This is about peoples migration i china..how they migrate one place another place

2. This presentation reviews recent patterns of migration in China and describes major
policy changes regarding migration in recent years. It also draws attention to some
critical challenges ahead. In particular, the topic shows that China’s migrant
population has steadily increased since the late 1970s. China’s costal provinces,
which have received millions of migrants, continue to attract even more migrants in
the late 1990s and early 21st century. Although earlier waves of migrants were
dominated by single males or females, increasingly family members (spouses and
children) join the migration process. Another pattern worth noting is the size of
China’s return migrant population and the extent to which it affects the migrant-
sending communities. This presentation also identifies some major challenges facing
policy-makers and migration researchers such as issues with migrant children, health
related issues for migrants, labor rights for migrants, and impact of migration on the
old age support in rural China. Finally here is description of how migration has
changed Chinese culture.

3. 1.A historical survey of international migration of China
population .
2.History of Chinese Immigration.
3.China’s greatest migration.
4. Profile of migration in The People’s Republic of CHINA

4. Chinese migration trends in various periods of China's history are discussed. From the earliest
times to the present, migration patterns seem unique to each period: 1) Early period of emigration
(Qin-Tang Dynasties): The earliest recorded instance of emigration occurred during the Qin
dynasty when a traveler went to what is now the Philippines. In the following dynasties, even
though migration was limited to religious men and merchants who went abroad and returned to
China, the process of migrating was established. 2) Tang to Ming Dynasties (Self-initiated
migration): Tang Dynasty records show the beginnings of Chinese residence abroad in Arabia.
Land and sea travel developed further, and majority of emigres left China for political, religious
or economic reasons. 3) Post-Ming Dynasty (Forced migration): This is a period beginning with
the Opium War, where 2 groups, indentured servants and those who were able to purchase their
own fare, emigrated as laborers because of necessity. The population on the coast, which had
risen dramatically by the 1900's, was subject to war, official corruption, poverty and disease.
Migration reached a peak between 1851-1875 when 1,280,000 Chinese left the country, settling
mostly in Southeast Asia. Between 1847-1873, it is estimated that between 22%-64% perished
along the way. 4) WWI-1949 (Motivated migration): The consequences of 2 world wars and the
Great Depression were cause for another mass migration from China for political and economic
reasons. This time, however, emigres were not limited to the very poor; also, a large number of
overseas Chinese eventually returned to the mainland. Between 1930-34, 350,000 more Chinese
returned than left. 5) Post-1949 (A new era): In the 1950s large numbers of overseas Chinese
returned to the mainland. In 1978-82, over 4000 Chinese returned to Guangdong alone. A new
phenomenon has appeared: migration tends to be limited to visits to relatives or to travel for
pleasure or education.

5. Today, Chinese Americans make up the largest Asian population in the U.S., totaling 2.5 million.
Chinese immigrants first flocked to the United States in the 1850s, eager to escape the economic
chaos in China and to try their luck at the California gold rush.
When the Gold Rush ended, Chinese Americans were considered cheap labor.
They easily found employment as farmhands, gardeners, domestics, laundry workers, and most
famously, railroad workers.
In the 1860s, it was the Chinese Americans who built the Transcontinental Railroad.
By the 1870s, there was widespread economic depression in America and jobs became scarce.
Hostility had been growing toward the Chinese American workers.
By 1882, things got so bad that Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, virtually banning all
Chinese immigration into the United States.
It was only in 1943, when China became America's ally in World War II, that congress finally
repealed the Exclusion Act.
Even then, Chinese immigration was still limited to a mere 105 people a year.
In 1965, all restrictions were lifted and the Chinese started to arrive in America in huge numbers.
The first Chinatowns started appearing in U.S. cities as far back as 1900.
Today, the largest Chinatown is in New York City, where almost 100,000 Chinese Americans live
and work.

6. China’s rise in a generation from poverty and isolation to become a global economic
power would have been impossible without the mass migration of people from the
countryside to the city. In China’s Great Migration, Bradley Gardner describes the role
that this unprecedented movement of people has played in “the greatest development
story in human history.”
The movement begins with the agricultural reforms of the late 1970s, which freed
millions of Chinese workers from the shackles of collective farming. The rural laborers
then migrated to the cities to work in the factories that had begun to produce
labor‐​intensive goods for global markets. As a result, Gardner writes, “Between 1978
and 2012, the population of China’s cities grew by half a billion people, swollen by
more than 260 million economic migrants moving to urban centers to look for new
opportunities.”
From 1980 to 2010, the population of Beijing rose from 9 million to 21 million,
Shanghai from 11 million to 20 million, and most incredibly Shenzhen, the area
surrounding Hong Kong, from 300,000 to 10 million. New York and London had also
seen their populations swell during the industrial revolution, but not by nearly so
much nor during such a short span of time.

7. The most direct impact of this great migration of people was on the migrants themselves.
By moving to the city, their output and incomes rose immediately by 500 percent. The
factory work was hard and the conditions far below western standards, but “for China’s
poor, the difference is life changing,” Gardner observes. “An extra 8 to 9 dollars a day is
the difference between struggling to buy clothes and struggling to buy a phone; between
an empty field and a flush toilet; between illiteracy and a technical education.”
The great migration was not a deliberate part of the government’s development strategy.
In fact, as Gardner documents, China’s communist authorities had traditionally tried to
thwart the movement of its citizens. Beginning in 1951, the Chinese government enforced
a household registration system known as hukou, which required residents to obtain the
permission of police before they could move. Under Mao, hukou was “uniquely
disastrous,” trapping peasants in the countryside just as the Great Leap Forward of 1958–
62 was starving them of food.
As reforms took hold in the 1980s, China’s government generally looked the other way as
tens of millions of technically illegal migrants moved to the cities. It was only in August
2003 that the hukou system was effectively abandoned when then Prime Minister Wen
Jiabao abolished the accompanying law that allowed police to detain and repatriate
migrant workers. “With one announcement,” Gardner writes, “the Chinese people were
now free to move around their country without needing government permission.”