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Mechanical ventilation منتدى تمريض مستشفى غزة الاوروب

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Principles of Mechanical Ventilation The Basics
Origins of mechanical ventilation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The era of intensive care medicine began with positive-pressure ventilation The iron lung created negative pressure in abdomen as well as the chest, decreasing cardiac output. Iron lung polio ward at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital in 1953.
Outline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Principles (1): Ventilation The goal of ventilation is to facilitate CO 2 release and maintain normal P a CO 2 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],V/Q Matching. Zone 1 demonstrates dead-space ventilation (ventilation without perfusion). Zone 2 demonstrates normal perfusion. Zone 3 demonstrates shunting (perfusion without ventilation).
Principles (2): Oxygenation The primary goal of oxygenation is to maximize O 2 delivery to blood (P a O 2 ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],V/Q Matching. Zone 1 demonstrates dead-space ventilation (ventilation without perfusion). Zone 2 demonstrates normal perfusion. Zone 3 demonstrates shunting (perfusion without ventilation).
Pressure ventilation vs. volume ventilation Pressure-cycled modes deliver a fixed pressure at variable volume (neonates) Volume-cycled modes deliver a fixed volume at variable pressure (adults) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Volume-cycled modes have the inherent risk of volutrauma.
 
Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV) Patient determines RR, V E , inspiratory time – a purely spontaneous mode ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],PSV is most often used together with other volume-cycled modes. PSV provides sufficient pressure to overcome the resistance of the ventilator tubing, and acts during inspiration only.
Pressure Control Ventilation (PCV) Ventilator determines inspiratory time – no patient participation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CPAP and BiPAP CPAP is essentially constant PEEP; BiPAP is CPAP plus PS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Assist/Control Mode ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ventilator delivers a fixed volume
IMV and SIMV Volume-cycled modes typically augmented with Pressure Support ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trigger Variables ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Vent settings to improve <oxygenation> ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],PEEP and FiO 2 are adjusted in tandem
Vent settings to improve <oxygenation> ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],PEEP and FiO 2 are adjusted in tandem Oxygen delivery (DO 2 ), not PaO 2 , should be used to assess optimal PEEP.
Vent settings to improve <ventilation> ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],RR and T V are adjusted to maintain V E and P a CO 2 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Alternative Modes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Alternative Modes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Treatment of respiratory failure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The critical period before the patient needs to be intubated
Indications for intubation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],How the values trend should significantly impact clinical decisions
Indications for intubation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],How the values trend should significantly impact clinical decisions
preparing for intubation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
preparing for intubation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Intubation ,[object Object],[object Object]
If the patient has a head injury or possible intracranial hypertension, place the tape above the ears bilaterally (pictured) to prevent occlusion of the jugular vein.
Documentation ,[object Object],[object Object]
Endotracheal Tube Maintenance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Endotracheal Tube Maintenance
Endotracheal Tube Maintenance
Cuff manometer
The physiologic effects of breathing cool dry gases are ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The physiologic effects of breathing cool dry gases are ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Documentation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Indications for extubation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],No weaning parameter completely accurate when used alone Numerical Parameters Normal Range Weaning Threshold P/F > 400 > 200 Tidal volume 5 - 7 ml/kg 5 ml/kg Respiratory rate 14 - 18 breaths/min < 40 breaths/min Vital capacity 65 - 75 ml/kg 10 ml/kg Minute volume 5 - 7 L/min < 10 L/min Greater Predictive Value Normal Range Weaning Threshold NIF (Negative Inspiratory Force) > - 90 cm H2O > - 25 cm H2O RSBI (Rapid Shallow Breathing Index) (RR/TV) < 50 < 100
Spontaneous Breathing Trials ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],SBTs do not guarantee that airway is stable or pt can self-clear secretions
Spontaneous Breathing Trials SBTs do not guarantee that airway is stable or pt can self-clear secretions Causes of Failed SBTs Treatments Anxiety/Agitation Benzodiazepines or haldol Infection Diagnosis and tx Electrolyte abnormalities (K + , PO 4- ) Correction Pulmonary edema, cardiac ischemia Diuretics and nitrates Deconditioning, malnutrition Aggressive nutrition Neuromuscular disease Bronchopulmonary hygiene, early consideration of trach Increased intra-abdominal pressure Semirecumbent positioning, NGT Hypothyroidism Thyroid replacement Excessive auto-PEEP (COPD, asthma) Bronchodilator therapy
Continued ventilation after successful SBT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Inherent risks of intubation balanced against continued need for intubation
Need for tracheostomy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Prolonged intubation may injure airway and cause airway edema 1 - Vocal cords. 2 - Thyroid cartilage. 3 - Cricoid cartilage. 4 - Tracheal cartilage. 5 - Balloon cuff .
Ventilator management algorithim ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],S a O 2 < 90% S a O 2 > 90% ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Acute lung injury No injury Fail SBT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],S a O 2 < 90% S a O 2 > 90% ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Pass SBT Airway stable Extubate Intubated > 2 wks ,[object Object],[object Object],Prolonged ventilator dependence Pass SBT Pass SBT Airway stable
Alarms and Common Causes High Pressure Limit Low Pressure High Respiratory Rate Low Exhaled Volume ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Nursing Management of Mechanically Ventilated Patients ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Nursing Management of Mechanically Ventilated Patients ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Mechanical ventilation منتدى تمريض مستشفى غزة الاوروب

  • 2. Principles of Mechanical Ventilation The Basics
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  • 26. If the patient has a head injury or possible intracranial hypertension, place the tape above the ears bilaterally (pictured) to prevent occlusion of the jugular vein.
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  • 37. Spontaneous Breathing Trials SBTs do not guarantee that airway is stable or pt can self-clear secretions Causes of Failed SBTs Treatments Anxiety/Agitation Benzodiazepines or haldol Infection Diagnosis and tx Electrolyte abnormalities (K + , PO 4- ) Correction Pulmonary edema, cardiac ischemia Diuretics and nitrates Deconditioning, malnutrition Aggressive nutrition Neuromuscular disease Bronchopulmonary hygiene, early consideration of trach Increased intra-abdominal pressure Semirecumbent positioning, NGT Hypothyroidism Thyroid replacement Excessive auto-PEEP (COPD, asthma) Bronchodilator therapy
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Editor's Notes

  1. Interesting to compare the viewpoints and biases of medicine/endocrinology articles, and the surgery articles
  2. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  3. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  4. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  5. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  6. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  7. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  8. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  9. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  10. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  11. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  12. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  13. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  14. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  15. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  16. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  17. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  18. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  19. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  20. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  21. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  22. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  23. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  24. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors
  25. Disorders characterized by systemic effects of M protein, and direct effects of bone marrow infiltration Common examples of methylation-induced silencing: Imprinted genes (Prader-Willi, Angelmann Syndromes) Inactivated 2 nd X chromosome in females DNA methylation results in histone deacetylation, compacted chromatin, and repression of gene activity Methylation can have a profound effect in tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressors