Mise-en-scene refers to all the visual elements that appear within a film frame, including costumes, props, lighting, and setting, which help characterize the people and stories filmed. It describes everything visible in a scene and how it is arranged. For example, a witch's clothes and a candle shown together portray a character as a witch, while notebooks in a character's hand portray them as a nerdy student. Choice of location can also provide context, like a college setting suggesting students working on projects or socializing.