The document summarizes the history and components of the stethoscope. It was invented in 1816 by Rene Laennec as a wooden tube used to listen to internal body sounds. Over time, designs improved, making it more flexible and adding dual earpieces. The modern stethoscope has components like the diaphragm, bell, binaural tube, earpieces, and stem that work together to amplify internal body sounds and transmit them to the ears.
Sex Determination is key element of personal identification of skeleton remains and establishing biological profile.
According to Krogman 92% of accuracy of sex determination from Skull.
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Deals with the post-mortem examination (autopsy) particularly the internal examinations of the various organs based on Virchow's technique of organ removal.
Sex Determination is key element of personal identification of skeleton remains and establishing biological profile.
According to Krogman 92% of accuracy of sex determination from Skull.
Please like, share and save
Deals with the post-mortem examination (autopsy) particularly the internal examinations of the various organs based on Virchow's technique of organ removal.
Digital stethoscope a new approach to know and hear heart beat and heart freq...IJARIIT
The motive of this journal is to digitalize the stethoscope and improve and make easier and accurate measurement of
heart beat and frequency rate. The part of the motive of this device is everyone can hear them heart beat and to know about them
health with the help of any instruction and network and also heart beat frequency rate, heart beat sound recorded using
additional devices and the recording signal (heart beat sound or frequency rate) easily transfer by using a smart phone with related
apps.
A versatile low cost Electronic Stethoscope designiosrjce
To develop an electronic stethoscope to amplify the sound of the heart and reduce any background
ambient noise thereby producing a perfect heart beat sound for hearing, and to verify the ability of the
electronic stethoscope in performing a better function than the medical acoustic type without any side effect on
the people, is the aim of this work. The device is developed and consists of two microphones whose signals are
sent through a quad amp which implements an initial gain of three and filters the input via a five pole SallenKey
low pass filter. The two filtered signals are sent to a mixer, which allows the user to select which input
microphone they would like to use and adjust the bass and treble characteristics of the signal. Following the
mixer, the signal is sent to another switch, which allows the user to choose between headphone or speaker output.
Digital stethoscope a new approach to know and hear heart beat and heart freq...IJARIIT
The motive of this journal is to digitalize the stethoscope and improve and make easier and accurate measurement of
heart beat and frequency rate. The part of the motive of this device is everyone can hear them heart beat and to know about them
health with the help of any instruction and network and also heart beat frequency rate, heart beat sound recorded using
additional devices and the recording signal (heart beat sound or frequency rate) easily transfer by using a smart phone with related
apps.
A versatile low cost Electronic Stethoscope designiosrjce
To develop an electronic stethoscope to amplify the sound of the heart and reduce any background
ambient noise thereby producing a perfect heart beat sound for hearing, and to verify the ability of the
electronic stethoscope in performing a better function than the medical acoustic type without any side effect on
the people, is the aim of this work. The device is developed and consists of two microphones whose signals are
sent through a quad amp which implements an initial gain of three and filters the input via a five pole SallenKey
low pass filter. The two filtered signals are sent to a mixer, which allows the user to select which input
microphone they would like to use and adjust the bass and treble characteristics of the signal. Following the
mixer, the signal is sent to another switch, which allows the user to choose between headphone or speaker output.
Phonocardiogram based diagnostic systemijbesjournal
A Phonocardiogram or PCG is a plot of high fidelity recording of the sounds and murmurs made by the
heart with the help of the machine called phonocardiograph. It has developed continuously to perform an
important role in the proper and accurate diagnosis of the defects of the heart. As usually with the
stethoscope, it requires highly and experienced physicians to read the phonocardiogram. A diagnostic
system based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is implemented as a detector and classifier of heart
diseases. The output of the system is the classification of the sound as either normal or abnormal, if it is
abnormal what type of abnormality is present. In this paper, Based on the extracted time domain and
frequency domain features such as energy, mean, variance and Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients
(MFCC) various heart sound samples are classified using Support Vector Machine (SVM), K Nearest
Neighbour (KNN), Bayesian and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) Classifiers. The data used in this paper
was obtained from Michigan university website.
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2. MEDICAL DISSECTION LAB REPORT
ABSTRACT
To study and understand the structure and functioning of the Stethoscope.
INTRODUCTION
Stethoscope is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to the
internal sounds of an animal or human body. It is often used to listen to lung
and heart sounds (korotkoff Sound). It is also used to listen to intestines and
blood flow in arteries and veins. In combination with a sphygmomanometer, it
is commonly used for measurements of blood pressure. Less commonly,
‘mechanic’s stethoscopes’ are used to listen to internal sounds made by
machines, such as diagnosing a malfunctioning automobile engine by listening
to the sounds of its internal parts.
PRODUCT DISSASSEMBLYDATA :
S.NO TASK TOOLS REQUIRED TIME TAKEN
1 Removal of Diaphragm hand 10 Sec
3. PART LIST :
PART NAME MATERIAL NO.OF PARTS
Diaphragm Plastic 1
Chill ring Steel 1
Bell Steel 1
Binaural piece Steel 2
Stem Steel 1
Conduit Plastic 1
Spring Steel 1
Earpiece Plastic 2
Elastic Ring Plastic 1
HISTORY
1816: The stethoscope was invented in France by Rene laennec at the Necker-
EnfantsMalades Hospital inParis. It consisted of a wooden tube and was monaural.
His device was similar to the common ear trumpet, a historical form of hearing aid;
indeed, his invention was almost indistinguishable in structure and function from the
trumpet, which was commonly called a "microphone".
1829:The first flexible stethoscope of any sort may have been a binaural instrument
with articulated joints not very clearly described.
1840:Golding Bird described a stethoscope he had been using with a flexible tube.
Bird was the first to publish a description of such a stethoscope but he noted in his
paper the prior existence of an earlier design (which he thought was of little utility)
which he described as the snake ear trumpet. Bird's stethoscope had a single
earpiece.
1851: Irish physician Arthur Leared invented a binaural stethoscope.
1852:George Cammann perfected the design of the instrument for commercial
production, which has become the standard ever since. Cammann also wrote a
major treatise on diagnosis by auscultation, which the refined binaural stethoscope
made possible.
1873: there were descriptions of a differential stethoscope that could connect to
slightly different locations to create a slight stereo effect, though this did not become
a standard tool in clinical practice.
1940: Rappaport and Sprague designed a new stethoscope, which became the
standard by which other stethoscopes are measured, consisting of two sides, one of
4. which is used for the respiratory system, the other for the cardiovascular system.
The Rappaport-Sprague was later made by Hewlett-Packard.
1960: Dr. David Littmann, a Harvard Medical Schoolprofessor, created a new
stethoscope that was lighter than previous models and had improved acoustics.
1999: Richard Deslauriers patented the first external noise reducing stethoscope, the
DRG Puretone. It featured two parallel lumens containing two steel coils which
dissipated infiltrating noise as inaudible heat energy. The steel coil "insulation"
added .30 lb to each stethoscope.
PRODUCT ARCHITECTURE
Stethoscope
Diaphragm
Tube
Binaural piece
Earpiece
Bell
tube
Binaural piece
Ear piece
5. FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSITION
PART SUBPART/LINKED PART FUNCTIONS
Diaphragm Chill ring Amplify vibrations
Bell Elastic ring Amplify vibrations
Ear tube Ear piece Receive sound
Valve - Setting On /off of
diaphragm and sub
diaphragm
GEOMETRIC LAYOUT:
6. FUNCTION STRUCTURE:
•
POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS
Making the device more compact and easy to use.
we can use plastic for binaural piece.
CONCLUSION
The Stethoscope was dissected and its components were studied. The functioning of the
Stethoscope was also observed.
REFERENCES
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscope#Types_of_stethoscopes
Ear piece
Patient
Receive Sound
Diaphragm Change intensity
Import sound
Ambient
Sound
reduction
Transmit
sound sound
Import
diaphragm
Secure
diaphragm
Receive
vibration
Vibration to
sound
Focus
sound
Generate
vibrations
Transmit
sound
Amplify
sound
s