This document provides an overview of key concepts related to democracy and civic engagement. It covers lessons on democracy, citizenship, rule of law, governance, democratic actors, and elections. Some of the main topics discussed include democratic institutions, human rights, separation of powers, responsibilities of citizens, political parties, civil society, electoral systems, and principles of inclusion and equality in democratic processes.
People's Forum - a decentralized participatory democratic model for IndiaJos Conil
The document proposes establishing a "People's Forum" as a fourth pillar of Indian democracy to strengthen participatory governance. It would consist of a Social Service League and Citizen's Ombudsman at national, state, and local levels. The key aspects include: 1) Mandating government to publish all bills and budgets for public feedback; 2) Empowering citizens to initiate referendums on laws and policies; 3) Giving citizens oversight of all government projects and institutions; 4) Allowing citizens to dismiss underperforming governments via referendum; 5) Establishing an Ombudsman to investigate corruption complaints against public officials. The aim is to make the government more answerable and responsive to the
This document defines key concepts related to democracy and governance. It begins by defining democracy as a system where the common people hold political power, usually through competitive elections. It outlines different types of democracy, including direct democracy which involves citizens directly in decisions, and representative democracy where citizens elect representatives. The document also discusses merits and demerits of democracy. It defines civil society and its important roles in supporting democracy. Finally, it defines governance and good governance, listing principles like accountability, rule of law and control of corruption.
This document provides an overview of democracy, including its key features and arguments in its favor. It defines democracy as a form of government where rulers are elected by the people through free and fair elections. Additional features discussed include major decisions being made by elected leaders, political equality where each citizen has one vote, and the rule of law. The document also discusses arguments in favor of democracy, such as it being more accountable and improving decision making through consultation and discussion. While democracy may not be perfect, it is argued to be better than alternative forms of government.
To establish a democracy on the deserted island, the committee would need to include four key elements: free and fair elections to choose and replace the government, active participation of citizens in politics and civic life, protection of human rights for all citizens, and a rule of law where laws apply equally. The democracy would also require democratic principles like respecting others' rights, rejecting violence, and being willing to compromise.
Problems and prospects_of_indian_democracy_an_analysis_of_working_for_designi...Vivek Dhupdale
This document summarizes the keynote presentation on "Problems and Prospects of Indian Democracy: An Analysis of working for designing processes of change" given by Shri. Vivek Y. Dhupdale. It outlines the objectives of studying India's existing democratic system and challenges, and suggesting measures to restore democracy. Some of the major challenges discussed include overpopulation, poverty, corruption, and poor voter turnout. The presentation suggests that citizens should exercise their democratic rights responsibly through informed voting and participation. It also calls for political parties and leaders to uphold integrity and work toward the welfare of the people with a true parliamentary spirit. Overall, while Indian democracy has faced issues, the constitution provides a solid framework and it is
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for a module on democracy, elections, and good governance that is being implemented at Shivaji University in Kolhapur, India. The module will cover dimensions of democracy including social, economic, and political aspects. It will also examine elections for local self-government bodies and good governance initiatives in India. The rationale for the module is to educate students on the importance of democracy and encourage participation in the electoral and political process.
Electoral Democracy, Liberal Democracy and the Global Recession of Democracy pastiche_project
Презентація до лекції Ларрі Даймонда "Визначення демократії: виборча, ліберальна демократія, якість демократії", що відбулася в НаУКМА 9 вересня 2013 року у співпраці з Українською школою політичних студій. Ларрі Даймонд розглядає різницю між виборчою та ліберальною демократією та визначає показники оцінки якості демократії. Він також аналізує світові тенденції виборчої і ліберальної демократії та пояснює, чому якість демократії тісно пов'язана зі стабільністю та консолідацією демократії. Ларрі Даймонд є професором Стенфордського університету та старшим науковцем Інституту Гувера. Також він працював в якості радника численних урядових і міжнародних організацій, в тому числі Державного департаменту США, ООН, Світового банку.
People's Forum - a decentralized participatory democratic model for IndiaJos Conil
The document proposes establishing a "People's Forum" as a fourth pillar of Indian democracy to strengthen participatory governance. It would consist of a Social Service League and Citizen's Ombudsman at national, state, and local levels. The key aspects include: 1) Mandating government to publish all bills and budgets for public feedback; 2) Empowering citizens to initiate referendums on laws and policies; 3) Giving citizens oversight of all government projects and institutions; 4) Allowing citizens to dismiss underperforming governments via referendum; 5) Establishing an Ombudsman to investigate corruption complaints against public officials. The aim is to make the government more answerable and responsive to the
This document defines key concepts related to democracy and governance. It begins by defining democracy as a system where the common people hold political power, usually through competitive elections. It outlines different types of democracy, including direct democracy which involves citizens directly in decisions, and representative democracy where citizens elect representatives. The document also discusses merits and demerits of democracy. It defines civil society and its important roles in supporting democracy. Finally, it defines governance and good governance, listing principles like accountability, rule of law and control of corruption.
This document provides an overview of democracy, including its key features and arguments in its favor. It defines democracy as a form of government where rulers are elected by the people through free and fair elections. Additional features discussed include major decisions being made by elected leaders, political equality where each citizen has one vote, and the rule of law. The document also discusses arguments in favor of democracy, such as it being more accountable and improving decision making through consultation and discussion. While democracy may not be perfect, it is argued to be better than alternative forms of government.
To establish a democracy on the deserted island, the committee would need to include four key elements: free and fair elections to choose and replace the government, active participation of citizens in politics and civic life, protection of human rights for all citizens, and a rule of law where laws apply equally. The democracy would also require democratic principles like respecting others' rights, rejecting violence, and being willing to compromise.
Problems and prospects_of_indian_democracy_an_analysis_of_working_for_designi...Vivek Dhupdale
This document summarizes the keynote presentation on "Problems and Prospects of Indian Democracy: An Analysis of working for designing processes of change" given by Shri. Vivek Y. Dhupdale. It outlines the objectives of studying India's existing democratic system and challenges, and suggesting measures to restore democracy. Some of the major challenges discussed include overpopulation, poverty, corruption, and poor voter turnout. The presentation suggests that citizens should exercise their democratic rights responsibly through informed voting and participation. It also calls for political parties and leaders to uphold integrity and work toward the welfare of the people with a true parliamentary spirit. Overall, while Indian democracy has faced issues, the constitution provides a solid framework and it is
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for a module on democracy, elections, and good governance that is being implemented at Shivaji University in Kolhapur, India. The module will cover dimensions of democracy including social, economic, and political aspects. It will also examine elections for local self-government bodies and good governance initiatives in India. The rationale for the module is to educate students on the importance of democracy and encourage participation in the electoral and political process.
Electoral Democracy, Liberal Democracy and the Global Recession of Democracy pastiche_project
Презентація до лекції Ларрі Даймонда "Визначення демократії: виборча, ліберальна демократія, якість демократії", що відбулася в НаУКМА 9 вересня 2013 року у співпраці з Українською школою політичних студій. Ларрі Даймонд розглядає різницю між виборчою та ліберальною демократією та визначає показники оцінки якості демократії. Він також аналізує світові тенденції виборчої і ліберальної демократії та пояснює, чому якість демократії тісно пов'язана зі стабільністю та консолідацією демократії. Ларрі Даймонд є професором Стенфордського університету та старшим науковцем Інституту Гувера. Також він працював в якості радника численних урядових і міжнародних організацій, в тому числі Державного департаменту США, ООН, Світового банку.
1. The document discusses key concepts of democracy including government intervention, democratic participation, and the six fundamental elements of modern democracy such as rule of law, separation of powers, and basic rights and freedoms.
2. It also outlines the four dimensions of democracy: the people, equality, common good, and representation. For each dimension, it provides details on what they entail such as the people referring to citizens of a democratic nation regarded as equals.
3. The types of democracy discussed are direct democracy, practiced in parts of Switzerland, and indirect representative democracy where citizens elect representatives to act on their behalf in government.
The document discusses the key principles and outcomes of democracy. It notes that democracy promotes equality, dignity, better decision-making, and conflict resolution. While democracy can be slow and inefficient, it provides legitimacy and empowerment as it is a government chosen by the people. The outcomes of democracy include political equality, accommodation of social diversity, allowing the majority to work with the minority, and protecting individual freedom and dignity, including women's rights. Democracy also takes steps to reduce the effects of castes through policies like reservation. Overall, democracy is formed on the principle of rule by the people and provides an accountable, transparent and responsive form of government.
Democracy allows citizens to choose their government through free and fair elections held every five years. It is based on principles of social equality, individual respect, and popular approval of the government. Key characteristics include citizen control over the government, protection of basic human rights, and tolerance and compromise between competing views. While democracy ensures freedom and representation, it can also lead to instability, power struggles, and broken promises during elections.
The chapter discusses states and democracy. It covers why states should be studied despite their declining power relative to other actors. States remain the dominant form of political organization globally. The chapter also examines the rise of democratic states and their relationship to citizenship rights, elections, and accountability. Finally, it analyzes theories about the relationship between states and society, including state supremacy, dependency, interdependency, and separation of the two.
Democracy originated from the Greek words "demos" meaning people and "kratein" meaning to rule. The key principles of democracy include rule of law, separation of powers, fundamental freedoms and rights, and free and fair elections. For a democracy to function properly, power is divided among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches; and citizens are guaranteed civil liberties like freedom of speech, religion, press, and political participation. The document also discusses concepts like pluralism, the role of opposition parties, and the importance of an independent media to hold governments accountable in a democracy.
MianAirForce | Psychology of Professional AthletesAmir Mehmood
Welcome to MianAirforce. The founder of MianAirforce is Amir Mehmood, who is a blogger, pilot, fitness coach and health coach as well as health professional. He worked with various of medical professionals in hospitals and clinics. His main focus is to talk about various of topics that relates to airforce such as pilot training, fitness, health, medicine, and rehabilitation. You might think that those topics don’t really match with his niche. It actually does. Airforce focuses on staying fit, having a good health, avoid any medical injuries as well as prepare you for pilot training.
Visit <a href="https://www.mianairforce.com">MianAirForce</a>
Democracy is defined as a government by the people, exercised directly or through elected representatives. Key aspects include periodic free elections, majority rule, minority rights, and citizen participation. Historically, democracy has its roots in ancient Athens and was further developed in documents like the Magna Carta and modern constitutions. Democratic practices include suffrage, protesting election fraud, communicating with elected officials, public assembly, and plebiscites. Participatory democracy involves citizens more directly in decision-making, while representative democracy operates through elected representatives. Benefits of democratic participation include having a voice and influencing decisions.
Democratic government rules within limits set by constitutional law and citizens' rights. Hence, we can deduce that democracy is a form of government in which: Rulers elected by the people take all the major decisions. Elections offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers.
This document provides an overview of democracy as a form of government. It defines democracy as a government where rulers are elected by the people. Key features of democracy discussed include major decisions being made by elected leaders, free and fair elections, one person one vote system, and governments being ruled by law and respecting citizens' rights. Arguments for democracy presented are that it provides accountability, improves decision making, enables conflict resolution, and allows people to correct mistakes. The document also discusses broader meanings of democracy beyond just representative government.
Democracy derives from the Greek words meaning "rule by the people." It is a system of government where supreme power is held by the citizens, either directly or through elected representatives. There are two main types of democracy - direct, where citizens vote on all issues, and representative, where citizens elect officials to vote on most issues. Democracies protect basic rights like freedom of speech and religion through regular free and fair elections. Citizens have both rights and responsibilities to participate in the political system. Key aspects of democracy include the rule of law, separation of powers among legislative, executive and judicial branches, and a free press. Political parties, interest groups and non-governmental organizations also play important roles.
This document provides an overview of the electoral process in India. It discusses key topics like types of elections, universal adult franchise, representation, theories of representation, the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system and proportional representation system. It explains why India adopted the FPTP system over the PR system and summarizes the electoral process in India. It also provides a brief introduction to the Election Commission of India, which oversees elections in the country.
Democratic and authoritarian regimes can be distinguished by their objectives and means of achieving power. Democratic regimes involve the consent of the governed and respect for individual rights, while authoritarian regimes concentrate power with the ruling elite and impose their values through coercion rather than popular will. Authoritarian regimes are characterized by a lack of political participation and rights, the influence of the military, absence of ideology to mobilize citizens, and the use of force to maintain control and suppress opposition. Changes in leadership typically occur through coups or revolutions rather than competitive elections.
This document provides a summary of the mid-term report of Nigeria's Transformation Agenda from 2011-2013 under President Goodluck Jonathan. Some key points include:
- It highlights achievements in advancing democracy, such as expanding civic participation, ensuring checks and balances among branches of government, and electoral progress including more credible elections.
- It also discusses upholding the principle of federal character in appointments and project allocation to ensure balanced representation across Nigeria's diverse regions.
- The report provides statistics on appointments made to improve federal character compliance and reduce perceptions of marginalization.
- It acknowledges that more work remains to be done to curb corruption and strengthen democratic institutions.
The document lists the members of a group and discusses democracy and elections. It defines democracy as a form of government where citizens have equal say in decisions. It outlines principles of democracy like rule of law, citizen participation, and free and fair elections. The benefits of democracy discussed are protection from oppression and laws that ensure citizen safety. Elections allow citizens to choose representatives and influence policies through voting. Key aspects covered are voting rights, voter registration, and primary vs general elections.
G-9 CIVICS WHAT IS DEMOCRACY-MAHVISH (1).pptxPreeti Pachauri
Democracy is a form of government where power is held by citizens who elect representatives. Key features include: citizens having equal say through votes, elected representatives making decisions on behalf of people, and protection of citizens' rights. There are merits like accountability and ability to change leadership through elections, and demerits like potential for instability and corruption. Most modern democracies are indirect, with representatives making decisions, unlike direct democracies where citizens vote on all issues. Case studies examine countries and whether they truly allow democratic values like fair elections.
Democracy is a system where citizens decide matters as a group through voting. There are two main forms - direct democracy, where citizens vote directly on issues, and representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions. While Bangladesh has held elections since independence, it still faces challenges to fully institutionalizing democracy, such as weak political culture and institutions, corruption, and lack of strong leadership. However, prospects for democracy in Bangladesh include its homogeneous population, provisions for caretaker governments during elections, and an increasingly active civil society.
Democracy is a system where citizens decide matters as a group through voting. There are two main forms - direct democracy, where citizens vote directly on issues, and representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions. While Bangladesh has held elections since independence, it still faces challenges to fully institutionalizing democracy, such as weak political culture and institutions, corruption, and lack of strong leadership. However, prospects for democracy in Bangladesh include its homogeneous population, provisions for caretaker governments during elections, and an increasingly active civil society.
Democracy promotes several important outcomes according to the document:
1. It creates a more accountable, responsive and legitimate form of government where citizens can elect their rulers and hold them responsible through elections and public debate.
2. While it may not guarantee economic growth, democracy does not significantly lag behind other systems in promoting development.
3. Democracies have a mixed record in reducing inequality and poverty but provide better opportunities than other systems to address issues facing disadvantaged groups.
4. Democracy is better suited than other forms of government at accommodating social diversity and handling internal conflicts through non-violent means.
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1. The document discusses key concepts of democracy including government intervention, democratic participation, and the six fundamental elements of modern democracy such as rule of law, separation of powers, and basic rights and freedoms.
2. It also outlines the four dimensions of democracy: the people, equality, common good, and representation. For each dimension, it provides details on what they entail such as the people referring to citizens of a democratic nation regarded as equals.
3. The types of democracy discussed are direct democracy, practiced in parts of Switzerland, and indirect representative democracy where citizens elect representatives to act on their behalf in government.
The document discusses the key principles and outcomes of democracy. It notes that democracy promotes equality, dignity, better decision-making, and conflict resolution. While democracy can be slow and inefficient, it provides legitimacy and empowerment as it is a government chosen by the people. The outcomes of democracy include political equality, accommodation of social diversity, allowing the majority to work with the minority, and protecting individual freedom and dignity, including women's rights. Democracy also takes steps to reduce the effects of castes through policies like reservation. Overall, democracy is formed on the principle of rule by the people and provides an accountable, transparent and responsive form of government.
Democracy allows citizens to choose their government through free and fair elections held every five years. It is based on principles of social equality, individual respect, and popular approval of the government. Key characteristics include citizen control over the government, protection of basic human rights, and tolerance and compromise between competing views. While democracy ensures freedom and representation, it can also lead to instability, power struggles, and broken promises during elections.
The chapter discusses states and democracy. It covers why states should be studied despite their declining power relative to other actors. States remain the dominant form of political organization globally. The chapter also examines the rise of democratic states and their relationship to citizenship rights, elections, and accountability. Finally, it analyzes theories about the relationship between states and society, including state supremacy, dependency, interdependency, and separation of the two.
Democracy originated from the Greek words "demos" meaning people and "kratein" meaning to rule. The key principles of democracy include rule of law, separation of powers, fundamental freedoms and rights, and free and fair elections. For a democracy to function properly, power is divided among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches; and citizens are guaranteed civil liberties like freedom of speech, religion, press, and political participation. The document also discusses concepts like pluralism, the role of opposition parties, and the importance of an independent media to hold governments accountable in a democracy.
MianAirForce | Psychology of Professional AthletesAmir Mehmood
Welcome to MianAirforce. The founder of MianAirforce is Amir Mehmood, who is a blogger, pilot, fitness coach and health coach as well as health professional. He worked with various of medical professionals in hospitals and clinics. His main focus is to talk about various of topics that relates to airforce such as pilot training, fitness, health, medicine, and rehabilitation. You might think that those topics don’t really match with his niche. It actually does. Airforce focuses on staying fit, having a good health, avoid any medical injuries as well as prepare you for pilot training.
Visit <a href="https://www.mianairforce.com">MianAirForce</a>
Democracy is defined as a government by the people, exercised directly or through elected representatives. Key aspects include periodic free elections, majority rule, minority rights, and citizen participation. Historically, democracy has its roots in ancient Athens and was further developed in documents like the Magna Carta and modern constitutions. Democratic practices include suffrage, protesting election fraud, communicating with elected officials, public assembly, and plebiscites. Participatory democracy involves citizens more directly in decision-making, while representative democracy operates through elected representatives. Benefits of democratic participation include having a voice and influencing decisions.
Democratic government rules within limits set by constitutional law and citizens' rights. Hence, we can deduce that democracy is a form of government in which: Rulers elected by the people take all the major decisions. Elections offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers.
This document provides an overview of democracy as a form of government. It defines democracy as a government where rulers are elected by the people. Key features of democracy discussed include major decisions being made by elected leaders, free and fair elections, one person one vote system, and governments being ruled by law and respecting citizens' rights. Arguments for democracy presented are that it provides accountability, improves decision making, enables conflict resolution, and allows people to correct mistakes. The document also discusses broader meanings of democracy beyond just representative government.
Democracy derives from the Greek words meaning "rule by the people." It is a system of government where supreme power is held by the citizens, either directly or through elected representatives. There are two main types of democracy - direct, where citizens vote on all issues, and representative, where citizens elect officials to vote on most issues. Democracies protect basic rights like freedom of speech and religion through regular free and fair elections. Citizens have both rights and responsibilities to participate in the political system. Key aspects of democracy include the rule of law, separation of powers among legislative, executive and judicial branches, and a free press. Political parties, interest groups and non-governmental organizations also play important roles.
This document provides an overview of the electoral process in India. It discusses key topics like types of elections, universal adult franchise, representation, theories of representation, the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system and proportional representation system. It explains why India adopted the FPTP system over the PR system and summarizes the electoral process in India. It also provides a brief introduction to the Election Commission of India, which oversees elections in the country.
Democratic and authoritarian regimes can be distinguished by their objectives and means of achieving power. Democratic regimes involve the consent of the governed and respect for individual rights, while authoritarian regimes concentrate power with the ruling elite and impose their values through coercion rather than popular will. Authoritarian regimes are characterized by a lack of political participation and rights, the influence of the military, absence of ideology to mobilize citizens, and the use of force to maintain control and suppress opposition. Changes in leadership typically occur through coups or revolutions rather than competitive elections.
This document provides a summary of the mid-term report of Nigeria's Transformation Agenda from 2011-2013 under President Goodluck Jonathan. Some key points include:
- It highlights achievements in advancing democracy, such as expanding civic participation, ensuring checks and balances among branches of government, and electoral progress including more credible elections.
- It also discusses upholding the principle of federal character in appointments and project allocation to ensure balanced representation across Nigeria's diverse regions.
- The report provides statistics on appointments made to improve federal character compliance and reduce perceptions of marginalization.
- It acknowledges that more work remains to be done to curb corruption and strengthen democratic institutions.
The document lists the members of a group and discusses democracy and elections. It defines democracy as a form of government where citizens have equal say in decisions. It outlines principles of democracy like rule of law, citizen participation, and free and fair elections. The benefits of democracy discussed are protection from oppression and laws that ensure citizen safety. Elections allow citizens to choose representatives and influence policies through voting. Key aspects covered are voting rights, voter registration, and primary vs general elections.
G-9 CIVICS WHAT IS DEMOCRACY-MAHVISH (1).pptxPreeti Pachauri
Democracy is a form of government where power is held by citizens who elect representatives. Key features include: citizens having equal say through votes, elected representatives making decisions on behalf of people, and protection of citizens' rights. There are merits like accountability and ability to change leadership through elections, and demerits like potential for instability and corruption. Most modern democracies are indirect, with representatives making decisions, unlike direct democracies where citizens vote on all issues. Case studies examine countries and whether they truly allow democratic values like fair elections.
Democracy is a system where citizens decide matters as a group through voting. There are two main forms - direct democracy, where citizens vote directly on issues, and representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions. While Bangladesh has held elections since independence, it still faces challenges to fully institutionalizing democracy, such as weak political culture and institutions, corruption, and lack of strong leadership. However, prospects for democracy in Bangladesh include its homogeneous population, provisions for caretaker governments during elections, and an increasingly active civil society.
Democracy is a system where citizens decide matters as a group through voting. There are two main forms - direct democracy, where citizens vote directly on issues, and representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions. While Bangladesh has held elections since independence, it still faces challenges to fully institutionalizing democracy, such as weak political culture and institutions, corruption, and lack of strong leadership. However, prospects for democracy in Bangladesh include its homogeneous population, provisions for caretaker governments during elections, and an increasingly active civil society.
Democracy promotes several important outcomes according to the document:
1. It creates a more accountable, responsive and legitimate form of government where citizens can elect their rulers and hold them responsible through elections and public debate.
2. While it may not guarantee economic growth, democracy does not significantly lag behind other systems in promoting development.
3. Democracies have a mixed record in reducing inequality and poverty but provide better opportunities than other systems to address issues facing disadvantaged groups.
4. Democracy is better suited than other forms of government at accommodating social diversity and handling internal conflicts through non-violent means.
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Failure to Observe Corporate Formalities: Corporations and LLCs are required to observe certain formalities, such as holding regular meetings, maintaining separate financial records, and avoiding commingling of personal and corporate assets. If these formalities are not observed and the corporate structure is used as a mere façade, courts may disregard the corporate entity.
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Group Enterprises: In some cases, where multiple corporations are closely related or form part of a single economic unit, courts may pierce the corporate veil to achieve equity, particularly if one corporation's actions harm creditors or other stakeholders and the corporate structure is being used to shield culpable parties from liability.
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2. Introduction to Democracy
Lesson Objective: To understand the basic concepts of a
democratic system and society:
● Democratic institutions
● Fundamental freedoms and human rights
● Separation of powers
● Direct and representative democracy
3. What is Democracy?
● Government by the
people
● Rule of the people by
the people
● Human rights
● Free and fair elections
● Party pluralism
● Informed and active
citizenry
● Inclusive and equal
● Party pluralism
4. Why is democracy important?
● Creates an opportunity for citizens to express concerns on
issues that affect their daily lives
● Creates an opportunity for elected officials to engage
citizens to find appropriate solutions to those issues
● Democracies are rarely politically violent. Tend to use far
less violence against their citizens than non-democratic
regimes.
● Provides stability by giving regular opportunities for
change of political leaders
5. What is inclusion?
What is the importance of equitable inclusion in a democracy?
Why are women important to democracy?
6. What does democracy look like in Lebanon?
Does democracy in Lebanon favor one group over another?
Is Lebanon a direct democracy or a representative democracy?
● Direct Democracy means the people directly deliberate
and decide on new laws and policy.
● Representative Democracy means the people elect
representatives to deliberate and decide on legislation,
such as in a parliamentary or presidential system.
7. Building Blocks of Democracy: Democratic Institutions
● Legislative bodies: parliament, provincial or municipal
councils
● Elections
● Political parties
● Independent Judiciary
● Independent Media
● Informed citizens
8. Building Blocks of Democracy: Human Rights
What are human rights?
● Basic rights and freedoms
● Universal
● Can never be taken away
● Based on shared values
Does everyone in Lebanon fully enjoy their human rights?
Is everyone treated equally and the same or are some
treated differently?
9. Building Blocks of Democracy: Power, Politics, and
Women
Politics is about power and social norms are at the root of
women’s experience of disempowerment and they directly
impact the privileged position of power that men have in
politics
The social norms that impact the ability of women to
participate in politics are rooted in gender inequality and
they show a worrying “universality and resilience” to change.
10. Building Blocks of Democracy: Rule of Law
What does rule of law mean?
● A principle under which all
persons, institutions, and
entities are accountable to
law.
● The legal framework of the
country equally enforced
● Valuable because it limits
the arbitrary power
11. Building Blocks of Democracy: Separation of Powers
What is separation of powers?
● An independent legislature, executive and judiciary.
● Checks and balances
Is there a separation of powers in Lebanon? Why or why not?
How would separation of powers strengthen democratic
practices in Lebanon?
14. Citizenship
Lesson Objective: To understand the concept of citizenship in a
democracy, to explore the value of equality before the law in a
democratic system, and to examine the possibilities for citizen input
and participation in the decision-making processes:
● Civic values
● Types of rights
● Equality before the law
● Responsibilities of citizens
● Citizen participation in a democracy
● Agency
15. What is Citizenship?
Citizenship refers to membership of an individual in a group or
community that involves certain rights and responsibilities as
a result of this membership:
● Legal status
● Citizens as political actors
● Sense of belonging to a political community
16. Exercise: What makes a good citizen?
● Respectful
● Listens
● Well informed
● Helps others
● Any other ideas?
Image: Council of Europe,Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education
18. Civic and Political Rights
Civil rights may include:
● The right to freedom of expression and
opinion
● The right to liberty as long as its exercise
does not violate laws and does not
conflict with the freedom of others
● The right to peaceful assembly
● The right to justice and equality before
the law
● The right to life and not to be subjected
to torture or to ill-treatment or cruel and
inhuman punishment
● The right to an identity, belonging and
acquire a nationality
Political rights may include:
● The right to participate in peaceful
societies with others
● The right to membership in parties,
organize movements and groups
and attempt to influence the
political decision
● The right to a peaceful
demonstration
● The right to hold public office in the
country
21. Citizen Participation in a Democracy
● Voting
● Public supporting a political party or candidate
● Writing letters or make phone calls on behalf of issues you care about
● Visiting an elected or government official his or her office
● Inviting elected or government officials to meet with a group of
constituents
● Publishing editorials and writing letters to the editor of a newspaper
● Circulating petitions
● Collective action, such as advocacy or community organizing
22. Being an Informed Citizen
Why is it important to be informed?
What are the ways or steps you can
take to be an informed citizen?
23. Active Listening
● Use body language
● Show interest
● Listen to not just what is
said but how it is said
● Ask questions
26. Rule of Law and Legal Frameworks
Lesson Objective: To understand the relationship between citizens
and their elected officials and the process for creating political
accountability through a system of checks and balances:
● Human rights
● Legal framework for Lebanon
● Equal protection under the law
● Pluralism and competition
● Judicial independence and due process
● Citizen review/input
27. What is Rule of Law?
Rule of Law is the concept
that laws prevail above any
institution or individual.
Laws set limits on the
behavior of governments,
individuals and organizations
and they do so fairly and
equally.
28. Eight Conditions for the Rule of Law
The following eight elements of law are recognized as necessary to
institute the rule of law:
1. Laws must exist and be obeyed by all.
2. Laws must be published.
3. Laws must be forward-looking.
4. Laws should be written with reasonable clarity.
5. Law must avoid contradictions.
6. Law must not command the impossible.
7. Law must stay constant through time
8. Official action should be consistent with the declared rule.
29. Legal Framework for Lebanon and the Role of the State
● What are the major laws
and decrees in Lebanon
that govern society?
● What role does the state
have in creating rule of law?
● What role do citizens have in
protecting the rule of law?
30. Exercise: Culture of Accountability
“Accountability is the glue that ties
commitment to results”
- Bob Proctor
31. Equal Protection Under the Law
● Lebanon has a constitutional government.
● A constitutional government is organized to prevent any
one individual or institution from becoming too powerful
and prevailing on all issues.
● A constitutional government is inclined organizationally
and procedurally to make decisions that benefit society,
rather than a particular individual.
32. Gender Equality
Equal protection under the law differs for men and women in
Lebanon.
There are several components of the Lebanese legal
framework that puts in place power structures and decision-
making processes that disadvantage or leave out women,
and that broader treatment of female citizens and their
government officials (majority men) is impacted negatively.
33. Gender and Government Accountability
● Do legal and policy documents integrate gender
perspectives in policies and services?
● Have institutions developed action plans to implement
the government-wide gender equality policy?
● Do institutions have the capacity, support mechanisms
and resources to integrate gender equality perspectives ?
34. Pluralism and Competition
The rule of law permits participation, promotes cooperation and
protects the fundamental principles of a democratic society. Part
of the includes a political landscape that includes:
➔ Different political, religious, and ideological views
➔ Civil society (nongovernmental organizations, syndicates,
media, religious groups, etc.)
These groups are necessary to foster pluralism and create
competition among ideas and alternatives.
35. Judicial Independence and Due Process
● The judiciary is responsible for
applying the law in a fair manner,
also known as due process.
● Judges should be impartial of any
political, religious, social or economic
bias in their rulings.
● The judiciary’s independence allows
judges to make lawful decisions
Do you think the Lebanon court system is independent of
influence and fair in its decision-making?
36. Citizen Review and Input
A primary form of protection of government abuse is to
provide for the right of citizens to protest against government
action and the right of citizens to vote leaders out of office.
In addition to voting, there are also representative
deliberative processes the citizens can directly participate in
to engage and hold government accountable.
37.
38. Module Three: Democracy and Civic
Engagement
Lesson Four: National and Subnational Governance
39. National and Subnational Governance
Lesson Objective: To understand the different roles and functions
the national and subnational governments play in Lebanon
● Good governance principles
● National level government positions and bodies
● Governorate level government positions and bodies
● Roles and responsibilities of each position and body
● Decentralization
● Where citizens can engage at the different levels of
government
40. Good Governance
We often hear the term ‘good governance’ in relation to what a
government should be doing to serve its citizens.
Principles of Good Governance
● Participation
● Rule of Law
● Transparency
● Equality
● Responsiveness
● Vision
● Accountability
● Supervision
● Efficiency and Effectiveness
● Professionalism
41. Inclusivity and Good Governance
What can be done to make a system of government more
inclusive?
How could a more inclusive system of government increase
good governance?
42. Features of a Centralized System of Governance
There are two specific features of a centralized government:
1. The functional management for all government decisions
in the hands of central authorities
1. There is a specific administrative hierarchy
43. Features of a Decentralized System of Governance
There are two specific features of a decentralized government:
1. The state is responsible for determining which services are
national and which services are considered local.
1. Governing local councils are elected by voters in the same
region.
In a decentralized system, all local administrations and bodies
should not be working under strict control or oversight of the central
administration.
44. Which is Better?
Advantages
● Helps a modern state
establish and install the
authorities of the government
● Strengthens political unity.
● Unifies the administrative
techniques used in the state.
● Eases coordination between
the administrative body
throughout the country.
Disadvantages
● Slow and inefficient work,
● Administrative bureaucracy,
● Lack of availability of
information,
● Concentration of power.
Centralized Government
45. Which is Better?
Advantages
● Alleviates the burden on the central
government.
● Administrative work is less time-
consuming and more efficient.
● Fosters better coordination between
the state and regions.
● Motivates employees by allowing
them to participate in decision-
making processes.
● Trains the directors in the
regions and provinces by
delegating authority
Disadvantages
● Weakens the central authority which
weakens coordination between the
central authority and the regions
● The local authorities and local
administrations will contravene the
plans of the central authority, which
can weaken of the implementation of
state policy.
● Increases the financial burden due to
the recurrence of some units
● The need to tighten control over the
activities at the local level.
● The desire for independence
Decentralized Government
46. Roles and Responsibilities at the Municipal Level in
Lebanon
As per the law issued in 1977, any job that benefits the public is the
responsibility of the municipal council. As follows:
● Fixing the road and collecting wastes
● Public health
● Urban Planning
● Developing the infrastructure
● Services
● Education
● Environmental issues
● Establishing Cultural centers, theatres, museums
47. Citizen Engagement
Citizen engagement is a form of interaction between citizens
and their governments at any stage of the development or
implementation of government policy and the delivery of
public services.
50. Democratic Actors
Lesson Objective: To understand the roles and responsibilities of the
different actors in a democracy and how they can affect the
policies of government.
Some of what we will discuss in this lesson includes:
● Power and politics
● Roles, responsibilities and behaviors of political parties;
● Roles, responsibilities and behaviors of civil society;
● Women, youth and other underrepresented groups in politics
51. Understanding Power and Politics
It can be helpful to consider three different forms that power can take –
visible, hidden and invisible. You may encounter one or all three types of
power in politics:
● Visible power refers to contests over interest which are seen in public
spaces or formal decision-making bodies.
● Hidden power is used by actors to maintain their power by creating
barriers to participation and excluding the public arena.
● Invisible power goes a step further than hidden power and is about
how dominant ideologies and values affect people’s awareness of
their rights and interests.
53. Democratic Actors Behavior: Power in Politics
How does power manifest itself in the democratic system? Is it always
visible or is some of the power hidden?
How can political parties or civil society have power?
● Raising public awareness
● Advocating for issues
● Engaging decision makers
● Working together
● Effectively communicating
● Having clear goals and desired outcomes
● Identify hidden or invisible power and help balance it
54. Political Parties
Image: NDI, Parties Represented in the Parliament
A political party is defined
as an organized group of
people with at least roughly
similar political aims and
opinions, that seeks to
influence public policy by
getting its candidates
elected to public office.
55. Political Parties: Roles and Responsibilities
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF
POLITICAL PARTIES
Contesting and winning elections to
control government agencies and
institutions
Aggregating and representing social
interests
Training political leaders who will
assume a role in governing society
Providing policy alternatives
56. Political Parties and Women
Why do women need parties?
● Gateway to political leadership
● Inform the policy agenda
What do parties need women?
● To gain party supporters
● To help develop a platform that includes interests of all voters
● To win elections!
Image: From left to right: Taiwan's President Tsai-Ing wen, New Zealand's Prime Minister
Jacinda Ardern and German Chancellor Angela Merkel CREDIT: Getty/AP/AFP
57. Political Parties: Behaviors and Power Dynamics
Pathways for women’s participation in
parties
● Leadership commitment
● Organizational structures for women
to advocate their concerns.
● Women must have a seat at the
table
Barriers for women’s participation in
parties
● Male leadership domination
continues
● Slow implementation of inclusivity
mechanisms
● Gender norms and attitudes are
slow to change
● Socio-economic barriers persist
58. Political Parties: Behaviors and Power Dynamics
Barriers for youth participation
● Reluctant to share power with youth,
whom they see as inexperienced,
apathetic, unable to lead or a threat
to their own power
● Do not give youth meaningful
opportunities to lead
● Young people are tokenized and
used as political tools that are only
engaged when it benefits the party
● Do not create mentorship or training
opportunities for young people
59. Civil Society
What is civil society?
Civil society refers to the space for collective action
around shared interests, purposes and values,
generally distinct from government and
commercial for-profit actors. Civil society includes
charities, NGOs, community groups, women's
organizations, faith-based organizations,
professional associations, trade unions, social
movements, coalitions, and advocacy groups.
(World Health Organization)
61. Syndicates
A syndicate is a consortium gathering persons operating in the same
industry or business in the same sector of activity, aimed at ensuring the
defense of their professional interests and their working conditions.
Protesters march carrying a banner that reads "Workers of Lebanon: Unite" (Photo: @LCPYouthSector
66. Elections
Lesson Objective: To help inform participants/electorate of the importance free and fair
elections; to explain how elections are a fundamental and necessary tool for change in a
democracy; to expose the participants on all the various components of an electoral
system; and to help participants understand the impact of elections on their own
citizenship
Some of what we will discuss in this lesson includes:
● Guiding Principles of Elections
● Elements of an election
● Electoral systems
● Media and elections
● Inclusivity and equality
● Accessibility
67. Elections
● Article 21 of the Declaration of Human Rights
states:
○ Everyone has the right to take part in the
government of his country, directly or
through freely chosen representatives.
○ Everyone has the right of equal access to
public service in his country.
○ The will of the people shall be the basis of
the authority of government
● In addition, there are international human rights law and gender equality
mechanisms, which explicitly address the right to equal participation by women in
political and public life.
69. Elements of an Elections
There are six core elements that every election must have in order to be considered
competitive, open and regulated:
1. An electoral system
2. An electorate who enjoys the right to vote according to the laws and the
constitution.
3. Political parties and candidates who the electorate is voting to represent them
in government.
4. Electoral districts where citizens reside that a political party and its candidates
will represent if elected.
5. The media play a central role in influencing public opinion and thus affects the
electoral process.
6. A legal framework that lays out the rules, regulations and procedures all must
comply with for an election to take place.
70. Electoral Systems
Electoral System Pros Cons
Majority
• Geographical Representation
• Accountability and keeping track are easier
• Simple and easy to understand
• Gives voter clear choices
• Motivates a presence for a strong
opposition
• Encourages that governments receive support
in a majority parliament
• Alienates and keeps small parties away
• Minorities have a less chance of becoming representatives
• A lot of votes are lost
• Usually leads to a lot of
supplementary elections
• Usually needs redistricting
Proportional
Representation
• Proportionality of results
• Multi-party presence
• Minorities get representation
• Little lost votes
• No need to redistrict
• No need for supplementary elections
• Little geographical representation
• Little accountability
• Easier for extremist parties to reach parliament
• Political parties get too much
power
Mixed System
• Multi-party presence
• More accountability and questioning
• Little lost votes
• Leads to a need for supplementary elections
• Can lead to two different levels of
elected representatives
• More complex than others
• Needs redistricting
71. Lebanon’s Electoral Framework
● In 2017, Decree-law no. 44 provided a significantly reformed framework for
parliamentary elections
● Some positive changes include:
○ Changes to the campaigning, voting, and tabulation
○ Changes in voting age and candidacy
○ Voters are automatically registered
○ Voters may select a single list running in their major
district and then cast a “preferential vote”
○ More representative districts
● Some less positive changes include:
● Potentially gerrymandered boundaries
● Seat allocation does not always correlate equally with the number of
registered voters
● Reduced threshold for winning seats
● The size of constituencies remains unequal
72. Media and Elections
● What should the role of
the media be in an
election?
● Does the media in
Lebanon do those
things?
● Does the media in
Lebanon treat all
candidates and
political parties
equally?
73. Inclusivity and Equality in Elections
Democratic elections should be inclusive of all citizens legally
eligible to vote and should include a diverse set of voices
that represent all citizens interests – even those citizens that
may not be able to vote
Do you think the electoral system in Lebanon is inclusive of all
people and does it include a diverse set of voices?
74. Women in Elections
Why should we care about gender and elections?
● Democratic elections should be inclusive,
transparent and participatory.
● Inclusive elections are ones that enable both
men and women to participate equally.
● The principle of inclusion is not only about
enabling but also taking positive action to
address particular barriers women might face.
How can and do women participate in elections
in Lebanon?
Picture Source: NDI
75. Violence Against Women in Elections
Violence against women in elections can be defined as:
● Any act of gender-based election violence
that is directed primarily at women, and that
is a result of their aspirations to seek political
office, their link to political activities (for
example, working as election officials or
attending campaign rallies) or simply their
commitment to vote
● Any use or threat of force to harm persons or
property with the intention of influencing the
electoral process that has a disproportionate
or different impact on women because of
their marginalized and vulnerable status in
society.
Image: Getty 2018
76. Youth in Elections
On May 6, 2018 supporters and volunteers of the coalition Kulna Watani or (We are
all Patriots) gather at a Beirut shisha cafe as they watch television ahead of an
expected announcement of elections results in Beirut, Lebanon.
Image: AP Photo/Hassan Ammar
80. Media
Lesson Objective: To provide an overview of the role of media in a
democracy
Some of what we will discuss in this lesson includes:
● Role and responsibilities of media
● Misinformation vs. Disinformation vs. Mal-information
● Roles, responsibilities and rights of journalists
● Social media
● Media’s responsibility to be inclusive
81. Roles and Responsibilities of the Media
While media takes many different forms and has a range of audiences,
there are some clear roles news outlets can play to support democratic
development:
● Forum for discussion
● Source of information on which
citizens can base the decisions
they make
● Mediator between citizens and
their elected representatives
● Tool to create awareness
82. Media in a Democracy
Do the citizens of Lebanon
have freedom of expression
and freedom of speech?
83. Roles and Responsibilities of Journalists
Journalists…
● Investigate events in a society
● Report to a wide, diverse audience.
● Are governed by laws
● Have hazardous and dangerous occupation
What responsibilities do journalists have to the public?
Image: Coalition For Women In Journalism
85. Media as a Voice for Everyone
What television channels do they watch to get the news?
Does the media represent balanced perspectives and
viewpoints that are inclusive of all Lebanese?
86. Responsibility of the Media
Definition Example
Misinformation When false information
is shared, but no harm
is meant
During the 2016 US presidential elections, a tweet about a ‘rigged’
voting machine in Philadelphia was shared more than 11,000 times. it
was later established that the original tweet was a mistake made by a
voter who had failed to follow the instructions exhibited on the voting
machine.
Disinformation When false information
is knowingly shared to
cause harm
During the 2017 French presidential elections, a duplicate version of the
Belgian newspaper Le Soir was created with a false article claiming that
Emmanuel Macron was being funded by Saudi Arabia.
Malinformation When genuine
information is shared to
cause harm
Examples include intentional leakages of a politician’s private emails, as
happened during the presidential elections in France.
Source: Wardle, C and Derakhshan H. In Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework (2017).
87. Gendered Disinformation
Online gendered disinformation campaigns have the potential to manipulate entrenched
gender norms to do one or all of three things:
● Cause women to withdraw from politics or participate in ways directed by fear
● Shift popular support of both men and women away from visible politically-active
women
● Manipulate political outcomes by leveraging gender norms to influence the views of
men and women
92. Media as a Change Agent
How can the media be a change agent?
● Provide information and analysis
● Serve as a voice
● Serve as a link
● Ask tough questions
● Help their viewers/readers think
more critically
The launch of the second season of “Sar el Wa2et” (It’s Time) in Lebanon,
an MTVLebanon show where young people face off against each other in
open debate supported by NDI. Image: NDI
93.
94. Module Three: Democracy and Civic
Engagement
Lesson Eight: Violence Against Women in Politics
(VAW-P)
95. Violence Against Women in Politics
Lesson Objective: To increase understanding around Violence Against
Women in Politics, in particular Online Violence Against Women in
Politics (online VAW-P); and to provide an overview of various forms of
online VAW-P and how they affect women’s political participation.
Some of what we will discuss in this lesson includes:
● What VAW-P is and why it is happening
● Where and when VAW-P occurs
● What forms can VAW-P take
96. What IS Violence Against Women in Politics?
• Violence against women in
politics (VAW-P) encompasses all
forms of aggression, coercion
and intimidation against women
as political actors simply
because they are women
• Designed to restrict the political
participation of women as a
group
97. What IS Violence Against Women in Politics?
Political violence does happen against both men and women, but
VAW-P has three distinct characteristics:
1. Targets women because of their gender
2. Can be gendered in its form
3. Discourages women in particular from being or becoming
politically active
Women are subjected to particular types of violence and intimidation
that would rarely, if ever, affect men.
98. Why does VAW-P matter?
• VAW-P is a form of violence against women
• All violence against women and girls is an abuse of human rights,
and should be stopped
• Women are told that VAW-P is “the cost of doing politics”... but
acts of violence that women experience in politics would be
explicitly prohibited in other contexts
• VAW-P is one of the most serious hurdles to women’s full and
equal political participation
• It has chilling effects on the ambitions and participation of young
women and women not already in politics
100. Why does VAW-P matter?
• VAW-P affects the
development of strong,
inclusive and democratic
societies
• When the voices of all
citizens are not heard, it
costs politics the benefits of
sustainable and responsive
democratic governance
101. Why is it happening?
● Politics is about power:
○ those who have it,
○ those who want it,
○ and those who will be denied it.
● More women in politics can trigger an increasing
backlash against them.
● Gender norms shape how and why women are targeted.
● Norm change is glacial.
102. Where and when does it occur?
● Unlike men, women are more likely to experience family or social
intimidation in the private sphere and violence and intimidation
from members and leaders of their own political party.
● They are more vulnerable to sexual violence, non-physical
harassment and intimidation than men.
● The goal of such violence is directly aimed at upholding gender
norms and traditional female roles, dissuading women from
participation in political processes.
● The violence done to women is less “visible”/less often viewed as
violence or as political.
103. What does it look like?
● Categories of Violence: physical, sexual, psychological,
threats and coercion, and economic
● Victims: Wives, sisters, mothers -- who can be activists,
voters, candidates, election administrators, observers
and elected officials
● Perpetrators: Family members, allies, political opponents.
They can be from women’s own/opposition party, party
militants, security forces, religious groups or organized
crime
104. VAW-P in Political Parties
● VAW-P cuts across all political sectors:
➔ civil society
➔ political parties
➔ elections
➔ parliaments
● It impacts politically active women regardless of their roles, or
the political sector they work in
● However, each sector has a range of organizational and
contextual issues that alter how and why VAW-P occurs
105. VAW-P in Political Parties
● Political parties are a key gateway for women to enter and
participate in politics
● However, women often face significant challenges within
political parties, because they do not have access to the same
support, resources or networks as their male colleagues
● Political parties often lack transparency in their proceedings, and
do not have formal complaint mechanisms for members who
face violence
● Because women occupy a subordinate position in this context,
they can be particularly vulnerable to violence within parties
108. Working Together
Lesson Objective: To introduce participants more fully concepts of
working together to affect change in their community
Some of what we will discuss in this lesson includes:
● Leadership
● Collaboration
● Negotiation
● Discussion
● Group Formation
110. Core Elements to Working Together
● Leadership
● Collaboration
● Discussion
● Negotiation
● Collective Action
111. Working Together: Leadership
The Five Leadership Practices
1. Articulate a story
2. Build intentional relationships
3. Distributes power and responsibility
4. Strategize how your resources create the power to
achieve clear goals.
5. Translate strategy into measurable, motivational, and
effective action.
112. Working Together: Group Formation
When groups form, the go through five stages knowns as:
forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning
113. Working Together: Power Dynamics
● Assume power dynamics are always present in meetings.
● Build a culture of collaboration in meetings.
● Openly discuss power in meetings.
● Remember that power is a social construct.
● Use your role intentionally and thoughtfully if you’re the
meeting facilitator.
114. Working Together: Decision-making
TYPE OF DECISION
MAKING
DESCRIPTION GUIDELINES FOR USAGE
Participatory
Decision Making
Allows everyone in the group to
play a part in making decisions
and helps to ensure that decisions
meet most needs of most people
in the group.
• All group members must agree to reaching
consensus view
• Process must be clear
• Sufficient time should be allowed
• Should be an important or substantial decision
Majority Decision
Making
Members of the group take a vote
and the majority choice becomes
the decision.
• Useful when decisions need to be made more
quickly, but still benefit from group contribution.
Individual Decision
Making
One person makes decisions on
behalf of the group.
• Useful for routine tasks
• Useful when used sparingly in emergencies
115. Working Together: Building Inclusive Social
Movements
What are social movements?
● Social movements are broad
combinations of groups and
individuals acting purposefully,
collectively and with continuity to
promote change.
● Movements that are focused on
creating change
● Movements can be a significant
force for challenging inequalities
and exclusions
● Being inclusive in the creation and
actions of a movement can help
build legitimacy and create buy in
116. Working Together: Building Inclusive Social
Movements
How can we ensure social movements are inclusive?
● Recognize and transform culture, power dynamics and hierarchies within movements
● Develop a vision and articulate values that create a compelling narrative
● Support internal activism for change
● Draw the line on impunity for gender-based violence
● Develop the politics and make the arguments
● Build inclusive alliances and common cause
● Expand inclusion within and across movements
● Operationalize gender justice in movements and movement-linked organizations
● Remain attentive to movement–organization power relations
● Stay with it, and support change over time