U.S. Federal Reserve System. It describes the origins of the Fed following financial panics in the 19th century. The structure of the Fed involves 12 regional banks, a Board of Governors, and the Federal Open Market Committee. Central bank independence and its relationship to macroeconomic performance is also examined.
28 Monetary Policy andBank RegulationFigure 28.1 Marri.docx
28 | Monetary Policy and
Bank Regulation
Figure 28.1 Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Headquarters, Washington D.C. Some of the most influential
decisions regarding monetary policy in the United States are made behind these doors. (Credit: modification of work
by “squirrel83”/Flickr Creative Commons)
The Problem of the Zero Percent Interest Rate Lower Bound
Most economists believe that monetary policy (the manipulation of interest rates and credit conditions by
a nation’s central bank) has a powerful influence on a nation’s economy. Monetary policy works when the
central bank reduces interest rates and makes credit more available. As a result, business investment
and other types of spending increase, causing GDP and employment to grow.
But what if the interest rates banks pay are close to zero already? They cannot be made negative, can
they? That would mean that lenders pay borrowers for the privilege of taking their money. Yet, this was
the situation the U.S. Federal Reserve found itself in at the end of the 2008–2009 recession. The federal
funds rate, which is the interest rate for banks that the Federal Reserve targets with its monetary policy,
was slightly above 5% in 2007. By 2009, it had fallen to 0.16%.
The Federal Reserve’s situation was further complicated because fiscal policy, the other major tool for
managing the economy, was constrained by fears that the federal budget deficit and the public debt
were already too high. What were the Federal Reserve’s options? How could monetary policy be used
to stimulate the economy? The answer, as we will see in this chapter, was to change the rules of the
game.
CHAPTER 28 | MONETARY POLICY AND BANK REGULATION 569
Introduction to Monetary Policy and Bank Regulation
In this chapter, you will learn about:
• The Federal Reserve Banking System and Central Banks
• Bank Regulation
• How a Central Bank Executes Monetary Policy
• Monetary Policy and Economic Outcomes
• Pitfalls for Monetary Policy
Money, loans, and banks are all tied together. Money is deposited in bank accounts, which is then loaned to businesses,
individuals, and other banks. When the interlocking system of money, loans, and banks works well, economic transactions
are made smoothly in goods and labor markets and savers are connected with borrowers. If the money and banking system
does not operate smoothly, the economy can either fall into recession or suffer prolonged inflation.
The government of every country has public policies that support the system of money, loans, and banking. But these
policies do not always work perfectly. This chapter discusses how monetary policy works and what may prevent it from
working perfectly.
28.1 | The Federal Reserve Banking System and Central
Banks
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the structure and organization of the U.S. Federal Reserve
• Discuss how central banks impact monetary policy, promote financial stability, and provide banking services
In ma.
1OUTPUT GAPS (Section worth 2 points)1. Describe the c.docx
1
OUTPUT GAPS (Section worth 2 points)
1. Describe the conditions of an economy during an expansionary gap, where the economy’s output is beyond full-employment. What is the primary concern of policy makers? (1 point)
2. Describe the conditions of an economy during a contractionary gap, where the economy’s output is less than full-employment. What is the primary concern of policy makers? (1 point)
FISCAL POLICY (Section worth 8 points)
1. Given an expansionary gap, what two fiscal tools can policy makers use to encourage the economy to return to full-employment? (1 point)
2. Given a recessionary gap, what two fiscal tools can policy makers use to encourage the economy to return to full-employment? (1 point)
3. Assume an economy is in recession and is experiencing an output gap of $500 billion (i.e. actual GDP is less than Potential GDP). If the Marginal Propensity to Consume is .8, how much “stimulus” government spending would be needed to return the economy to full employment? Explain how you reached these results. (2 points)
4. What are the arguments as to why allowing the Federal government to run a deficit won’t cause the economy to go bankrupt? (2 points)
MONEY, BANKING AND MONETARY POLICY (Section worth 10 points)
5. Describe the function of money in a market economy? (1 point)
6. If US Currency is no longer backed by gold or silver, what ultimately gives it value? (1 point)
7. Given an expansionary gap, what three monetary tools can policy makers use to encourage the economy to return to full-employment? (1 point)
8. Given a recessionary gap, what Federal Open Market Operations (FOMO) actions would the FED use to help the economy return to full-employment? (1 point).
9. Describe what FOMO actions can be used to reduce inflation. Include an explanation of how such actions cascade to cause the economy to return to full-employment (track the steps from FOMO action, to money supply, to interest rates, to aggregate demand, etc.) (3 points).
10. If the required bank reserves is 10%, how much total money will be created if banks received deposits from FOMO of $10 billion and then lent all their excess reserves? (Hint: use the money multiplier) (3 points)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
City/Town Council Paper
Grading Rubric for Girgis V161: Urban Problems &
Solution
s
Student Name: _______________________________________
Grading
Area
A Range B Range C Range D Range
1. Research &
Background
Information
Outside sources are used,
more information from
sources outside of class,
well documented and
annotated.
Included facts from
sources, information is
from reliable sources, all
facts documented and
annotated.
Most facts are
documented, some
information is not
from reliable
sources.
Information is not
documented, mislead ...
76CHAPTER 4Federal Reserve SystemL E A R N I N G .docx
76
CHAPTER 4
Federal Reserve System
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
LO 4.1 Discuss how the Federal Reserve System (Fed) responded to the recent fi nancial
crisis and Great Recession.
LO 4.2 Identify three weaknesses of the national banking system that existed before the
Federal Reserve System was created.
LO 4.3 Describe the Federal Reserve System and identify the fi ve major components into
which it is organized.
LO 4.4 Identify and describe the policy instruments used by the Fed to carry out monetary
policy.
LO 4.5 Discuss the Fed’s supervisory and regulatory functions.
LO 4.6 Identify important Fed service functions.
LO 4.7 Identify specifi c examples of foreign countries that use central banking systems to
regulate money supply and implement monetary policy.
W H E R E W E H A V E B E E N . . .
In Chapter 3 we discussed the types and roles of fi nancial institutions that have evolved in
the United States to meet the needs of individuals and businesses and help the fi nancial sys-
tem operate effi ciently. We also described the traditional diff erences between commercial
banking and investment banking, followed by coverage of the functions of banks (all depos-
itory institutions) and the banking system. By now you also should have an understanding of
the structure and chartering of commercial banks, the availability of branch banking, and the
use of bank holding companies. You also should now have a basic understanding of the bank
balance sheet and how the bank management process is carried out in terms of liquidity and
capital management. Selected information also was provided on international banking and
several foreign banking systems.
W H E R E W E A R E G O I N G . . .
The last two chapters in Part 1 address the role of policy makers in the fi nancial system and
how international trade and fi nance infl uence the U.S. fi nancial system. In Chapter 5 you will
have the opportunity to review economic objectives that direct policy-making activities. We
Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4.1 U.S. Central Bank Response to the Financial Crisis and Great Recession 77
then briefl y review fi scal policy and how it is administered through taxation and expenditure
plans. This is followed by a discussion of the policy instruments employed by the U.S.
Treasury and how the Treasury carries out its debt management activities. You will then see
how the money supply is changed by the banking system, as well as develop an understand-
ing of the factors that aff ect bank reserves. The monetary base and the money multiplier also
will be described and discussed. Chapter 6 focuses on how currency exchange rates are
determined and how international trade is fi nanced.
H O W T H I S C H A P T E R A P P L I E S T O M E . . .
Actions taken by the Fed impact your ability to borrow money and the cost of, or i.
MO Personal Finance S5.pptx
The document summarizes the Federal Reserve System. It describes the Fed as the central bank of the US responsible for monetary policy and regulating banks. It was established in 1913 to prevent banking panics. The Fed has three parts: the Board of Governors, 12 regional banks, and the FOMC. The FOMC sets monetary policy goals of price stability and maximum employment using four tools including open market operations and adjusting interest rates.
hat is the FEDs job and how does the FED manage the money suppl
hat is the FED's job and how does the FED manage the money supply? How do banks create money? Let’s explore these questions as we talk about the role of the Federal Reserve Bank, also known as the FED.
Reply to these questions in your post:
If the FED decides to continue the process of raising interest rates, what is the likely response of firms and households to the increased cost of borrowing?
Thinking back to the discussion on the deficit and the debt, how might an increase in the interest rate affect a decision by the government to allow continued large deficits?
Discuss with a peer:
Reply to a peer and discuss if their reasoning about borrowing or allowing large deficits is similar to yours.
Respond to a classmate:
The Federal Reserve was established in 1913 to help reduce the panics in the financial world. It was created by Congress to provide the nation with a safer, flexible and more stable monetary and financial system.
Federal Reserve's responsibilities fall into four general areas:
• conducts the nation’s monetary policy to promote maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates in the U.S. economy;
• promotes the stability of the financial system and seeks to minimize and contain systemic risks through active monitoring and engagement in the U.S. and abroad;
• promotes the safety and soundness of individual financial institutions and monitors their impact on the financial system as a whole;
It is the responsibility of the Fed to implement policies that will help to maintain good economic health for our country. One of the primary tools the Fed uses is interest rates -- which have a direct impact on the direction of our economy. By raising the interest rate will cause the economy to slow down
...
Liberty Study Guide and Answers Homeworksimple.com_Part2.pdf
More info: https://www.homeworksimple.com
Lisa buys a high powered 3000 Lumen flashlight. She takes it to the end of her street and shines it into the eyes of pedestrians and motorists who walk by. Lisa has committed which of the following torts?
2. Children are not capable of committing an intentional tort.
3. Compensatory damages and punitive damages are available remedies in every tort case.
4. The defendant is given the first opportunity to present evidence in a trial, because our legal
system emphasizes the importance of innocence until proven guilty.
5. A tort is:
6. The elements off false imprisonment include all of the following EXCEPT:
7. Trespass to Chattels can be distinguished from Conversion by:
8. Susan was taking piano lessons from Charles. Susan and her family invited Charles to a social
event at their home. That evening, while Susan was seated at her desk writing, Charles walked up behind her and touched her back with both of his hands in a movement later described as one a pianist would make in striking and lifting the fingers from a keyboard. The resulting contact generated unexpected harmful injuries, including a thoracic outlet syndrome requiring the removal of the first rib on Susan’s right side. Which of the following would best explain a finding of a battery in this case?
9. Which of the following could not constitute battery if done with the requisite intent?
10. When asserting a general defense, the defendant admits to committing the tort, but asserts a
legal excuse or justification for his/her actions.
11. Motive is an evil state of mind, while intent means that one is aware of the consequences of their
actions.
12. Joe pushes Rachel into a room and tells her that he is going to leave her locked into the room
until she dies of starvation. The room has a single door, which Joe locks upon leaving. The room also has a window. Outside the window, there is a fire escape ladder attached to the building. Which of the following torts has Joe committed against Rachel?
13. At the end of a beauty pageant, the winner and the runner-up were standing side by side. As the winner was preparing to make an acceptance speech, the runner-up made a crude and insulting comment under her breath regarding the winner. In anger, the winner pushed the runner-up and she fell off the stage. If the runner-up brings an action for battery against the winner, who will prevail?
14. The elements for criminal assault and battery are distinct from the elements of the tort of assault and battery.
15. The Case of the Thorns adopted a strict liability approach that is quite different from much of modern tort law.
16. When a case is decided by an appellate court, and a written opinion is published, which of the following is a term for the binding rule of law to come from the case:
17. Rebecca has problems with sleep. She decides to take a new herbal remedy that purports to help with sleep. Rebecca has
The FED and its influence on Money and Credit
The Federal Reserve System is the central bank of the United States. It was created in 1913 to provide a safer and more stable monetary and financial system. The Fed has several key functions including conducting monetary policy, promoting financial stability, and overseeing banks. It uses various tools like open market operations, adjusting reserve requirements and interest rates to influence the money supply and achieve its goals of maximum employment, stable prices and moderate long-term interest rates.
What is the major purpose of the Federal Reserve System What is the.pdf
What is the major purpose of the Federal Reserve System? What is the responsibility of the
Board of Governors and the Federal Open Market Committee? Should the Fed be independent as
it is now or should it be a federal gency subject ot the direction by Congress or the President?
Why or why not?
Solution
The most critical and visible function of Federal Reserve is to carry out monetary policy. It is
solely done to deal with inflation as well as preserve stable prices. To obtain the above
mentioned things the Fed sets a 2.0 percent inflation target for the core inflation rate. Maximum
employment is also pursued by it. The main aim is the natural rate of unemployment of 4.7-5.8
percent. The Fed also moderates long-term interest rates by the way of open market operations
along with the fed funds rate. The objective of monetary policy is healthy economic growth.
Next, the Fed supervises and regulates several of the nation’s banks to guard consumers. It also
maintains the permanence of the financial markets while constrains potential crises. It provides
banking services to other banks, the U.S. government along with foreign banks. It is America\'s
central bank which makes it the most authoritative solitary actor in the U.S. economy along with
the world.
The Federal Reserve System has three components, the Board of Governors directs monetary
policy while its seven members are in charge for setting the discount rate as well as the reserve
requirement for member banks. Staff economists make available all analyses.
The Federal Open Market Committee oversees open market operations which includes setting
the target for the fed funds rate, thus guides interest rates. The board members along with four of
the twelve bank presidents are members meet eight times a year.
The Federal Reserve Banks administer commercial banks in addition execute policy. They
supervise commercial banks along with the board .
It Manages Inflation by administration of credit which is the largest constituent of the money
supply. The Federal Reserve sets for the nation\'s banks the reserve requirement. It oversees
approximately 5,000 bank holding companies, 850 state bank members of the Federal Reserve
Banking System plus any foreign banks operating in the United States.
The Federal Reserve worked intimately with the Treasury Department to thwart global financial
collapse throughout the financial crisis of 2008. The Fed buys U.S. Treasurys from the federal
government, which we call monetizing the debt. That\'s for the reason that the Fed creates the
money it uses to buy the Treasurys, while adding that much money to the money supply.
The FOMC holds eight frequently planned meetings per year. Economic and financial conditions
are revived. The appropriate position of monetary policy is also determined by it, along with the
assessment of the risks to its long-run goals of price stability and sustainable economic growth.
The Federal Open Market Committee is comprised of twelve members--th.
Surname 1Surname 6The open market operation in the F.docx
Surname 1
Surname 6
The open market operation in the Federal Reserve
Name:
Course:
Tutor:
Date
Q. 1.
The effects of open market operation using T-accounts
Through the open market the Federal Reserve is able to influence the market by affecting the expectation of the participants in the market and changing the supply of money. The open market operation mainly entails the sales of reserves securities or the purchase that represents a considerable amount of trading in the market. The purchase of dollars from the public has the impact on the financial markets such as U.S dollar exchange rates, Treasury bond, Eurodollar and Treasury bill. Therefore, the main purpose of this essay is to address the impact of open market of the Federal Reserve on the fiscal markets.
The open market operation is the key tool used by the central bank or Federal Reserve to implement the monetary policies that enable the sales and purchase of securities. Therefore this tool plays a major role in the supply of funds and maintaining the Federal Reserve’s rate which is the main objective of the committee established by the Federal Open Market. However, the security that is certified to be sold or purchased and supplied by the Federal Reserve is limited by the authority that conducts the Open Market Operation.
Q. 2.
The Current Federal Funds Rate
Federal funds rate is the interest rate used by the depository institution to lend moneys overnight to other bank institution as per the Federal Reserve regulations. Federal funds rate which is the most persuasive interest rates is only usable to the creditworthy institutions depending on their transactions overnight. The interest rate that is paid by the borrowing bank is negotiated by the two banks and the weighted average is determined bearing in mind the Federal
Reserve’s effective rates. In addition, the target rate of the federal is determined after a lengthy discussion with the Federal Open Market group members.
Open market is used to ensure effectiveness in the federal funds rate and influence the money supply in the economy of most countries like U.S. The weighted average of federal reserves is mostly calculated after closing the transactions of the previous day. However, according to the current statistics the federal rates have been influenced or affected by the groups of brokers. Therefore the rates fluctuate depending on the high and low rates transacted by the ICAP’s brokers.
As per the Federal reserves, discount rates is the charged interest rate directed to the depository institutions like the commercial banks depending on the loan received and the lending facility used. Three discount programs are being offered by the Federal funds banks to bank institution namely: seasonal credit, secondary credit and primary credit. The short-terms rates of the federal have declined since 2003 due to the high volatility that affected the fund rates. From the analysis of the key factors that influence t ...
Are there any good reasons to have 12 Federal Reserve banks scattere.pdf
Are there any good reasons to have 12 Federal Reserve banks scattered around the country rather
than having everything run by the Board of Governors in Washington, D.C.? What are the costs
and benefits?
Suppose that you thought that someday you would become a member of the Board of Governors
of the Fed. How would you prepare for the job? What would you study in college? What types of
jobs would you seek after college?
Please cite references
Solution
Having 12 Federal Reserve Bank, spread across the country is good as USA is a big country
having many states with different sets of laws. Each Federal Reserve Bank can focus upon a
particular geographical area and can understand the gravity of the situation better. A good
understanding of situation helps Fed to devise policies that takes care of the interest of all the
parties.
Benefits of Many Federal Reserve Banks:
1. Decentralization of Many functions
2. Delegation of work
3. Focused approach on a particular area.
4. Reduced burden on one bank
Cost of Many Federal Reserve Banks:
1. Cost of Communication and coordination
2. Delay in decision making process
3. Difficulty to bring in consensus
4. Issue of Accountability
5. Lacy of effective leadership at the time of crisis
To prepare for the job of a “member of the Board of Governors of the Fed\", I should work in the
area of economic policy planning and managing economic and financial system of the country. I
need to understand the roots of economic issues, their solutions as well as the strength and
weaknesses of the economy. I have to offer the solutions also to some of the immediate problems
being faced by economy. I have to gain experience while working in a bank of good repute also
to understand the whole working system also.
I have to study, commerce, Economics and international business.
I have to seek jobs like:
1. Start with a role in Commercial banks
2. Take exposure also in forex and international business
3. Move ahead with a senior positions in Development banking institutions
4. Work with agencies who are involved in drafting policies for the development of economy.
5. Then start with a role in Fed and move upward
References:.
The Potential Money Multiplier Read the scenario below, and then a.docx
The Potential Money Multiplier
Read the scenario below, and then answer questions 1 and 2. Refer to this week’s readings in the text, if needed.
Scenario: Bank A has an increase in deposits (or excess reserves) of $100M and the reserve requirement is 10% with other banks not holding reserves beyond the requirement.
How much money can Bank A create by making loans?
How much money can the banking system as a whole create? (Show calculation).
Current Monetary Policy
After reading the Week Five required readings, address these questions in your post
What are the current monetary policy goals?
How has the Fed attempted to meet some of these goals? What have been the outcomes?
Do you agree or disagree with the Fed taking action to intervene when the economy is not well-functioning? Why or why not?
.
Federal Reserve Essay
The Federal Reserve System was established in 1913 to serve as the central bank of the United States. It aims to maintain stable prices and full employment through its control of monetary policy. The Fed influences monetary conditions in the economy by regulating the money supply and interest rates. It also supervises and regulates banks to ensure the safety and soundness of the financial system. The Federal Reserve System is made up of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks and the Board of Governors in Washington D.C.
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Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptx
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
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Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
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Eco-Innovations and Firm Heterogeneity. Evidence from Italian Family and Nonf...
Eco-Innovations and Firm Heterogeneity. Evidence from Italian Family and Nonf...University of Calabria
The study analyzes differences and primary drivers of green performance between family firms and non-family firms
An Overview of the Prosocial dHEDGE Vault works
How the prosocial dHEDGE earns you money while saving the world!
SWAIAP Fraud Risk Mitigation Prof Oyedokun.pptx
SWAIAP Fraud Risk Mitigation Prof Oyedokun.pptxGodwin Emmanuel Oyedokun MBA MSc PhD FCA FCTI FCNA CFE FFAR
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial Reports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.一比一原版(IC毕业证)帝国理工大学毕业证如何办理
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你做代理，可以改变自己，改变他人，给他人和自己一个机会美景更增添一份性感夹杂着一份纯洁的妖娆毫无违和感实在给人带来一份悠然幸福的心情如果说现在的审美已经断然拒绝了无声的话那么在树林间飞掠而过的小鸟叽叽咋咋的叫声是否就是这最后的点睛之笔悠然走在林间的小路上宁静与清香一丝丝的盛夏气息吸入身体昔日生活里的繁忙与焦躁早已淡然无存心中满是悠然清淡的芳菲身体不由的轻松脚步也感到无比的轻快走出这盘栾交错的小道眼前是连绵不绝的山峦浩荡天地间大自然毫无吝啬的展现它的达
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdf
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
Tax System, Behaviour, Justice, and Voluntary Compliance Culture in Nigeria -...
Tax System, Behaviour, Justice, and Voluntary Compliance Culture in Nigeria -...Godwin Emmanuel Oyedokun MBA MSc PhD FCA FCTI FCNA CFE FFAR
Lecture slide titled Tax System, Behaviour, Justice, and Voluntary Compliance Culture in Nigeria - Prof Oyedokun.pptxSources of Revenue for State Government - Prof Oyedokun.pptx
Sources of Revenue for State Government - Prof Oyedokun.pptxGodwin Emmanuel Oyedokun MBA MSc PhD FCA FCTI FCNA CFE FFAR
Lecture slide on Sources of Revenue for State GovernmentRecently uploaded (20)
falcon-invoice-discounting-a-strategic-approach-to-optimize-investments
falcon-invoice-discounting-a-strategic-approach-to-optimize-investments
Eco-Innovations and Firm Heterogeneity. Evidence from Italian Family and Nonf...
Eco-Innovations and Firm Heterogeneity. Evidence from Italian Family and Nonf...
G20 summit held in India. Proper presentation for G20 summit
G20 summit held in India. Proper presentation for G20 summit
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...
Tumelo-deep-dive-into-pass-through-voting-Feb23 (1).pdf
Tumelo-deep-dive-into-pass-through-voting-Feb23 (1).pdf
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...
Applying the Global Internal Audit Standards_AIS.pdf
Applying the Global Internal Audit Standards_AIS.pdf
Tax System, Behaviour, Justice, and Voluntary Compliance Culture in Nigeria -...
Tax System, Behaviour, Justice, and Voluntary Compliance Culture in Nigeria -...
Sources of Revenue for State Government - Prof Oyedokun.pptx
Sources of Revenue for State Government - Prof Oyedokun.pptx
Monetary policy questions
- 1. Chapter 15/16 Questions Name_______________________________________ 1. Describe the difference between monetary policy and fiscal policy? 2. Does the Federal Reserve (FED) or the Congress have more power to influence America’s economy? 3. Is America’s debt a problem? In what way can our debt be a good thing? (pg. 406) 4. Describe the 3 ways in which the Federal Reserve serves our government. 1. 2. 3. 5. In what ways does the Federal Reserve help banks? 6. How do banks create money out of thin air? (pg. 425) 7. How does the Federal Reserve’s power to change the reserve requirement affect a bank’s ability to create money? (pg. 426-427) 8. When the Federal Reserve Bank makes open market operations, what is it attempting to do? What if it purchases bonds? What if it sells bonds? 9. When would the FED (Federal Reserve) want to use easy money policy? Why? 10. When would the FED want to use tight money policy? Why?