2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Mengesan dan membetulkan kesilapan
1. M E N G E S A N D A N M E M B E T U L K A N K E S I L A P A N
A S A S R A N G K A I A N D A N D A T A K O M U N I K A S I :
K E T U J U H E D I T I O N
2. Bunyi dan Kesilapan
Bunyi Putih
Bunyi Impulse
crosstalk
echo
ketar
wartawan
Pencegahan Ralat
Pengesanan ralat
Pemeriksaan pariti
Checksum aritmetik
Cyclic Redundancy Checksum
Kawalan Ralat
Suppose The Frame / Paket
Kembali Mesej A
Berhenti-dan-Tunggu Kawalan Ralat
Gelongsor Tetingkap Kawalan Ralat
Membetulkan ralat ini
Pengesanan ralat dalam Tindakan
Rujukan
3. Kenal pasti jenis bunyi biasa ditemui dalam
rangkaian komputer
Nyatakan teknik ralat pencegahan yang berbeza, dan
boleh memohon teknik ralat pencegahan kepada
jenis bunyi
Bandingkan teknik pengesanan ralat yang berbeza
dari segi kecekapan dan keberkesanan
Lakukan pariti mudah dan pengiraan persamaan
membujur, dan menghitung kekuatan dan
kelemahan mereka
4. Cite kelebihan checksum aritmetik
Cite kelebihan kitaran lebihan checksum, dan
menentukan apa jenis kesilapan kitaran lebihan
checksum akan mengesan
Membezakan antara bentuk asas kawalan ralat, dan
menggambarkan keadaan di mana masing-masing
boleh digunakan
Ikut contoh kod Hamming diri membetulkan
5. Bunyi sentiasa hadir
Jika satu garis komunikasi mengalami bunyi terlalu
banyak, isyarat akan hilang atau rosak
Sistem komunikasi perlu menyemak kesilapan
penghantaran
Apabila kesilapan dikesan, sistem boleh
melaksanakan beberapa tindakan
Sesetengah sistem tidak melaksanakan kawalan
ralat, tetapi hanya membiarkan data dalam
kesesatan yang dibuang
6. Bunyi Putih
Juga dikenali sebagai haba atau bunyi Gaussian
Malar dan boleh dikurangkan
Jika bunyi putih terlalu kuat, ia benar-benar boleh
mengganggu isyarat
7.
8. Bunyi Impulse
Salah satu bentuk yang paling mengganggu bunyi
Pancang rawak kuasa yang boleh memusnahkan satu
atau lebih bit maklumat
Sukar untuk menghapuskan dari isyarat analog
kerana ia boleh menjadi sukar untuk membezakan
daripada isyarat asal
Bunyi Impulse boleh merosakkan lebih bit jika bit
adalah lebih dekat bersama-sama (dihantar pada
kadar yang lebih cepat)
9.
10.
11. Crosstalk
Gandingan yang tidak diingini di antara dua laluan
isyarat yang berbeza
Sebagai contoh, mendengar perbualan lain semasa
bercakap di telefon
Malar dan boleh dikurangkan dengan langkah-
langkah yang betul
12.
13. Maklum balas yang mencerminkan isyarat dihantar
sebagai isyarat bergerak melalui media
Selalunya berlaku pada kabel sepaksi
Jika echo cukup buruk, ia boleh mengganggu isyarat
asal
Malar, dan boleh dikurangkan dengan ketara
14.
15. ketar
Hasil daripada penyelewengan masa kecil semasa
penghantaran isyarat digital
Berlaku apabila isyarat digital diulangi berulang
Jika cukup serius, ketar kuasa sistem untuk
melambatkan penghantaran mereka
Langkah-langkah yang boleh diambil untuk
mengurangkan ketar
16.
17. kelewatan Penyelewengan
Berlaku kerana halaju perambatan isyarat melalui
media berbeza dengan kekerapan isyarat
Boleh dikurangkan
19. Pencegahan Ralat
Untuk mengelakkan kesilapan daripada berlaku,
beberapa teknik boleh digunakan:
Melindungi betul kabel untuk mengurangkan
gangguan
Line dingin, telefon, atau persamaan
Menggantikan media lebih tua dan peralatan dengan
yang baru, komponen mungkin digital
Penggunaan yang betul pengulang dan amplifier
digital analog
Perhatikan kapasiti dinyatakan media
20.
21. Pengesanan ralat
Walaupun teknik-teknik pencegahan yang terbaik,
kesilapan masih boleh berlaku
Untuk mengesan kesilapan, sesuatu yang lebih perlu
ditambah kepada data / isyarat
Tambahan ini merupakan kod pengesanan ralat
Tiga teknik asas untuk mengesan ralat: semakan
pariti, checksum aritmetik, dan kitaran lebihan
checksum
22. Pemeriksaan pariti
pariti mudah
Jika melaksanakan pariti genap, tambah sedikit
persamaan seperti yang nombor genap 1s dikekalkan
Jika melaksanakan pariti ganjil, tambah sedikit
persamaan seperti yang nombor ganjil 1s dikekalkan
Sebagai contoh, menghantar 1001010 menggunakan
pariti genap
Sebagai contoh, menghantar 1001011 menggunakan
pariti genap
23. Persamaan mudah (sambungan)
Apakah yang akan berlaku jika watak 10010101
dihantar dan dua yang pertama 0-an sengaja
menjadi dua 1s?
Oleh itu, ciri-ciri yang berikut diterima: 11110101
Akan ada satu kesilapan pariti?
Masalah: pariti Mudah hanya mengesan nombor
ganjil bit dalam kesesatan
24. pariti membujur
Menambah sedikit kuasa beli meningkat kepada
setiap watak kemudian menambah deretan bit pariti
selepas blok watak
Barisan bit pariti sebenarnya sedikit persamaan bagi
setiap "ruangan" watak-watak
Barisan bit pariti ditambah bit pariti ruang
menambah sejumlah besar lebihan kepada blok
watak-watak
25.
26.
27. Kedua-dua persamaan mudah dan pariti membujur
tidak menangkap semua kesilapan
Pariti mudah hanya menangkap nombor ganjil
kesilapan sedikit
Pariti membujur adalah lebih baik menangkap
kesilapan tetapi memerlukan bit cek terlalu banyak
ditambah kepada blok data
Kita perlu lebih baik ralat kaedah pengesanan
Bagaimana pula checksum aritmetik?
28. Checksum aritmetik
Digunakan dalam TCP dan IP di Internet
Watak dihantar ditukar kepada bentuk angka dan
merumuskan
Jumlah diletakkan dalam bentuk tertentu pada akhir
penghantaran
29. Ringkas contoh:
56
72
34
48
210
Kemudian membawa 2 ke bawah dan menambah
kepada kedudukan yang paling kanan
10
2
12
30. Penerima melakukan penukaran sama dan
menjumlahkan dan membandingkan jumlah baru
dengan jumlah yang dihantar
TCP dan proses IP sedikit lebih kompleks tetapi idea
adalah sama
Tetapi checksum aritmetik boleh membiarkan
kesilapan slip melalui. Adakah terdapat sesuatu yang
lebih kuat lagi?
31. Cyclic Redundancy Checksum
CRC kesilapan kaedah pengesanan merawat paket
data untuk dihantar sebagai polinomial besar
Pemancar mengambil polinomial mesej dan
menggunakan aritmetik polinomial, dibahagikan
dengan polinomial menjana diberikan
Quotient dibuang tetapi selebihnya adalah "melekat"
kepada akhir mesej
32. Mesej (dengan bakinya) dihantar kepada penerima
Penerima membahagikan mesej dan bakinya oleh
polinomial penjanaan yang sama
Jika baki tidak sama dengan sifar keputusan,
terdapat ralat semasa penghantaran
Jika baki sifar keputusan, tidak ada kesilapan
semasa penghantaran
35. Kawalan Ralat
Apabila kesilapan dikesan, apa yang penerima akan
lakukan?
Melakukan apa-apa (hanya melontarkan bingkai
atau paket)
Kembali mesej ralat untuk pemancar
Betulkan kesilapan tanpa bantuan lagi dari
pemancar
36. Adakah Tiada apa-apa (Baling Kerangka / paket)
Seolah-olah seperti cara yang aneh untuk mengawal
kesilapan tetapi beberapa protokol yang lebih rendah
lapisan seperti frame relay melakukan ini jenis
kawalan ralat
Sebagai contoh, jika frame relay mengesan ralat, ia
hanya lambungan bingkai
Tiada mesej dikembalikan
Frame relay menganggap protokol yang lebih tinggi
(seperti TCP / IP) akan mengesan bingkai dilambung
dan meminta penghantaran semula
37. Kembali Mesej A
Apabila kesilapan dikesan, mesej ralat akan
dikembalikan kepada penghantar
Dua bentuk asas:
Berhenti-dan-tunggu kawalan ralat
Gelongsor tingkap kawalan ralat
38. Berhenti-dan-Tunggu Kawalan Ralat
Berhenti-dan-tunggu adalah yang paling mudah
daripada protokol kawalan ralat
Penghantar A menghantar bingkai kemudian
berhenti dan menunggu pengakuan
Jika pengakuan positif (ACK) diterima, bingkai
seterusnya dihantar
Jika pengakuan negatif (NAK) diterima, rangka yang
sama dihantar lagi
39.
40. Gelongsor Tetingkap Kawalan Ralat
Teknik-teknik ini menganggap bahawa pelbagai
bingkai dalam penghantaran pada satu masa
Satu protokol tingkap gelongsor membolehkan
penghantar untuk menghantar beberapa paket data
pada satu-satu masa sebelum menerima apa-apa
penghargaan
Bergantung kepada saiz tingkap
Apabila penerima tidak mengakui penerimaan, ACK
kembali mengandungi bilangan kerangka yang
dijangka akan datang
41.
42. Protokol tingkap gelongsor lebih tua bernombor
setiap bingkai atau paket yang telah dihantar
Lebih moden gelongsor tingkap protokol bilangan
setiap bait dalam tempoh satu
Satu contoh di mana paket yang bernombor, diikuti
dengan contoh di mana bait yang bernombor:
43.
44.
45. Notis bahawa ACK tidak selalu dihantar selepas
setiap frame diterima
Ia adalah lebih cekap untuk menunggu beberapa
bingkai yang diterima sebelum kembali satu ACK
Berapa lama anda perlu menunggu sehingga anda
kembali satu ACK?
46. Menggunakan TCP / IP, terdapat beberapa peraturan asas
mengenai ACKs:
Peraturan 1: Jika penerima sahaja menerima data dan mahu
menghantar data sendiri, piggyback ACK yang bersama-sama
dengan data
Peraturan 2: Jika penerima tidak mempunyai data untuk
kembali dan baru sahaja ACKed paket lepas, penerima
menunggu 500 ms untuk paket lain
Jika semasa menunggu, paket lain tiba, menghantar ACK
serta-merta
Kaedah 3: Jika penerima tidak mempunyai data untuk
kembali dan baru sahaja ACKed paket lepas, penerima
menunggu 500 ms
Tiada paket, hantar ACK
47.
48. Apa yang berlaku apabila satu paket yang hilang?
Seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam slaid seterusnya,
jika bingkai hilang, kerangka berikut akan "keluar
dari urutan"
Penerima akan mengadakan daripada bait urutan
dalam buffer dan meminta pengirim untuk hantar
semula frame yang hilang
49.
50. Apa yang berlaku apabila ACK hilang?
Seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam slaid seterusnya,
jika ACK hilang, penghantar akan menunggu ACK
tiba dan akhirnya masa keluar
Apabila masa keluar berlaku, penghantar akan
menghantar semula frame yang lalu
51.
52. Membetulkan Ralat
Bagi penerima untuk membetulkan kesilapan
dengan tidak ada bantuan lagi dari pemancar
memerlukan sejumlah besar maklumat yang
diperlukan untuk mengiringi data asal
Ini maklumat berlebihan membolehkan penerima
untuk menentukan kesilapan dan membuat
pembetulan
Ini jenis kawalan ralat sering dipanggil pembetulan
ralat ke hadapan dan melibatkan Kod Hamming
dipanggil Kod
53. Membetulkan Ralat
Hamming Kod menambah bit cek tambahan untuk watak
Ini bit cek melakukan pemeriksaan pariti mengenai
pelbagai bit
Contoh: Satu boleh mewujudkan kod Hamming di mana
4 bit cek ditambah kepada aksara 8-bit
Kami boleh nombor bit cek C8, c4, c2 dan c1
Kami akan bilangan bit data B12, B11, B10, B9, B7, B6,
b5, dan b3
Meletakkan bit dalam perintah yang berikut: B12, B11,
B10, B9, C8, B7, B6, b5, c4, b3, c2, c1
54. Contoh (sambungan):
C8 akan melakukan pemeriksaan pada pariti bit B12,
B11, B10, dan B9
c4 akan melakukan pemeriksaan pada pariti bit B12, B7,
B6 dan b5
c2 akan melakukan pemeriksaan pada pariti bit B11, B10,
B7, B6 dan b3
c1 akan melakukan pemeriksaan pada pariti bit B11, B9,
B7, b5, dan b3
Slaid seterusnya menunjukkan bit cek dan nilai-nilai
mereka
55.
56. Penghantar akan mengambil aksara 8-bit dan
menjana 4 bit cek seperti yang dinyatakan
4 bit cek kemudian ditambah kepada 8 bit data
dalam urutan seperti yang ditunjukkan dan
kemudian dihantar
Penerima akan melaksanakan 4 cek pariti
menggunakan 4 bit cek
Jika tiada bit dibalik semasa penghantaran, maka
tidak ada kesilapan pariti
Apakah yang akan berlaku jika salah satu bit dibalik
semasa penghantaran?
57. Sebagai contoh, bagaimana jika sedikit B9 lambungan?
C8 memeriksa bit cek bit B12, B11, B10, B9 dan C8
(01000)
Ini akan menyebabkan kesilapan pariti
Sedikit cek c4 memeriksa bit B12, B7, B6, b5 dan c4
(00101)
Ini tidak akan menyebabkan kesilapan pariti (walaupun
beberapa 1s)
The c2 bit cek cek bit B11, B10, B7, B6, b3 dan c2 (100111)
Ini tidak akan menyebabkan kesilapan pariti
58. Pengesanan Ralat Dalam Tindakan
FEC digunakan dalam penghantaran isyarat radio,
seperti yang digunakan dalam transmisi televisyen
digital (Reed-Solomon dan trellis encoding) dan 4D-
PAM5 (Viterbi dan trellis pengekodan)
Beberapa FEC adalah berdasarkan Kod Hamming
59. Bunyi sentiasa hadir dalam rangkaian komputer, dan
jika tahap bunyi bising yang terlalu tinggi, kesilapan
akan diperkenalkan semasa penghantaran data
Jenis-jenis bunyi termasuk bunyi putih, bunyi gerak
hati, crosstalk, echo, ketar, dan wartawan
Antara teknik-teknik untuk mengurangkan bunyi
adalah wajar melindungi kabel, telefon talian dingin
atau persamaan, dengan menggunakan peralatan
digital moden, dengan menggunakan pengulang
digital dan penguat analog, dan memerhatikan
kapasiti dinyatakan media
60. Tiga bentuk asas pengesanan ralat pariti, checksum
aritmetik, dan kitaran lebihan checksum
Cyclic lebihan checksum adalah unggul skim
kesilapan pengesanan dengan hampir 100 peratus
keupayaan mengiktiraf data paket rosak
Apabila kesilapan telah dikesan, terdapat tiga pilihan
yang mungkin: berbuat apa-apa, kembali mesej
ralat, dan membetulkan kesilapan
61. Protokol berhenti-dan-tunggu membenarkan hanya
satu paket yang akan dihantar pada satu masa
Gelongsor tingkap protokol membolehkan beberapa
paket yang akan dihantar pada satu-satu masa
Pembetulan ralat kemungkinan jika data yang
dihantar mengandungi maklumat yang cukup
diperlukan supaya penerima betul boleh
membetulkan kesilapan itu tanpa meminta
penghantar untuk maklumat tambahan