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microbio ppt on human gut microbiota.pdf
- 1. Presented by: RudraPatel HUMAN GUT MICROBIOTA IN HEALTH AND DISEASE:
- 2. BACKGROUND & IMPORTANCE BACKGROUND & IMPORTANCE Thehuman gut hosts trillions of microorganisms forming the gut microbiota, which is increasingly considered like an “organ” with systemic impacts. • This microbial community influences digestion, metabolism, immunity, neural and endocrine pathways. • Imbalance (dysbiosis) in gut microbiota is linked to many diseases. • Motivation: to summarise current understanding and mechanisms of how gut microbiota contributes to health vs disease.
- 3. DEFINITIONS & CONCEPTS Gutmicrobiota: the community of microbes residing in the gastrointestinal tract. • Eubiosis: a balanced healthy microbiota composition. • Dysbiosis: disruption of the normal microbiota (reduced diversity, altered composition) leading to pathogenic consequences. • Connections: gut microbiota–host interactions via metabolic, immune, neural networks.
- 4. KEY GUT MICROBIOTA FUNCTIONSIN HEALTH Breakdown of dietary fibres → production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which support colon health, epithelial integrity, immune regulation. • Barrier function: microbes help maintain gut epithelial barrier, prevent pathogen colonisation. • Immune modulation: Microbiota influence maturation and functioning of host immune system. • Metabolic roles: Microbes help in nutrient production (vitamins, amino acids) and metabolism of host-derived compounds.
- 5. MECHANISMS LINKING GUT MICROBIOTA TO DISEASE •Dysbiosis leads to increased intestinal permeability (“leaky gut”) → microbial products enter circulation → systemic inflammation. • Altered production of microbial metabolites (eg: SCFAs decrease, TMAO increase) which affect metabolic and cardiovascular health. • Immune dysregulation: imbalance in immune-microbe signalling may promote chronic inflammatory states and disease. • Cross-talk to other organs (gut-brain axis, gut-liver axis, gut-heart axis) via endocrine / neural pathways.
- 6. GUT MICROBIOTA DYSBIOSIS &ASSOCIATED DISEASES • The review identifies a wide array of diseases associated with gut dysbiosis: – Metabolic disorders: obesity, type 2 diabetes. – Cardiovascular diseases & hypertension. – Inflammatory bowel disease, other GI disorders. – Neuropsychiatric diseases: anxiety, depression. – Cancer (emerging evidence). • Emphasis: many associations are established, but causal mechanisms remain less clear.
- 7. MICROBIAL METABOLITES AS MEDIATORS •Specific metabolites produced by gut microbiota play key roles: – Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs: acetate, propionate, butyrate) beneficial in health. – Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) linked to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. – Other metabolites: tryptophan and tyrosine derivatives, bile acids modifications. • These metabolites serve as signalling molecules connecting gut microbes to host physiology.
- 8. THERAPEUTIC & MODULATION STRATEGIES •The review highlights opportunities to modulate gut microbiota for health: – Dietary interventions (prebiotics, fibers, fermented foods) to promote beneficial microbes. Frontiers – Probiotics and synbiotics to restore eubiosis. – Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in selected situations. PMC – Precision microbiome‐based therapies: personalisation by microbiota profiling. Frontiers • Challenges: safety, mechanistic understanding, individual variability.
- 9. RESEARCH GAPS & FUTUREDIRECTIONS • More work needed to establish causal links (not just associations) between microbiota changes and disease outcomes. • Better understanding of “microbial dark matter” (uncharted microbial species/functions). • Integration of multi‐omics (metagenomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics) to map mechanisms. • Longitudinal human studies, standardisation of sampling/analysis methods. • Translation into clinical practice – biomarker development, personalised interventions.
- 10. SUMMARY • Gut microbiotais integral to human health: digestion, immunity, metabolism, neural signalling. • Dysbiosis is linked to a wide spectrum of diseases via altered microbial composition and metabolites. • Microbial metabolites (SCFAs, TMAO, etc) are key mediators of host-microbe interactions. • Therapeutic modulation of gut microbiota presents promise, but challenges remain. • Future research must focus on mechanism, causality, personalised interventions and clinical translation.
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