Pest of rice and maize

1. INSECT PESTS OF RICE AND
MAIZE

2. INSECT PESTS OF RICE

3. Rice
 Rice, is one from the three leading food crops in
the world grown in more than 110 countries
 Rice directly supply more than 50% of all calories
consumed by the entire human population. 1/5th
of the total world cropland under cereals
 The area under rice cultivation is154 million ha in
world and 2.311 million ha in Pakistan.
 Rice is also important crop to millions of small
farmers who grow it on millions of hectares.
 The production of rice is limited by various factors.

4. INSECT PESTS OF RICE
 Rice Leaf Folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)
family Pyralidae and order Lepidoptera.
 Rice Hispa (Dicladispa armigera) (Olivier)
family Chrysomelidae of Coleoptera.
 Striped Stem Borer of Rice (Chilo supressalis)
family Pyralidae and order Lepidoptera.

5.  White Stem Borer of Rice (Scirpophaga
innotata) family Pyralidae and order
Lepidoptera.
 Yellow Stem Borer of Rice (Scirpophaga
incertulas) family Pyralidae of order
Lepidoptera.
 White-Backed Plant hopper (Sogatella
furcifera) family Delphacidae of order
Homoptera.
 Brown Plant Hopper (Nilaparvata lugens) and
belong to family Delphacidae and order
Homoptera.

6. Rice Leaf Folder
 Introduction
 Scientific Name : Cnaphalocrocis medinalis
 Family : Pyralidae
 Order : Lepidoptera
 This is an important sporadic pest of rice and
distributed in all rice growing areas of Pakistan. It
feeds on rice and wild grasses. It took pest status
in 1980s in rice.
 This insect is also found in India, Indonesia,
Korea,
Malaysia and Philippines .

7. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis
(Guenée),
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis tradition
leaffolder pest in the lowland rice
fields of Asia. But the discovery of
Marasmia patnalis in 1981 has
complicated the interpretation of past
results. Marasmia patnalis has often
been confused with Cnaphalocuocis
medinalis in South and Southeast
Asia. The individuals belonging to the
two genera could be differentiated
from each other by forewing venation.
Cnaphalocrocis has R2 and R1 (veins
10 and 11) stalked, with R2 set close
to the trunk of R3 and R4 (veins 8 and
9). Marasmia, on the other hand, has
R2 and R1 free. These and other
morphological as well as genitalial
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis
Marasmia patnalis

8. Seasonal Distribution
The distribution of leaffolders can be seasonal. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is a
long distance migrant into temperate China (including Taiwan) and Japan
inasmuch as it does not overwinter in those areas. Every year the initial
population migrates to these temperate countries from tropical regions. The
insect migrates northward in the spring and southward in the fall, and undergoes
a reproductive diapause at the onset of seasonal emigratory periods. In the
Philippines, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis remains active year-round in irrigated
multicropped rice areas, but disperses tens of kilometers to colonize the rainfed
rice areas in the wet season. Long distance dispersal is unknown in the other
leaffolders.

9. Identification of Insect
 Adult : Golden or yellow brown colour with 8-
10 mm in length and 16-20 mm in wing
expanse. Wings have 2-3 wavy lines with dark
bands.
 Egg : Creamy white colored eggs with flat
and oval shape are laid singly or in pairs on
the leaves and leaf sheaths.
 Larva : light yellow or dull white with brown
head but turn greenish when feed, it is 20-25
mm in length. Very active and moves quickly in
folded leaf when disturbed.

10. Contd….
 Larval instar : The larvae passes through 5
instars.
 Pupa : The colour of pupa is dark brown.

11. Identification of insect

12. Life History
 The life cycle of this insect is completed in
25-35 days, and number of generation per
year are 4. It is active from July to October and
optimum period is from September to October.
Adult :
Male lives for 32 days and female for 36
days.
The moths are nocturnal and rest on the
under- side of the leaves during day time.

13. Contd…..
 Egg : Female lays 56 eggs on average,
singly or grouped. They hatch in 3-4 days.
 Larva : The larval remains for 15-25 days.
 Pupa : Pupation takes place in the loose
silken web in between the leaves or in the leaf
sheath and lasts for 6-8 days.

14. Life cycle of Insect

15. Mode of Damage
 The larvae on emergence feed on tender leaves, the grown
up larva fasten the longitudinal margins or edges of the
leaves together with thread like stick
 The larvae feed by scraping the green mesophyll from within
the folded leaves. This results in linear, pale white stripe
damage to the leaf. First- and early second-instar larvae are
gregarious and generally feed within the slightly folded basal
regions of the young leaves in a tiller.
 Starting with the late second instar, when larvae regularly roll
up leaves, they become solitary. Generally, only one larva per
leaf roll is found; after feeding on one fold for about 2-3 d, it
moves to another leaf. Thus, each larva destroys a number of
leaves during its growth.
 Highly infested field show white streaks and scorches on the
leaf, which can be recognized from a distance.

16. Contd……
 A single larva may damage a number of
leaves as it migrates from one leaf to another .
 Photosynthetic activity of leaf is affected .
 The plant become susceptible to fungal and
bacterial infection .

17. Contd……
The maximum yield loss
caused by leaffolders is
reportedly due to feeding on
the flag leaf. Unfortunately, N
fertilizer, which generally
contributes to the high yield of
modern varieties, also
enhances the nutritional
status of the rice plant,
leading to greater insect
survival, reproduction, and

18. Damage of Rice Field by RLF

19. Control of Rice Leaf Folder
 ETL: 2 damaged leaves in August and 3 in
September per plant. Overall 10% damaged
leaves.
 Both chemical and non chemical control can be
use to control the insect .
 Non Chemical control :
 Removal of grass weeds around rice field .
 Judicious use of nitrogenous fertilizer in split
applications is recommended
 Use light trap to reduce moth population .
 Trichogramma japonicum is an important egg
parasite and has potential to reduce infestation

20. Control
 More than 18,000 rice accessions from the
germplasm collection of IRRI have been screened for
resistance to Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. Nearly 115
were found resistant or moderately resistant. Selected
rice varieties resistant to Cnaphalocrocis medinalis
are also resistant toMarasmia patnalis.
 Different type of insecticides are used to control the
insect .
 cartap (Padan 95SP), 250 g /acre.
 triazophos (Hostathion 40EC), 600 ml /acre.
 cyhalothrin (Karate 0.8ULV), 1000 ml /acre.
 chlorpyriphos (Lorsban 40EC), 1000 ml /acre.
 isoprocarb (Mipcin 50WP), 1 kg /acre.

21. White Stem Borer of Rice
Scirpophaga innotata (Walker)
 Introduction
 Scientific Name : Scirpophaga innotata
(Walker)
 (Pyralidae ,Lepidoptera)
 Scirpophaga innotata, a tropical species,
occurs in regions with distinct dry and wet
seasons
 It is the major pest of rice and distributed in
Sheikhupura , Gujranwala and Sialkot districts.
 Hosts : Rice and wild grasses.

22. Identification of Insect
 Adult : Moth is of slender shape
with white colour and having orange
anal tuft of hairs and black spot on
each wing.
 In experiments at IRRI, field
collected females of Chilo
suppressalis and Sesamia inferens
mated manymtimes; those of
Scirpophaga incertulas and
Scirpophaga innotata mated only
once.
 Egg : The eggs are creamy white in
colour. The eggs of Scirpophaga
incertulas and Scirpophaga innotata
are laid near the tip of the leaf blade
 The eggs of Scirpophaga incertulas,
Scirpophaga innotata are covered
with pale orange-brown hairs from
the anal tufts of the female moths
a) Scirpophaga incertulas
b) Scirpophaga innotata,

23. Identification of Insect
 Adult : Moth is of slender shape with white colour and having
orange anal tuft of hairs and black spot on each wing.
 In experiments at IRRI, field collected females of Chilo suppressalis
and Sesamia inferens mated manymtimes; those of Scirpophaga
incertulas and Scirpophaga innotata mated only once.
 Egg : The eggs are creamy white in colour. The eggs of
Scirpophaga incertulas and Scirpophaga innotata are laid near the
tip of the leaf blade
 The eggs of Scirpophaga incertulas, Scirpophaga innotata, and R.
albinella are covered with pale orange-brown hairs from the anal
tufts of the female moths
 Larva : The colour of larva is pale or yellowish white. 1 may kill 6
plants before pupation
 Larval instar : 5
 Pupa : Pupa is pale white enclosed in silken cocoon at the base of
the plant.

24. Identification of Insect

25. Life History
 Its life cycle is almost completed in 40-65 days
and 5-7 generation in a year, it remain active
from April to November but optimum activity is
in mid Aug to mid October, 4th and 5th
generation cause more damage.
 Adult : 4-14 days
 Eggs : 4-9 days laid in clusters.
 Larva : 25-31 days
 Pupa : 7-11 days

26. Life Cycle of Insect

27. Life Cycle of Insect
The hatching larvae are negatively geotropic and crawl
upward toward the tip of the plants where they stay for only
short periods.
Some spin a silken thread, suspend themselves from it,
and swing with the wind to land on other plants.
Those that fall on water can swim because of an air layer
around their body. Most of those remaining on the tip
descend toward the base and crawl between the leaf
sheath and stem. They congregate and enter the leaf
sheath through a common hole bored by one of them.
They then feed on the leaf sheath tissues for about a
week, and then bore into the stem, mostly through the
nodal regions at the point of attachment of the leaf sheath
to the stem.

28. Mode of Damage
 Destructive pest of rice and may cause crop
loss up-to 90%. Basmati varieties are more
susceptible.
 After emergence, tiny larvae bore into the stem
from growing points to downwards.
 When one tiller is killed the larva inside
migrates to another tiller of the same or of
different plant.
 At early crop stage “Dead Hearts” are
produced and plants are killed altogether and
while those attacked at later stage produce

29. Damage Symptoms

30. Damage Symptoms
Since the full-grown larvae of Scirpophaga
spp., Rupela spp., and Maliarpha spp. tend
to feed in the basal parts of the plants, all
the larvae are usually left in the stubble
after harvest.
Overwintering Scirpophaga innotata larvae
move into the roots and construct tunnels
up to 10 cm deep. On return of optimum
conditions,
they pupate at the hibernation sites.

31. Control of Insect Pest
ETL: 0.5% (Nursery) 8-10% (Crop)
Non Chemical Control
 Destruction of eggs.
 Removal and destruction of stubbles
decreases infestation to next crop.
 Ploughing and flooding of field can kill the
larvae.
 Clipping of tips in nursery reduce its
population.
 Use of light traps to kill the moths.

32. Contd……
 Nursery should be sown after 20th May.
 Transplanting should be completed by Aug.
 Eggs parasitoids should be used like
Telenomus sp and Trichogramma sp.

33. Chemical Control
 carbofuran (Furadan 3G), 14 kg/acre.
 diazinon (Basudin 10G), 7-9 kg/acre.
 chlorpyriphos (Lorsban 5G), 10kg/acre.
 cartap (Padan 4 G), 10 kg /acre.
 carbosulfan (Advantage 5G), 8-12 kg /acre.
 isoprocarb (Mipcin 50 WP), 1 kg/acre.

34. Yellow Stem Borer of Rice
 Introduction :
 Scientific name : Scirpophaga incertulas
 Family : Pyralidae
 Order : Lepidoptera
 It is most destructive pest of rice
 Widely distributed in Kallar tract i.e
Sheikhupura, Gujranwala and Sialkot district.
 It also feed on grasses.

35. Scirpophaga incertulas
 Scirpophaga incertulas moths usually
emerge between 1900 and 2100 h
 During the day, Chilo suppressalis hides
among the grasses while Scirpophaga
incertulas and R. albinella remain in nurseries
or rice fields

36. Scirpophaga incertulas
Scirpophaga incertulas females oviposit
between 1900 and 2200 h in summer and 1800
and 2000 h in spring and autumn. The moths
deposit only one egg mass per night and
oviposition occurs up to five nights after
emergence . Oviposition usually takes10-35 min.
The eggs of Scirpophaga incertulas,
Scirpophaga
innotata, and R. albinella are covered with pale
orange-brown hairs from the anal tufts of the
female moths

37. Identification of Insect
 Adult : Straw colored insect with brownish well
scattered dots, 5 black patches along sub-
marginal area and 8-9 black dots near the tip.
Fore wings are orange yellow.
 The size of insect is 25-45 mm.
 Female is bigger than male and has a centrally
situated black spot on each of the fore wings.
 Egg : Eggs are oval, flattened and creamy white
when freshly laid and then turn black.
 Although Scirpophaga incertulas eggs show some
development at 13 °C, hatching normally occurs
at 16 °C or higher

38. Identification of Insect
 Larvae : General body col is ivory to greenish;
full grown larva is pale or yellowish white or
with greenish tinge; head capsule orange
yellow, worm like tapering posteriorly from the
first abdominal segment; head smaller than
other body; avergae size 20-25mm, width
3mm.
 I makes an exit hole and pupate within the
larval tunnel usually at the base of the plant in
a white silken cocoon.

39. Contd…..
The hatching larvae are negatively geotropic and crawl upward toward the
tip of the plants where they stay for only short periods.
Some spin a silken thread, suspend themselves from it, and swing with the
wind to land on other plants.
Those that fall on water can swim because of an air layer around their body.
Most of those remaining on the tip descend toward the base and crawl
between the leaf sheath and stem. They congregate and enter the leaf
sheath through a common hole bored by one of them.
They then feed on the leaf sheath tissues for about a week, and then bore
into the stem, mostly through the nodal regions at the point of attachment of
the leaf sheath to the stem.

40. Contd…..
 Larval Instar : 4
 Diapause can be either hibernation
(overwintering in temperate climates) or
aestivation (dry season dormancy in the
tropics). Scirpophaga incertulas and
Scirpophaga innotata hibernate or aestivate.
Depending on the site, Scirpophaga incertulas
is more prone to diapause than Scirpophaga
innotata, particularly in the tropics

41. Contd…..
The optimum egg hatching temperature is 21-33 °C for Chilo suppressalis
and 24-29 °C for Scirpophaga incertulas. Both species require 90-100%
RH; hatching is
severely reduced below 70% RH. The,eggs usually hatch during daytime.
In Chilo suppressalis, maxim hatching is from 0500 to 0600 h,
followed by another peak from 1400 to 1600 h.
Larvae emerged from a large egg mass of Chilo suppressalis in about 13
min, but those from a small egg mass lacked synchronization and took
longer.

42. Identification

43. Life Cycle
 The life cycle completed in 31-46 days.
 This insect remain active from April to October
 It hibernates in rice stubbles from November to
March.
 Its period of optimum activity is Aug to mid
October.
 4 to 5 generations are completed in a years.
 3rd, 4th and 5th generation cause maximum
damage.

44. Contd……
 Adult : Adult life span is of 5-7 days.
 Egg : Female lay 50-150 eggs in 2-5 cluster and
eggs hatch in 6-7 days. Underside young leaves
1-3 inches away from leaf tip, touching the
midrubs
 Larva : It passes 6 stages and full fed in 16-27
days.
 Pupa : Pupal stage remain for 9-12 days.
General body color pale-white to yellow white,
tinged green, wing rudiments of female pupa with
dark central mark
 Female pupa: length14.5-18mm. Width 2.5-
3.00mm
 Male pupa: length 11.5-15mm,width 2-2.5mm

45. Mode of Damage
 Destructive pest of rice and may cause crop
loss up-to 90%. Basmati varieties are more
susceptible.
 After emergence, tiny larvae bore into the stem
from growing points to downwards.
 When one tiller is killed the larva inside
migrates to another tiller of the same or of
different plant.
 At early crop stage “Dead Hearts” are
produced and plants are killed altogether and
while those attacked at later stage produce

46. Life Cycle and Mode of
Damage

47. Control of Insect Pest
 ETL: 0.5% (Nursery) 8-10% (Crop)
 Non Chemical Control
 Destruction of eggs.
 Removal and destruction of stubbles
decreases infestation to next crop.
 Ploughing and flooding of field can kill the
larvae.
 Clipping of tips in nursery reduce its
population.
 Use of light traps to kill the moths.

48. Control of Insect Pest
 Resistant varieties
Differences in nonpreference for oviposition of
Scirpophaga incertulas are not distinct in
screenhouse tests. But larvae feeding on
resistant varieties were smaller, had low survival,
and caused lower percentages of deadhearts
than those feeding on susceptible varieties.

49. Since the eggs of Scirpophaga incertulas are
laid near the tip of the leaf blade, the widespread
practice of clipping the seedlings before
transplanting greatly reduces the carryover of
eggs from the seedbed to the transplanted
fields. However, this control method has merit
only if,older seedlings are transplanted.

50. Contd……
 In Pakistan, the planting date has been regulated by
releasing canal water only after the first brood
Scirpophaga incertulas moths have emerged. Nursery
should be sown after 20th May.
 This late-planted crop is far less infested than fields
planted early with private irrigation systems. The early
planted fields, however, minimize the full impact of
late planting on the stem borer population.
 Transplanting should be completed by Aug.
 Eggs parasitoids should be used like Telenomus sp
and Trichogramma sp.

51. Chemical Control
 carbofuran (Furadan 3G), 14 kg/acre.
 diazinon (Basudin 10G), 7-9 kg/acre.
 chlorpyriphos (Lorsban 5G), 10kg/acre.
 cartap (Padan 4 G), 10 kg /acre.
 carbosulfan (Advantage 5G), 8-12 kg /acre.
 isoprocarb (Mipcin 50 WP), 1 kg/acre.

52. Insect pest of
Maize

53. Insect pest of Maize

54. Insect pest of Maize
 Maize is the most widely distributed crop of the
world.
 In Pakistan maize is third important cereal
after wheat and rice.
 Maize accounts for 4.8% of the total cropped
area and 3.5% of the value of agricultural
output.
 As regards to area and production, it is planted
on an estimated area of 0.9 million hectare
with an annual production of 1.3 million tons in
Pakistan.

55.  Different insect pest decrease the yield of
maize like, beetles, cutworms, borers, grass
hoppers, aphids, armyworm, thrips and shoot
fly.
 Among these insect pests maize shoot fly and
maize stem borers are most important.
 These insect pests can be controlled by
adopting both chemical and non chemical
methods in suitable manners.

56. Maize Stem Borer
 Introduction : It is most destructive pest
of maize and sorghum crops, it is distributed in
all over maize cultivated field in Pakistan,
India, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan.
 It is also found on sugarcane, Bajra, Baru and
Sudan grasses.
 Scientific Name : Chilo partellus
 Family : Pyralidae
 Order : Lepidoptera

57. Identification
 Adult : Moths are yellowish grey and 25 mm in
length when wings are expand .
 Fore wing are straw colored with double row of
black spot near outer margin .
 Hind wing are smoky .
 Egg : Eggs are whitish when laid later change
to orange and then black before hatching .
 They are flat , oval and scale like in shape .

58. Contd…….
 Larva : Larva is dirty greyish white with black
head, and four longitudinal stripes present on
back of larvae .
 The larva is 20-25 mm long .
 Pupa : Pupa is cylindrical, brownish yellow
and later on turns to reddish brown .

59. Identification

60. Life cycle of insect
 Adult : This stage lasts for 2-12 days, moths
are active at night.
 Egg : A female lays more than 300 eggs in
overlapping clusters (20 eggs/cluster). Eggs
hatch in 4-5 days in summer.
 Larva : Larva is full fed in 14-28 days and
passes through 6 stages .
 Pupa : larva pupate inside stem by making
hole. The pupal stage lasts for 5-10 days .

61. Life Cycle

62. Damage of Insect
 It is a serious pest of maize and about 25-40
% of young plants are destroyed.
 In severe infestation up to 90% plants have
been found damaged.
 Newly hatched caterpillar start feeding on
leaves leaving behind holes.
 Larva tunnels in the stem and kill the central
shoot.

63. Contd…..
 The infested plants shows the symptoms of
“Dead hearts”.
 At tasseling stage the borers destroy the tassel
by feeding on them.
 The pest enter the ear from its base and
makes the tunnel in center of cob.
 The larva feeds on grain as well.

64. Damage of Insect

65. Control of Insect pest
 Non chemical control : Destroy the stubbles
of maize, weeds and alternate host plant.
 Removal and destruction of dead hearts.
 Ploughing up the infested fields can suppress
pest attack.
 Use light traps to kill moths.
 Collect and destroy egg clusters.
 Using the Trichogramma sp. along with
Apanteles sp. or Microbracon sp. provide
effective control.

66. Chemical control
 deltamethrin (Decis 2.5EC), 200 ml/acre.
 triazophos (Hostathion 40EC), 600 ml/acre.
 carbofuran (Furadan/Sunfuran 3G), 8-10
kg/acre.
 furathiocarb (Promet 400CS), 40 ml/kg seed.
 carbosulfan (Advantage 25ST), 30-40 g/kg of
seed.
 Spray the crop 2-3 weeks after sowing or when
its damage is seen on the leaves.

67. Maize/Sorghum Shoot Fly
 Introduction :
 It is a serious pest of maize.
 Widely distributed in all maize cultivated field.
 It also feed on wheat and other small grain
grasses.
 Scientific Name : Atherigona soccata
 Family : Muscidae
 Order : Diptera

68. Identification
 Adult : Female is pale grey with yellowish
abdomen
 Male is smaller than female.
 Egg : Eggs are opaque white.
 Larva : Yellowish Brown when full grown.
 Pupa : Pale white but change to brown.

69. Identification

70. Life Cycle
 There are 4 generation of this insect in a year .
 The active period of this insect is from
February to October .
 The inactive period is from November to
January .
 The optimum period is January and February
on wheat and April to August on Maize .

71. Contd……
 Adult : Adult male 8-10 days and female 13-15
days, but it may be 5 days in severe
conditions.
 Total life span of male is 20-22 and female 26-
32 days.
 Egg : Female lay 25-40 eggs singly .
 Larva : This stage occupies 6-9 days .
 Pupa : Pupal stage remain for 5-7 days.

72. Mode of Damage
 Larvae enter the central shoot and start to feed
on it.
 This central shoot later dries up as Dead heart.
 It is serious pest especially on summer sown
crop.
 It attacks on 3-4 days old plant as a result
deformed, twisted and dead hearted plant
produce

73. Life cycle and damage

74. Control of Insect Pest
 Non chemical control :
 Use higher seed rate.
 Removal and destruction of attacked plant on
the appearance of dead hearts.
 Sowing of resistance varieties.
 Early sowing of crop can prevent from the
attack of this insect.

75. Chemical Control
 furathiocarb (Promet 400CS), 40 ml/kg seed.
 imidacloprid (Fencidor/Confidor), 5-7 g/kg
seed.
 carbofuron 3G ,10kg/acre.
 malathion 57 EC , 750 ml/acre.
 Seed treatment can protect crop from attack of
insect for 2 weeks.