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第十讲:多原子分子
金属配合物分子轨道理论
1. 配合物的MO方法
2
1)、基本思想
(ii)MO的构成:金属、配体的外层轨道对配合物MO有重要贡
献。
配体的AO或MO可分为 σ-型 和 π -型 ;
( i) 中 心 离 子 的 AO 与 配 体 的 ( AO 或 MO) 相 互 作 用 形 成 配 合
物的成键或反键分子轨道。
金属(第一系列过渡元素): 3d, 4s, 4p
σ -型:没有通过金属-配体键轴的节面。
例如,X- 的 pz 孤对轨道 ,NH3、H2O的孤对;
π-型:有一个节面通过金属-配体键轴。
例如,X-, O2-的π π轨道(px, py), CO、 CN-、 C2H4 的 π 和 π *
金属配合物晶体场理论
1. 配合物的MO方法
3
同对称性的群轨道相互作用,组合成配合物的分子轨道;
中心原子的AO 按照配合物的点群分类(中心原子群轨道);
(iii) 定性处理步骤
配体(AO或MO)按照配合物的点群分类(配体群轨道);
能级图、电子组态、性质。
金属配合物晶体场理论
1. 配合物的MO方法
4
2)、群轨道分类(Oh)
(i) 中心离子(第一系列过渡元素)
4s : a1g
4px, 4py, 4pz : t1u
3dx2-y2, 3dz2 : eg
3dxy, 3dyz, 3dxz : t2g
g
g
u
g
M
t
e
t
a 2
1
1 




金属配合物晶体场理论
1. 配合物的MO方法
5
2)、群轨道分类(Oh) (ii)配体群轨道(-)
u
g
g t
e
a 1
1 



u
g
u
g t
t
t
t 2
2
1
1 




有6个 -型 配体轨道和 12个 -型配体轨道,分别构成Oh群的6
维表示和12维表示的基函数集。
C3
C4
C2
X
Y
Z
y2
z2
x2
y6
x6
z6
y3
x3
z3
y5
x5
z5
z1
y1
x1
z4
y4
x4
金属配合物晶体场理论
1. 配合物的MO方法
6
3)、配体的 -型 群轨道(SALC)
投影算子:
用视察法,与原子轨道的函数图形对比 。
1
ˆ
1
1 )
ˆ
(
*
1





R
g
a
g
a R
g
h
a1g
:
)
(
6
1
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 












g
Y
X
Z
Y
X
Z
s g(a1g)
金属配合物晶体场理论
1. 配合物的MO方法
7
t1u:px
:
两瓣相等符号相反 ------ 有贡献且符号相反
——t1u(x)
)
(
2
1
4
1
2 




g
——t1u(y)
——t1u(z)
)
(
2
1
5
2
3 




g
)
(
2
1
6
3
4 




g
Y
X
Z
Y
X
Z
px g(t1u(x))
金属配合物晶体场理论
3)、配体的 -型 群轨道(SALC)
1. 配合物的MO方法
8
3)、配体的 -型 群轨道(SALC)
eg: dx2-y2
eg: dz2
:
四瓣大小相同,符号不同
1,4,2,5有相同贡献,
1,4为正,2,5为负
)
(
2
1
5
4
2
1
5 








g
)
2
2
(
3
2
1
5
4
2
1
6
3
6 












g
Y
X
Z
Y
X
Z
dx2-y2 g(eg(x2-y2))
Y
X
Z
Y
X
Z
dz2 g(e g(z2))
2
2
2
2
2 y
x
z
dz



金属配合物晶体场理论
1. 配合物的MO方法
9
a1g:
成键

 1
2
1
1 g
c
s
c
g
a 


 1
2
1
1 '
'
* g
c
s
c
g
a 
 反键
—— 成键
—— 反键
—— 成键

 6
4
3
)
( 2
2 g
c
d
c z
z
eg


eg:

 6
4
3
)
(
'
'
* 2
2 g
c
d
c z
z
eg



 5
6
5
)
( 2
2
2
2 g
c
d
c y
x
y
x
eg

 


 5
6
5
)
(
'
'
* 2
2
2
2 g
c
d
c y
x
y
x
eg

 

—— 反键
t1u:(成键)
4)、配合物的 -型 轨道作用
(配体的-型群轨道与金属中相应的轨道形成MO)
t2g:(非键,金属轨道
)
金属配合物晶体场理论
1. 配合物的MO方法
10
能级图(-型轨道作用):
a1g
t1u
t2g
eg
eg
t1u
a1g
a1g
t1u
t1u*
a1g*
t2g
eg
eg*
3d
4s
4p
金属原子轨道 配体群轨道
配合物分子轨道
(1)成键a1g和成键t1u主要
成分来自配体,反键a1g和
反键t1u 主要成分来自金属
(4s和4p)。
(2)金属的 3d 轨道主要对
配合物的 t2g和 eg* 分子轨道
有贡献。其中t2g完全由金属
3d轨道构成,而 eg*中金属d
轨道有重要贡献。
金属配合物晶体场理论
1. 配合物的MO方法
11
eg*
t2g

d 配位 ML6
可以形象地认为,在配合物中,由于-型轨道相互作用使金属
d轨道发生分裂,金属d 电子填充在这两组轨道。
金属配合物晶体场理论
1. 配合物的MO方法
12
(i)分类
A、金属的4s 与配体不发生  - 型轨道作用;
4)、配合物的 型 轨道作用
D、配体的 t2g
(π)与金属的dxy, dyz, dzx 有相互作用,对配合物
MO的形成有重要影响。
(在纯  型轨道作用情形下,金属的dxy, dyz, dzx 是非键的。)
u
g
u
g t
t
t
t 2
2
1
1 




g
g
u
g
M
t
e
t
a 2
1
1 




B、配体的 t1g
() 和 t2u
()为非键轨道(不与金属轨道作用);
C、配体的t1u
(π)参与配合物MO的形成,但影响较小(它与金
属的4p轨道作用);
金属配合物晶体场理论
1. 配合物的MO方法
13
配体群轨道的构成
(视察法, 以 t2g(π)为例)
同理:
)
(
2
1
)
( 5
4
2
1
2 x
y
y
x
g
t xy
g 








)
(
2
1
)
( 6
5
3
2
2 x
y
y
x
g
t yz
g 








)
(
2
1
)
( 4
6
1
3
2 x
y
y
x
g
t xz
g 








Y
X
Y
X
dxy
y2
y4
x5
x1
可见:
配合物分子轨道:
)
(
'
'
*
)
(
2
2
1
)
(
2
2
2
1
)
(
2
xy
g
c
d
c
xy
g
c
d
c
g
t
xy
xy
g
t
g
t
xy
xy
g
t







 —— 成键
—— 反键
X
Y
Z
y2
z2
x2
y6
x6
z6
y3
x3
z3
y5
x5
z5
z1
y1
x1
z4
y4
x4
金属配合物晶体场理论
14
Oh M L6 (-type) L6 (-type)
A1g s (6)-1/2(1+ 2 3456)
T1u px
py
pz
(2) -1/2(1 4)
(2) -1/2(2  5)
(2) -1/2(36)
1/2(y2 x3  x5  y6)
1/2(x1 y3  y4  x6)
1/2(y1 x2  x4  y5)
Eg dx2-y2
dz2
1/2(1+ 4 2 5)
(12) -1/2 (23+2 6 1 4 2 5)
T2g dxy
dyz
dzx
1/2(x1 y2 y4 x5)
1/2(x2 y3 y5 x6)
1/2(y1 x3 x4 y6)
T1g 1/2(x1  y2 y4  x5)
1/2(x2  y3 y5  x6)
1/2(y1  x3 x4  y6)
T2u 1/2(y2  x3  x5 y6)
1/2(x1  y3  y4 x6)
1/2(y1  x2  x4 y5)
六配位配合物的群轨道(Oh点群)
金属配合物晶体场理论
1. 配合物的MO方法
15
(ii)  型轨道作用对Δ的影响
eg
t2g

d
配体 eg+t2g
配体的型群轨道
的存在
若配体为π给予体 —— 配体有充满的,低于金属t2g(d)的π轨道。
例如:F-, O2- 等。 eg*
t2g*

eg
t2g
t2g
t2g

分裂能减小
金属配合物晶体场理论
1. 配合物的MO方法
16
若配体为π接受配体——配体有空的,能量高于金属t2g(d)的π轨
道。 例如:CO, CN- 等。
光谱化学系列:
CO, CN->NO2
->NH3>H2O>OH->F->SCN-, Cl->Br->I-
t2g*

eg
t2g
t2g
t2g(*)

接受体 非授受 弱授予体 授予体
分裂能增加
金属配合物晶体场理论
1. 配合物的MO方法
17
a1g
t1u
t2g
eg
eg
t1u
a1g
t2u
t1g
t1u
t2g
a1g
t1u
t1u*
a1g*
t2g
t2g*
eg
eg*


3d
4s
4p
t1u
能级图
金属配合物晶体场理论
 配合物
18
指金属与配体之间既有  型又有  型轨道作用的配合物;
在有机金属配合物非常普遍。
金属羰基配合物 Cr(CO)6
CO:(1)2(2)2(3)2(4)2(1)4 (5)2 (2*)0
↑ ↑
与金属d轨道强烈的相互作用
这些配合物中,π-型的配体轨道,常常与金属 d 轨道强烈
地相互作用,从而对配合物的成键有重要影响。
金属配合物晶体场理论
 配合物
19
电子在M—C—O整个区域被共有化,使M—C结合变强,C—O结合变弱
 配键(电子授受键)
例如, C—O键伸缩振动频率:
free CO:2143cm-1
Ni(CO)4:2060cm-1, [Co(CO)4]-:1890cm-1, [Fe(CO)4]2-:1790cm-1
振动频率的减小反映了反馈到CO的反键轨道的电子的几率增加。
y
x
M——C——O
+
+
dx2--y2
5
(eg)
+
+
dxy
2*
+
+
*)
(
)
( 
 
 L
M
L
M 
 
金属羰基配合物的成键示意图
金属配合物晶体场理论
 配合物
20
例:Zeiss盐 [PtCl3(C2H4)]- 平面四方形的配合物
Pt的 dx2-y2 轨道与乙烯的成键  轨道之间发生-型相互作用,Pt
的 dxz 轨道与乙烯的反键  轨道之间发生-型相互作用。
乙烯的C=C和C—H键都十分稳定,其  MO能量很低,而 * 很
高,不参与金属—配体成键,但其 、* MO的能量与金属 d 轨
道能级相近,可以相互作用。
dx2--y2
dxz
Pt
+
+
C
C
+
+
+
z
y
x
Cl-
Cl- Cl-
Pt
C
C
dsp2
*)
(
)
( 
 
 L
M
L
M 
  这将削弱C=C双键,使CC键拉长。
金属配合物晶体场理论
 配合物
21
例:夹心化合物 ( 二茂铁)
双戊二烯基:
Fe:
Fe Cr
Fe2+
D5d
最低 次低 最高
(高低可由节面数目定性判断 )
g
g
g
M
e
e
a
d 2
1
1
)
3
( 



4
3
4 2
1
4
3
4 2
1
4
3
4 2
1 u
g
u
g
u
g e
e
e
e
a
a
p 2
2
1
1
2
1
)
10
( 





 
a e1 e1 e2 e2
金属配合物晶体场理论
 配合物
22
能级简图 :
a1g
a2u
e1g
e1g
a1g
e2g
a1g
e2g*
e1g*
e1u
e2g
e2u e2u
e1u
a2u
e1g
e2g
a1g*
Fe
3d
a1g
a1g 4s
Fe 有8个电子,
双戊二烯基10个电
子,共18个电子
金属配合物晶体场理论
 配合物
23
二茂铁成键分子轨道示意图
a1g e1g(xz) e1g(yz)
dz2 dzx dyz
X
dx2-y2 dxy
e2g(x
2
-y
2
) e2g(xy)
Z
金属配合物晶体场理论
多原子分子——小结
24
1. 简单多原子分子的MO处理;
2. Hückel分子轨道法(HMO):Hückel近似、对共轭
分子和缺电子分子的处理、共轭能、电荷密度、键级、
自由价、分子图;
3. 金属配合物的晶体场理论 :金属d轨道的分裂模式、
电子组态、晶体场稳定化能、磁矩、Jahn-Teller效应、
光谱化学序列;
4. 金属配合物的分子轨道理论 :-型轨道作用对能级分
裂的影响、 反馈键。
25

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