This document provides information on various mineral groups including their chemical formulas, optical properties, and distinguishing characteristics. It discusses common minerals from groups such as olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, mica, feldspar, carbonates, sulfides, oxides, and hydroxides. For each mineral, details are given about its color, birefringence, cleavage, twinning, and other optical properties to enable identification. The document serves as an informative reference for mineralogy students and experts.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka Games’ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
This presentation was designed to provide strategic recommendations for a brand in decline. The deck also incorporates a situational assessment, including a brand identity, positioning, architecture, and portfolio strategy for the Brand.
Presentation originally created for NYU Stern's Brand Strategy course. Design by Erica Santiago & Chris Alexander.
4. Forsterite (Nesosilicate; Olivine)
4
Formula: Mg2SiO4
Colour: Green, pale yellow, colourless, white
Birefringence: (0.03-0.04) Grey, yellow, blue,
pink
Relief: high
Cleavage plane: Perfect {010}, imperfect {100}
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning: On {100}, {011} & {012}
Pleochroism: Weak
5. Fayalite (Nesosilicate: Olivine)
5
Formula: Fe2SiO4
Colour: Greenish pale yellow, brown
Birefringence: (0.04-0.05) Blackish grey, yellow, blue, white,
green
Relief: very high
Cleavage plane: {010} moderate, {100} imperfect
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning: On [100]; also on [031], as trillings
Pleochroism: Faint; Pale, yellow, orange, reddish brown
7. Enstatite (Inosilicate; Opx)
7
Formula: Mg2SiO6
Colour: Olive green, yellow, brown, white
Birefringence: (0.01-0.02) Blackish grey
Relief: Moderate
Cleavage plane: Good {210}
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning: Lamellar {100}
Pleochroism: Weak; pale green to pale orange
8. Ferrosilite (Inosilicate; Opx)
8
Formula: FeSiO3
Colour: Dark brown, black
Birefringence: (0.01-0.02) Pinkish brown, greenish
white
Relief: high
Cleavage plane: Good {210}
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle: Parallel
Twinning:
Pleochroism: Weak; pinkish brown (x), greenish brown
(z)
9. Augite (Inosilicate; Cpx)
9
Formula: (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti)(Si,Al)2O6
Colour: Purplish brown, greenish brown, black
Birefringence: 0.032
Relief: high
Cleavage plane: Good {110}
Angle of cleavage: 87° between {110} and {110}
Extinction angle: z : c = 35°-48°
Twinning: Simple or multiple on {100}, also on {001}
Pleochroism: visible
X= pale green, pale brown, green, greenish yellow
Y= pale brown, pale yellow-green, violet
Z= pale green, grayish green, violet
10. Diopside (Inosilicate; Cpx)
10
Formula: CaMgSi2O6
Colour: light to dark green, brown, colorless, white, grey, pale
violet
Birefringence: 0.03
Relief: high
Cleavage plane: Good on {110}
Angle of cleavage: 87º and 93º
Extinction angle:
Twinning: Simple & multiple twins common on {100} & {001}
Pleochroism: N/A
12. Pigeonite (Inosilicate; Cpx)
12
Formula: (Ca,Mg,Fe)(Mg,Fe)Si2O6
Colour: Brown, greenish brown-black
Birefringence: (0.021 - 0.030)
Relief: high
Cleavage plane: Good on {110}, (110) ^ (110) ~87°
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning: Commonly twinned simply or multiply on {100} or
{001}
Pleochroism: Weak to moderate;
X = colorless, pale green, brown
Y = pale brown, pale brownish green, brownish pink
Z = colorless, pale green, pale yellow Pigeonite exolution lamellae in Augite
13. Omphacite (Inosilicate; Cpx)
13
Formula: (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Al)Si2O6
Colour: Green to dark green; colorless to pale green in thin
section
Birefringence: 0.023
Relief: high
Cleavage plane: Good on {110}, {110} ^ {110} ≈87°; parting on
{100}
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle: 36-44°
Twinning: Single and polysynthetic twinning common on {100}
Pleochroism: Weak;
X = colorless
Y = very pale green
Z = very pale green, blue-green
15. Tremolite (Inosilicate; Amphibole)
15
Formula: Ca2(Mg5.0-4.5Fe2+
0.0-0.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Colour: White, gray, lavender to pink, light green, light yellow
Birefringence: 0.026
Relief: Moderate
Cleavage plane: Perfect on {110}, partings on {010} and {100}
Angle of cleavage: 56° and 124°
Extinction angle: 15-20°
Twinning: Simple or multiple, common parallel to {100}; rarely parallel to {001}
Pleochroism: Absent
16. Actinolite (Inosilicate; Amphibole)
16
Formula: Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe2+
0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Colour: pale to dark green, yellowish green and black. White or grey when in asbestos
Birefringence: 0.023
Relief: Moderate
Cleavage plane: perfect along {110}
Angle of cleavage: cleavage angle in two directions are at ≈56° and 124 in cross section, and in one direction for longitudinal
section
Extinction angle: 10-15°
Twinning: simple or lamellar
Pleochroism: weak; yellow to green
17. Hornblende (Inosilicate; Amphibole)
17
Formula: Ca2(Mg, Fe, Al)5 (Al, Si)8O22(OH)2
Colour: Black to dark green or brown
Birefringence: 0.014 – 0.018
Relief: High
Cleavage plane:
Angle of cleavage: Two directions intersecting at 124 and 56
degrees
Extinction angle: Symmetrical to cleavages
Twinning:
Pleochroism: Strong; yellow -green to dark brown
18. Grunerite (Inosilicate; Amphibole)
18
Formula: Fe7Si8O22(OH)2
Colour: Ashen, brown, brownish green, dark gray
Birefringence: 0.033 - 0.043
Relief: High
Cleavage plane: Perfect prismatic {110}
Angle of cleavage: two good, 55o
Extinction angle: 10° to 15°
Twinning: simple, lamellar, very common
Pleochroism: Mg-rich none, Fe-rich colourless or
pale
19. Cummingtonite (Inosilicate; Amphibole)
19
Formula: (Mg,Fe2+)2(Mg,Fe2+)5Si8O22(OH)2
Colour: Dark green, brown, gray, beige; colorless to pale green in thin section
Birefringence: (0.025 − 0.037) Birefringence decreases systematically with Mg
content
Relief: Moderate
Cleavage plane: Good on {110}
Angle of cleavage: intersecting at 54 and 126°
Extinction angle: Inclined
Twinning: Simple and lamellar – common
Pleochroism: Weak; found primarily in samples with higher Fe content
X = Y = colorless; Z = pale green
20. Anthophyllite (Inosilicates; Amphibole)
20
Formula: Mg2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2
Colour: Gray to green, brown, and beige
Birefringence: Low-moderate (0.017 - 0.023)
Relief: Moderate
Cleavage plane: Perfect on {210}, imperfect on {010}, {100}
Angle of cleavage: N/A
Extinction angle: Straight, Parallel
Twinning: N/A
Pleochroism: Weak – colorless to pale yellow
21. Glaucophane (Inosilicates; Amphibole)
21
Formula: Na2(Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2
Colour: Gray, navy blue, lavender-blue
Birefringence: 0.021
Relief: Moderate
Cleavage plane: Good on [110] and on
[001]
Angle of cleavage: intersects at 56 and
124°
Extinction angle: Parallel extinction in
XPL
Twinning: N/A
Pleochroism: Strong/Distinct
pleochroism;
23. Muscovite (Phyllosilicate; Mica)
23
Formula: KAl3Si3O10(OH)2
Colour: Colorless, silvery-white, beige, grey
Birefringence: 0.035 – 0.042
Relief: Moderate
Cleavage plane: Perfect on {001}
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle: Parallel to cleavage in all orientations (bird's eye
maple).
The maximum extinction angle is less than 3 degrees
Twinning: Common on the [310], less common on the {001}
Pleochroism: Weak
24. Biotite (Phyllosilicate; Mica)
24
Formula: K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2
Colour: Dark brown, greenish-brown, blackish-brown, yellow, white
Birefringence: High
Relief: Moderate
Cleavage plane: Perfect on {001}
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle: Parallel to cleavage in all orientations (bird's eye
maple).
The maximum extinction angle is less than 3 degrees
Twinning: Common on the [310], less common on the {001}
Pleochroism: Moderate to strong;
brown-orange-yellow-green
25. Phlogopite (Phyllosilicate; Mica)
25
Formula: KMg3(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2
Colour: Brownish red, dark brown, yellowish brown, green, white
Birefringence: 0.028 - 0.045
Relief: Moderate
Cleavage plane: {001} Perfect
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle: Parallel to cleavage in all orientations (bird's eye
maple).
The maximum extinction angle is less than 3 degrees
Twinning: Composition plane {001}, twin axis [310]
Pleochroism: Visible;
X= yellow
Y=Z= brownish red, green, yellow
26. Glauconite (Phyllosilicate; Mica)
26
Formula: (K,Na)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2
Colour: Blue-green, green-yellow
Birefringence: 0.020 - 0.032
Relief: Moderate
Cleavage plane: Perfect [001]
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning:
Pleochroism: X = yellow-green, green
Y = Z = deeper yellow, bluish green
PPL
XPL
28. Anorthite (Tectosilicate; Feldspars; Plagioclase)
28
Formula: Ca(Al2Si2O8)
Colour: Colourless, reddish grey, white
Birefringence: 0.012–0.013
Relief: Moderate
Cleavage plane: Perfect [001] good [010] poor [110]
Angle of cleavage: Intersect at about 93-94o angles.
Extinction angle: Inclined
Twinning: Polysynthetic twinning
Pleochroism: N/A
29. Bytownite (Tectosilicate; Feldspars; Plagioclase)
29
Formula: (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Colour: Colorless, white, grey
Birefringence: 0.010 - 0.011
Relief: Low
Cleavage plane: Perfect on [001], good on [010]
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning: Polysynthetic and pericline twinning
Pleochroism: N/A
30. Labradorite (Tectosilicate; Feldspars; Plagioclase)
30
Formula: (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Colour: Pale green, blue, colourless, grey-white
Birefringence: 0.008 - 0.010
Relief: Low
Cleavage plane: Perfect on {001}, less perfect on {010}, distinct on {110}
Angle of cleavage: intersecting at near 90°
Extinction angle:
Twinning: Common by Albite, Pericline, Carlsbad, Baveno, or Manebach twin laws
Pleochroism: N/A
31. Andesine (Tectosilicate; Feldspars; Plagioclase)
31
Formula: (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Colour: White, gray, green, yellow, flesh-red
Birefringence: 0.009
Relief: Low
Cleavage plane: Perfect on {001}, good on {010}
Angle of cleavage: 86○
Extinction angle:
Twinning: Common following albite & pericline twin laws
Pleochroism: N/A
33. Albite (Tectosilicate; Feldspars; Plagioclase)
33
Formula: Na(AlSi3O8)
Colour: White to grey, bluish, greenish, reddish
Birefringence: δ = 0.010
Relief: Low
Cleavage plane: Perfect on {001}, very good on {010}, imperfect on {110}
Angle of cleavage: The cleavage angle is about 90º
Extinction angle:
Twinning: Common giving polysynthetic striae on {001} or {010}also contact, simple and
multiple
Pleochroism: N/A
34. Anorthoclase (Tectosilicate; Alkali-Feldspar)
34
Formula: (Na,K)AlSi3O8
Colour: white, colourless, greyish pink
Birefringence: δ = 0.008
Relief: Low
Cleavage plane: Perfect on [001], other partings
Angle of cleavage: The cleavage angle is about 90º
Extinction angle: 1-5○
Twinning: Polysynthetic twinning, produces a grid pattern on
[100]
Pleochroism: N/A
35. Sanidine (Tectosilicate; Alkali Feldspar)
35
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
Colour: Colourless, white, grey, yellowish white, or reddish
white
Birefringence: δ = 0.007
Relief: Low
Cleavage plane: {001} perfect, {010} good
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning: Carlsbad – common
Baveno, Manebach - rarer
Pleochroism: N/A
36. Orthoclase (Tectosilicate; Alkali Feldspar)
36
Formula: KAlSi3O8
Colour: Colorless to white, Greenish white, Grayish yellow, Pale pink
Birefringence: 0.004
Relief: Low
Cleavage plane: Perfect on {001}, good on {010}
Angle of cleavage: Cleavages intersect at 90°. It can be difficult to
see
cleavage in thin section due to orthoclase's low relief.
Extinction angle: X^a = 6°-14°, Y^c = -13° to 21°, Z = b
Twinning: Common as Carlsbad, Baveno and Manebach
Pleochroism: N/A
37. Microcline (Tectosilicate; Alkali Feldspar)
37
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
Colour: White, grey, greyish yellow, yellowish, tan, salmon-pink, bluish green
Birefringence: Up to first order white (roughly 0.007)
Relief: Low
Cleavage plane: Perfect on [001], good on [010]
Angle of cleavage: Cleavages intersect at 90°41'
Extinction angle: Inclined extinction to cleavage
Twinning: Carlsbad, Baveno, Manebach, polysynthetic on albite and pericline
laws.
Typically displays albite twinning and pericline twinning This combination
leads to a grid pattern, hence microcline displays gridiron twinning.
Pleochroism: N/A
39. Calcite (Carbonate)
39
Formula: CaCO3
Colour: White, Yellow, Red, Orange, Blue, Green, Brown, Gray etc.
Birefringence: 0.154 - 0.174 (Due to extreme birefringence,
interference colors are high order pastel pink, green and
creamy white)
Relief: Low to moderate (Calcite is characterized by change in relief
during a 360°rotation of the stage; the crystals is said to
“twinkle” during rotation)
Cleavage plane: 1,3 – rhombohedral. Perfect on {1011}
Angle of cleavage: three direction with 60○ and 120○
Extinction angle: symmetrical to cleavage traces
Twinning: Common by four twin laws
Pleochroism: N/A
XPL
PPL
40. Dolomite (Carbonate)
40
Formula: CaMg(CO3)2
Colour: Colourless, white, gray, reddish-white, brownish-
white, or pink
Birefringence: 0.179
Relief: Moderate
Cleavage plane: Perfect on {1011}
Angle of cleavage: 3 directions of cleavage not at right
angles.
Extinction angle: Parallel
Twinning: Common as simple contact twins
Pleochroism: N/A
41. Azurite (Carbonate)
41
Formula: Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2
Colour: Azure blue, blue, light blue, or dark blue
Birefringence: 0.108
Relief: High
Cleavage plane: Perfect on {011}, fair on {100}, poor on
{110}
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning: Rare, twin planes {101}, {102} or {001}
Pleochroism: Visible shades of blue;
with absorption Z greater than Y greater than X.
42. Malachite (Carbonate)
42
Formula: Cu2(CO3)(OH)2
Colour: Bright green, with crystals deeper shades of
green,
even very dark to nearly black
Birefringence: 0.254
Relief: Very High
Cleavage plane: Perfect on {201}, fair on {010}
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning: Common as contact or penetration twins on
{100}
and {201}. Polysynthetic twinning also present
Pleochroism: Visible;
X ^ c 23½° = nearly colourless
XPL
PPL
PPL
43. Siderite (Carbonate)
43
Formula: FeCO3
Colour: Pale yellow to tannish, grey, brown, green, red,
black
and sometimes nearly colorless
Birefringence: 0.242
Relief: High
Cleavage plane: Perfect on {1011}
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning: Lamellar uncommon on{0112}
Pleochroism: N/A
Quartz grains, metamorphic rock fragments and siderite ooids (alteration product
of glauconite diagenesis) surrounded by pore-filling berthierine
50. Hematite (Oxide)
50
Formula: Fe2O3
Colour: Steel-grey to black in crystals and massively
crystalline
ores, dull to bright "rust-red" in earthy, compact, fine
grained material
Birefringence: δ = 0.280
Relief: Very High
Cleavage plane: None;
may show partings on {0001} and {1011}
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning: Penetration and lamellar
Pleochroism: Weak;
O = brownish red
E = yellowish red
51. Magnetite (Oxide; Spinel Group)
51
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+
2O4
Colour: Greyish black or iron black
Birefringence: [Isotropic]
Relief: Very High
Cleavage plane: Indistinct, good parting on {Ill}
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle: N/A
Twinning: On {111} as both twin and composition plane,
the
spinel law, as contact twins
Pleochroism: N/A
52. Ilmenite / Manaccanite (Oxide)
52
Formula: FeTiO3 [Opaque]
Colour: Iron-black; gray with a brownish tint in reflected light
Birefringence: Strong; O = pinkish brown, E = dark brown
(bireflectance)
Relief:
Cleavage plane: N/A
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning: {0001} simple, {1011} lamellar
Pleochroism: Weak
Ilmenite crystals in a Gabbro
53. Cuprite (Oxide)
53
Formula: Cu2O
Colour: Dark red to cochineal red, sometimes almost
black
Birefringence: N/A [Opaque]
Relief: Very High
Cleavage plane: Imperfect/Fair
Interrupted on {111}, more rarely on {001}
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning: Penetration twins
Pleochroism: Visible
54. Limonite (Hydroxide Mineraloid; Amorphous)
54
Formula: (Fe,O,OH,H2O)
Colour: Various shades of brown and yellow
Birefringence: N/A [Opaque]
Cleavage plane: Absent
55. Geothite (Hydroxide)
55
Formula: α-Fe3+O(OH)
Colour: brownish black, yellow-brown, reddish
brown
Birefringence: 0.133 - 0.134 [Opaque]
Relief: Very High
Cleavage plane: Perfect {010}
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning:
Pleochroism: Visible;
X = red b/yellow b = clear yellow
Y = red a/yellow c = brown-yellow
Z = red c/yellow a = orange-yellow
57. Quartz (Tectosilicate)
57
Formula: SiO2
Colour: Various, commonly colourless or white
Birefringence: +0.009 (B-G interval)
Relief: Low
Cleavage plane: {0110} Indistinct
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle: zero, undulose extinction also common
Twinning: Dauphiné law, Brazil law, Japan law, Others for beta-
quartz...
Pleochroism: N/A
58. Fluorite (Halide)
58
Formula: CaF2
Colour: Purple, lilac, golden-yellow, green, colourless, blue, pink,
champagne, brown
Birefringence: isotropic
Relief: Moderate
Cleavage plane: Octahedral, perfect on {111}, parting on {011}
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning: On {111}, usually as interpenetrating cubes
(e.g.,Strzegom,
Poland), but also as contact spinel twins (e.g. Naica,
Mexico and Chumar Bakhoor, Pakistan)
Pleochroism: Colourless to violet
XPL
PPL
(isotropic)
(violet)
59. Apaptite (Phosphate)
59
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH)
Colour: Colorless, white, yellow, brown, gray, red, pink, purple, blue,
green
Birefringence: 0.002–0.008
Relief: high
Cleavage plane: [0001] indistinct, [1010] indistinct
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning: Rare contact twins on {1121}. Twin plane {1013} rare. Also
twinning reported on {1010} and {1123}
Pleochroism: Visible; weak to strong in colour crystals
Apatite inclusions in Amphibole
60. Turquoise (Hydrated Phosphate)
60
Formula: CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O
Colour: bright blue, sky-blue, pale green, blue-green,
turquoise
blue, apple-green, green-gray
Birefringence: 0.040
Relief: Moderate
Cleavage plane: Perfect on {001}, good on {010}, usually
N/A
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning:
Pleochroism: Weak;
X= colorless
Z= pale blue or pale green
61. Chrysocolla (Hydrated Phyllosilicate)
61
Formula: Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O
Colour: Green, bluish green, blue, blackish blue to black, or
brown and rarely yellow
Birefringence: 0.023 - 0.050
Relief: Moderate
Cleavage plane: N/A
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning: N/A
Pleochroism: absent
62. Dioptase (Hydrated Cyclosilicate)
62
Formula: CuSiO3 · H2O
Colour: Dark teal, emerald green
Birefringence: 0.052
Relief: High
Cleavage plane: Perfect in three
directions
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle:
Twinning: On {1011}, uncommon
Pleochroism: Weak
63. Garnet Group (Nesosilicate)
63
Formula:X3Z2(SiO4)3
X = Mg, Ca, Fe(II), Mn(II), etc.
Z = Al, Fe(III), Cr(III), V(III) etc.
Trace amounts of Sn may replace Fe(III)
Colour: virtually all colors, blue is very rare
Birefringence: N/A [Isotropic]
Relief: High
Cleavage plane: Indistinct
Twinning: N/A
Pleochroism: N/A
Major Minerals/Varieties: Pyrope
Mg3Al2Si3O12
Almandine Fe3Al2Si3O12
Spessartine Mn3Al2Si3O12
Andradite Ca3Fe2Si3O12
Grossular Ca3Al2Si3O12
Uvarovite Ca3Cr2Si3O12
65. Tourmaline Group (Cyclosilicate)
65
Formula: (Ca,K,Na)(Al,Fe,Li,Mg,Mn)3(Al,Cr, Fe,V)6(BO3)3(Si,Al,B)6O18(OH,F)4
Colour: black, brown, green, red, pink, blue, and gray. White, colorless, yellow, orange, and purple colors are less common. Crystals are
frequently multicolored, containing two or more distinct colors
Birefringence: 0.018 to 0.040;
typically about 0.020 but in dark stones it may reach 0.040
Relief: Medium
Cleavage plane: Indistinct; {110} and {101} very poor
Angle of cleavage:
Extinction angle: Longitudial sections show parallel extinction and are length fast
Twinning: rare at {1010} or {1011}
Pleochroism: Moderate to strong;
Red Tourmaline: Definite; dark red, light red
Green Tourmaline: Strong; dark green, yellow-green
Brown Tourmaline: Definite; dark brown, light brown
Blue Tourmaline: Strong; dark blue, light blue
66. Tourmaline Group (Cyclosilicate)
66
Major varieties/mineral:
Achroite: Colorless variety of Elbaite Tourmaline.
Buergerite: Rare mineral of the Tourmaline group, occurring almost exclusively at Mexquitic, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
Dravite: It is usually brown in color, and the term may be corrupted to include all forms of brown Tourmaline.
Elbaite: Elbaite is the most transparent and colorful form of Tourmaline. The term Elbaite may be corrupted in the gemstone industry to refer specifically to green
Tourmaline.
Indicolite: Blue variety of Elbaite Tourmaline.
Liddicoatite: Uncommon member mineral of the Tourmaline group found primarily in Madagascar. It is the calcium analogue of Elbaite, containing calcium in
its chemicalformula instead of sodium.
Rubellite: Pink to red variety of Elbaite Tourmaline.
Schorl: Individual member mineral of the Tourmaline group. It is black in color, and the term may be corrupted to include any very dark Tourmaline forms.
Uvite: Uncommon member mineral of the Tourmaline group, usually found in metamorphic environments such as marbles.
Watermelon Tourmaline: Variety of Elbaite Tourmaline that is green on the outside and red on the inside
69. 69
References
alexstrekeisen.it
mindat.org
minerals.net
wikipedia.org
mineralminers.com
webmineral.com
ScienceDirect
pinterest.com
Atlas of Igneous Rocks and Their Textures, by W. S. MacKenzie (Author), C. H. Donaldson (Author), C. Guilford
Igneous minerals in thin section; Kurt Hollocher Geology Department, Union College Schenectady, NY U.S.A.
Smith College - Geology 222b – Petrology
Thanks!
mtalha444@gmail.com