The document describes linking and accelerating programs in the TNS/E environment. It discusses using the eld linker to link multiple modules into an executable, how to handle unresolved symbols, and how to create dynamic link libraries (DLLs). It also covers using the Object Code Accelerator (OCA) to optimize Guardian code files for the Itanium architecture, and tools like enoft and fileinfo for examining object files and determining if a program has been accelerated.

1. Linking and AcceleratingLinking and Accelerating
Module 3

2. eld Basic Operationeld Basic Operation
Inputs
◦ Code 800 files
◦ Linkfiles
Outputs
◦ Code 800 files
◦ Linkfiles
◦ Loadfile
◦ Dynamic-link library (DLL)
3 - Linking and Accelerating 2

3. Linking a Multi-Module C programLinking a Multi-Module C program
◦ C program
 Guardian environment:
 eld –o outfile $system.system.ccplmain
inmod1 inmod2 -lcrtl –lcre
 OSS from Guardian environment:
 eld –o outfile –set systype oss $system.system.ccplmain
inmod1 inmod2 -l crtl –l cre
◦ C++
 Version 3
 eld –o outfile inmod1 inmod2 $system.system.ccplmain
-lzcppcdll –lzcpp3dll
3 - Linking and Accelerating 3

4. Linking a Multi-Module COBOL ProgramLinking a Multi-Module COBOL Program
3 - Linking and Accelerating 4
1> ecobol /in callprog/callo;symbols
2> ecobol /in mainprog/maino;symbols
3> eld -o myexe callo maino -l cob
ecobol
ecobol
eld
mainprog
callprog callo
maino
myexe
1
2
3
zcobdll

5. eld and Symbolseld and Symbols
Missing Symbols
◦ Unlike nld, eld knows which procedures exist in
system library
◦ By default, eld considers it an error if you refer to
a symbol and the symbol does not exist
 You can change this with the
-unres_symbols option: error, warn, ignore
◦ By default, your program cannot run if it refers to
a symbol that does not exist.
 You can change this with the
–set rld_unresolved option: error, warn, ignore
3 - Linking and Accelerating 5

6. Unresolved References — Default BehaviorUnresolved References — Default Behavior
 60> eld -o myexe maino -l cob
 eld - TNS/E Native Mode Linker - T0608H01^AAG - 26JAN2007
 **** INFORMATIONAL MESSAGE **** [1019]:
 Using DLL RUBY.$SYSTEM.zdll002a.zcobdll.
 **** INFORMATIONAL MESSAGE **** [1530]:
 Using the zimpimp file RUBY.$SYSTEM.SYS00.ZIMPIMP.
 **** ERROR **** [1210]:
 maino: In function `CONCEPTS-REQ':
maino(.text_1+0x1202):
unresolved reference to GET-SECOND-NUMBER.
 No output file created.
 1 error reported.
 No warnings reported.
 2 informational messages reported.
3 - Linking and Accelerating 6

7. Unresolved References — Optional BehaviorUnresolved References — Optional Behavior
 61> eld -o myexe maino -l cob -unres_symbols warn
 eld - TNS/E Native Mode Linker - T0608H01^AAG - 26JAN2007
 **** INFORMATIONAL MESSAGE **** [1019]:
 Using DLL RUBY.$SYSTEM.zdll002a.zcobdll.
 **** INFORMATIONAL MESSAGE **** [1530]:
 Using the zimpimp file RUBY.$SYSTEM.SYS00.ZIMPIMP.
 **** WARNING **** [1254]:
 maino: In function `CONCEPTS-REQ':
maino(.text_1+0x1202):
unresolved reference to GET-SECOND-NUMBER.
 Output file: myexe (program file)
 Output file timestamp: Aug 5 12:57:03 2008
 No errors reported.
 1 warning reported.
 2 informational messages reported.
3 - Linking and Accelerating 7

8. Unresolved References — Optional BehaviorUnresolved References — Optional Behavior
 62> run myexe
 *** RLD ERROR ***: Unresolved Text Symbol GET-SECOND-NUMBER in
file RUBY.$FC1.TERRYG.MYEXE.
 *ERROR* PROCESS_CREATE_ Error: 74
 63>
3 - Linking and Accelerating 8

9. Unresolved References — Additional OptionUnresolved References — Additional Option
 63> eld -o myexe maino -l cob -unres_symbols warn -set rld_unresolved
warn
 eld - TNS/E Native Mode Linker - T0608H01^AAG - 26JAN2007
 **** INFORMATIONAL MESSAGE **** [1019]:
 Using DLL RUBY.$SYSTEM.zdll002a.zcobdll.
 **** INFORMATIONAL MESSAGE **** [1530]:
 Using the zimpimp file RUBY.$SYSTEM.SYS00.ZIMPIMP.
 **** WARNING **** [1254]:
 maino: In function `CONCEPTS-REQ':
maino(.text_1+0x1202):
unresolved reference to GET-SECOND-NUMBER.
 Output file: myexe (program file)
 Output file timestamp: Aug 5 12:57:50 2008
 No errors reported.
 1 warning reported.
 2 informational messages reported.
3 - Linking and Accelerating 9

10. Unresolved References — Additional OptionUnresolved References — Additional Option
 64> run myexe
 *** RLD WARNING ***: Unresolved Text Symbol GET-SECOND-NUMBER in
file RUBY.$FC1.TERRYG.MYEXE.
 Undefined externals
 YOU HAVE JUST STARTED THE PROCESS.
 ENTER FIRST NUMBER (max. 3 digits) [or 0 to stop]:
 ?12
 RUBY.$:1:956:4925776 - *** Run-time Error 003 ***
 RUBY.$:1:956:4925776 - Instruction failure
 RUBY.$:1:956:4925776 - From ---
 RUBY.$:1:956:4925776 - UNRESOLVED_PROCEDURE_CALLED_ + 0x2 (SLr)
 RUBY.$:1:956:4925776 - CONCEPTS-REQ + 0x1210 (UCr)
 ABENDED: 1,956
 CPU time: 0:00:00.004
 3: Premature process termination with fatal errors or diagnostics
 65>
3 - Linking and Accelerating 10

11. Creating a DLLCreating a DLL
 eld inmod1 inmod2 -dll
 -dllname dllfilename [–set floattype neutral]
 [-set cppdialect cppneutral] –export_all
3 - Linking and Accelerating 11

12. Changing Object AttributesChanging Object Attributes
Updates existing code 800 file:
 eld –change <attribute> <value> <filename>
◦ Example:
 eld –change inspect off myprog
3 - Linking and Accelerating 12

13. PublicPublic Libraries (from SRL to DLL)Libraries (from SRL to DLL)
◦ All NonStop H-series libraries are packaged as DLLs rather
than SRLs - SRLs are not supported onTNS/E systems
◦ TheTNS/E libraries have different names - Change build
procedures that specifically refer to the libraries
Library TNS/R TNS/E*
COBOL run-time library COBSRL ZCOBDLL
Common Run-time Environment (CRE) ZCRESRL ZCREDLL
C run-time library ZCRTSRL ZCREDLL
C++ VERSION1 ZCPLGSRL Not supported
C++ VERSION2 ZCPLSRL +
ZRWSLSRL
ZCPPCDLL +
ZCPP2DLL
Tools.H++ 7.0 ZTLHSRL ZTLH7DLL
C++ VERSION3
(ANSI/ISO Standard)
ZSTDSRL ZCPPCDLL +
ZCPP3DLL
133 - Linking and Accelerating

14. Examining an Object FileExamining an Object File
◦ New tool — enoft
◦ Many commands identical to noft
 listproc, listsource, listcompilers, listattribute,
listoptimize, listunresolved, dumpproc, and so forth
◦ Some commands changed
 listsrlinfo -> liblist
 set out -> log
3 - Linking and Accelerating 14

15. enoft Examplesenoft Examples
 34> enoft
 TNS/E Native Object File Tool [T2823 - Jul 9 2008]
 enoft> file cobex
 Object File: RUBY.$FC1.TGTNSE.cobex
 Format Type: ELF64-bit, Big_Endian, IA64, PIC_Program (loadfile)
 enoft> listproc *
 ******** List of Procedures
 UwNdx Proc_Addr Proc_Name
 -----------------------------------------------------------------
 0 0x700008c0 #import_stubs
 1 0x70000a40 CALCULATOR
 2 0x700027c0 __INIT__0_CALCULATOR_
 3 0x70002900 __INIT__1_CALCULATOR_
 4 0x70002a40 GET-SECOND-NUMBER
 5 0x700035c0 __INIT__0_GET-SECOND-NUMBER_
 6 0x70003700 #end_of_code
3 - Linking and Accelerating 15

16. enoft Examplesenoft Examples
 enoft> la
 ******** List of Common File Attributes
 Name: RUBY.$FC1.TGTNSE.cobex
 File Format: ELF64-bit, Big_Endian, IA64
 Type: PIC_Program (loadfile)
 Debugging Symbols: Yes
 Float-Point Type: NEUTRAL_FLOAT
 -----------------------------------------------------------------
 Float-overrule: No
 System Type: Guardian
 Creation Timestamp: 2008-11-11 08:57:35
 Process Subtype: 0
 Highrequestors: Yes
 Runnamed: No
 Highpin: Yes
 Saveabend: No
 PRIV or CALLABLE Main: No
 CALLABLE Procs: No
 Default Debugger: Visual Inspect
 Languages and Dialects: Asm Cobol Ptal C
 Instrumented File: No
3 - Linking and Accelerating 16

17. enoft Examplesenoft Examples
 enoft> ls * detail
 ******** List of Source Files (Compilation Units)
 Source: 0 RUBY.$FC1.TGTNSE.MAINCOB
 Compiler: Cobol85
 Descript: HP TNS/E COBOL T0356H01_01AUG2008_20JUL2008_AAU +
T1246H01_01AUG2008_1
 8JUL2008_PRODUCT_AAM_GRD_E_10_1
 Compiled: 2008-11-11 08:57:29 (TimeStamp at Compile site)
 File: 1 RUBY.$FC1.TGTNSE.MAINCOB
 Time: 2008-11-11 08:56:50
 Size: 1718
 Source: 1 RUBY.$FC1.TGTNSE.CALLCOB
 Compiler: Cobol85
 Descript: HP TNS/E COBOL T0356H01_01AUG2008_20JUL2008_AAU +
T1246H01_01AUG2008_1
 8JUL2008_PRODUCT_AAM_GRD_E_10_1
 Compiled: 2008-11-11 08:57:19 (TimeStamp at Compile site)
 File: 1 RUBY.$FC1.TGTNSE.CALLCOB
 Time: 2008-11-11 08:57:11
 Size: 1154
3 - Linking and Accelerating 17

18. enoft Examplesenoft Examples
 enoft> lu *
 ******** List of Unresolved (undefined) Symbols
 SymNdx Symbol_Name
 -----------------------------------------------------------------
 30 COBLIB_ACCEPT_
 31 _SharedMilli_MOVB_FWD_NOOVERLAP
 32 COBLIB_INITIALIZER_
 35 COBLIB_ABEND_
 37 COBLIB_DISPLAY_
 38 COBLIB_INITIALIZATION_COMPLETE_
 43 COBLIB_ERROR_
 48 _SharedMilli_CQA
 49 COBLIB_INIT_PROG_
 51 COBLIB_STOP_
 52 COBLIB_COMP_ALL_1_
 Number of symbols matching scope: 11
3 - Linking and Accelerating 18

19. Object Code Accelerator (OCA)Object Code Accelerator (OCA)
◦ Operates on Guardian-based code 100 files
 May already be TNS/R accelerated
◦ Adds Itanium Processor Family (IPF) instructions
 Adds calls to millicode routines
◦ Uses symbols region, if present
 Produces more efficient code
 Can strip after acceleration
◦ Controllable by Binder options
◦ Use SQLCOMP after acceleration
3 - Linking and Accelerating 19

20. OCA Items to Watch forOCA Items to Watch for
◦ Disabled overflow traps
 Should test for overflow using $OVERFLOW or ONSIZE
◦ Trap handlers
 Register contents are not precise
◦ P-relative addresses
 Cannot be passed as parameters in UC
◦ References to system global data
 Instruction Failure exception
◦ Odd-byte references
 Various behaviors
◦ Single-word shift statements with dynamic shift count
 Shift count > 31 gives undefined result
◦ May affect debugging ability
3 - Linking and Accelerating 20

21. Object Code Accelerator — ExampleObject Code Accelerator — Example
3 - Linking and Accelerating 21
6> oca
OCA - T0448H01 - 01MAY05 - (May 28 2008 15:55:33)
Copyright Hewlett-Packard, 1988-2005
OCA Syntax Summary
oca [/run-options/] input-file [; option-list ]
input-file is the name of a fully bound, runnable,
type-100 TNS code file.
option-list
is one or more command line options:
[ { SL }
{ UL }

22. Object Code Accelerator — ExampleObject Code Accelerator — Example
 TALEX 100 15496 11NOV2008 7:57 34,26 OOOO 14 14
 26> oca talex
 OCA - T0448H01 - 01MAY05 - (May 28 2008 15:55:33)
 Copyright Hewlett-Packard, 1988-2005
 Option summary: No options
 262 TNS instruction words; 524 bytes
 445 Itanium bundles; 7120 bytes
 13.59 inline code expansion factor
 1.70 Itanium bundles per TNS instruction
 TNS file name: talex
 Binder region present
 Symbols region present
 Mips region not present
 Accelerated as User Code segment 0 through 0
 0 Errors were detected
 0 Warnings were issued
 Accelerated file name: talex
 Accelerated for TNS/E on Nov 11 2008 07:58:15
 Acceleration completed on Nov 11 2008 07:58:15
 CPU Time 0:00:00.050
 TALEX 100 30720 11NOV2008 7:58 34,26 OOOO 56 56
3 - Linking and Accelerating 22

23. Determining If Program AcceleratedDetermining If Program Accelerated
 23> fileinfo obj*
 $FC1.TERRYG
 CODE EOF LAST MODIFIED OWNER RWEP
 OBJC 100 12282 08AUG2008 12:32 34,26 OOOO
 OBJCE 100 28672 08AUG2008 12:34 34,26 OOOO
 OBJCR 100 24576 08AUG2008 12:33 34,26 OOOO
 OBJCRE 100 40960 08AUG2008 12:35 34,26 OOOO
 24> vproc objc
 VPROC - T9617H01 - (01 OCT 2004) SYSTEM RUBY Date 08 AUG 2008, 12:37:03
 $FC1.TERRYG.OBJC
 Binder timestamp: 08AUG2008 12:32:44
 Version procedure: >> NO T9xxx PROC <<
 Target CPU: UNSPECIFIED
3 - Linking and Accelerating 23
Not accelerated

24. Determining If Program AcceleratedDetermining If Program Accelerated
 25> vproc objce
 VPROC - T9617H01 - (01 OCT 2004) SYSTEM RUBY Date 08 AUG 2008, 12:37:27
 $FC1.TERRYG.OBJCE
 Binder timestamp: 08AUG2008 12:32:44
 Version procedure: >> NO T9xxx PROC <<
 Target CPU: UNSPECIFIED
 OCA timestamp: 08AUG2008 12:34:51
 26> vproc objcre
 VPROC - T9617H01 - (01 OCT 2004) SYSTEM RUBY Date 08 AUG 2008, 12:38:10
 $FC1.TERRYG.OBJCRE
 Binder timestamp: 08AUG2008 12:32:44
 Version procedure: >> NO T9xxx PROC <<
 Target CPU: UNSPECIFIED
 AXCEL timestamp: 08AUG2008 12:33:28
 OCA timestamp: 08AUG2008 12:35:15
3 - Linking and Accelerating 24
TNS/R accelerated
TNS/E accelerated
TNS/E accelerated

25. BINDER – Disabling AccelerationBINDER – Disabling Acceleration
◦ Display current setting:
 SHOW OCA ENABLE FROM <file-name>
◦ Control whether program can be accelerated:
 CHANGE OCA ENABLE ON|OFF IN <file-name>
 6> bind
 BINDER - OBJECT FILE BINDER - T9621H01 SYSTEM
RUBY
 @change oca enable off in objc
 @exit
 7> oca objc output_file objce
 OCA - T0448H01 - 01MAY05 - (Mar 19 2007 14:40:27)
 *** Error 9:Translation of file objc is inhibited.
◦ Strip accelerated region:
 STRIP <file-name>, IPF
3 - Linking and Accelerating 25

26. TNSVUTNSVU ——
Accelerated Object ExaminerAccelerated Object Examiner
3 - Linking and Accelerating 26
28> tnsvu talex
TNSVU - May 28 2008 16:13:21
Copyright Hewlett-Packard, 2000-2005
Viewing on Tue Nov 11 08:01:05 2008
Opened file talex
talex>

27. TNSVU HelpTNSVU Help
3 - Linking and Accelerating 27
talex> help
TNSVU Command Summary
Commands are not case-sensitive; file and procedure names are.
More information is available using "HELP command-name".
LOG - Opens a text file in which TNSVU records all text
LOGAPPEND written to the screen (including typed commands).
ENDLOG - Closes a log file.
OPEN - Opens a type-100 TNS object file for viewing.
FILEINFO - Displays general information about the open file.
PROCINFO - Displays general information about a procedure.
PROCS - Displays the names of procedures in the object file
LOCAL - Displays the names of local millicode routines
MILLICODE - Displays the names of emulation and shared millicode
routines.
EXTERNALS - Displays the names of external (system or user)
library routines.
ICODE - Displays Itanium and TNS instructions.
HISTORY - Displays previously-issued commands.

28. TNSVU HelpTNSVU Help
 TNSHEADER - Displays the TNS file header.
 OCAHEADER - Displays the Itanium region header.
 AXCELHEADER - Displays the Axcel region header.
 DUMPPMAPS - Displays Pmaps.
 OPTIONS - Displays translation options.
 TNStoIPF - Converts TNS address to Itanium.
 IPFtoTNS - Converts Itanium address to TNS.
 XEP - Displays proc targets of XEP entries.
 VERSION - Displays the OCAVersion field of the OCAHeader.
 EXACTPTS - Displays the exact points in the given procedure.
 OBEY - Reads TNSVU commands from the given text file.
 LIMIT - Overrides limit on # of TNS instrs printed by
'ICODE procname'.
 COMPARE - Compare IPF code from the current file
with the given file.
 LINENUMTOTNS - Converts a source line number to a TNS code location.
 TNSTOLINENUM - Converts a TNS code location to a source line number.
 SOURCESUBVOL - Display source from files in the given subvol.
 SOURCE OFF - Turn off source code display.
 SOURCE ON - Turn on source code display (on by default).
3 - Linking and Accelerating 28

29. TNSVU Example — FILEINFOTNSVU Example — FILEINFO
3 - Linking and Accelerating 29
talex> fileinfo
Examining file talex
Occupies code segment 0 through 0 in User Code
space 0x1bd Itanium bundles
Translated on Nov 11 2008 07:58:15
using an OCA built on May 28 2008 15:55:33
Accelerator region: 0x0 for 0x0 bytes
Itanium region: 0x4000 for 0x3008 bytes
Symbols region: 0x2000 for 0xb12 bytes
Binder region: 0x2c00 for 0x1088 bytes
talex>

30. TNSVU Example — PROCSTNSVU Example — PROCS
3 - Linking and Accelerating 30
talex> procs
Procedures:
DISPLAY_INITIAL_REQ_MESSAGE
CSEG 0 PEP# 02 TNS Base: 05 TNS Size: 071 TNS Entry: 05
Itanium code: 0x70420480 Itanium bundles: 0x3a Itanium entry:
0x70420480
Implemented in TAL in source file RUBY.$FC1.TGTNSE.MAINP
line 36.0 to 44.0
GET_SECOND_NUMBER
CSEG 0 PEP# 04 TNS Base: 0345 TNS Size: 0154 TNS Entry: 0345
Itanium code: 0x70421500 Itanium bundles: 0x6d Itanium entry:
0x70421500
Implemented in TAL in source file RUBY.$FC1.TGTNSE.CALLP
line 10.0 to 27.0
MAIN_PROG
CSEG 0 PEP# 03 TNS Base: 076 TNS Size: 0247 TNS Entry: 076
Itanium code: 0x70420820 Itanium bundles: 0xce Itanium entry:
0x70420820
Implemented in TAL in source file RUBY.$FC1.TGTNSE.MAINP
line 46.0 to 84.0
talex>

31. TNSVU Example — LOCALTNSVU Example — LOCAL
3 - Linking and Accelerating 31
talex> local
Local millicode routines:
Entry: 0x70420090 NumBundles: 0x4 0 _LocalMilli_RPMispredicted
Entry: 0x704200d0 NumBundles: 0x4 0 _LocalMilli_ToOCI
Entry: 0x70420110 NumBundles: 0xe 0 _LocalMilli_EXIT
Entry: 0x704201f0 NumBundles: 0x6 0 _LocalMilli_MapTNStoIPF_Calc
Entry: 0x70420250 NumBundles: 0x8 0 _LocalMilli_MapTNStoIPF
Entry: 0x704202d0 NumBundles: 0x4 0 _LocalMilli_BTST
Entry: 0x70420310 NumBundles: 0x2 0 _LocalMilli_TNSArithOverflow
Entry: 0x70420330 NumBundles: 0x4 0 _LocalMilli_64bitAddArithOv
Entry: 0x70420370 NumBundles: 0x8 0 _LocalMilli_QMPY
Entry: 0x70420000 NumBundles: 0x3 0 _LocalMilli_OCATraceEnter
Entry: 0x70420030 NumBundles: 0x3 0 _LocalMilli_OCATraceExit
Entry: 0x70420060 NumBundles: 0x3 0 _LocalMilli_OCATracePmapJump
Entry: 0x704203f0 NumBundles: 0x9 0 _LocalMilli_CallSharedMilli
talex>

32. TNSVU Example — EXTERNALSTNSVU Example — EXTERNALS
3 - Linking and Accelerating 32
talex> externals
Library procedures external to this code space
WRITEREAD
WRITE
STOP
PROCESS_GETINFO_
PROCESS_DEBUG_
NUMOUT
NUMIN
INITIALIZER
FILE_OPEN_
FILE_GETINFO_
FILE_CLOSE_
talex>

33. TNSVU Example — ICODETNSVU Example — ICODE
3 - Linking and Accelerating 33
icode DISPLAY_INITIAL_REQ_MESSAGE
FC>
Procedure DISPLAY_INITIAL_REQ_MESSAGE (from source file RUBY.
$FC1.TGTNSE.MAINP)
Itanium virtual address 0x70420480 for 0x3a Itanium bundles
CSEG 0 TNS offset 05 for 071 TNS instructions
...
37.0 write_count := @p '-' @s;
016: 0x70420570:
LADR G+0106,I {
LADR G+0105,I + ld2 r46 = [r35]
LSUB ld2 r45 = [r34]
STOR G+0102 nop.i 00h ;;
}
{
sub r45 = r45, r46
adds r46 = 01ah, r0
nop.i 00h ;;
}
{
nop.m 00h
zxt2 r45 = r45 ;;
nop.i 00h
}

34. Questions ?Questions ?
34

35. 3 - Linking and Accelerating 35