This study examined the effects of omitting machine stripping on milk production and parlor throughput in East Friesian dairy ewes. 48 ewes were randomly assigned to either continue normal stripping (S group) or have stripping omitted (NS group) for the remainder of lactation. The NS ewes yielded 14% less milk but had similar lactation length and milk quality. A simulation found that omitting stripping could increase parlor throughput by 33% and eliminate overmilking by reducing machine-on time. Overall, omitting stripping appears to reduce milk yield but improve efficiency without negatively impacting milk quality.
Machine milking systems use negative pressure and pulsation to remove milk from dairy cows' udders. Negative pressure opens the teat canal while pulsation massages the teat to help move the milk down. There are hand-operated and electric motor-operated milking machines, with the electric type generally used on small dairy farms. Proper application of the milking machine includes washing the udder, pre-milking stimulation, attachment of teat cups, and removal within 5-7 minutes when milk flow stops. Benefits include increased productivity and milk quality, while disadvantages can include stress on older cows unfamiliar with machines and reliance on a stable power supply for electric models.
This document provides an overview of considerations for starting a commercial dairy goat operation, including labor requirements, marketing, processing, regulations, and budgeting. It estimates that a 100-doe dairy selling fluid milk will require about 1.5 full-time workers for milking, cleaning, feeding, and herd management. Producers must locate a reliable buyer for their milk and ensure there is demand for the products they plan to sell. On-farm processing of milk into value-added products like cheese can increase profits but also increases labor needs and regulatory requirements. Extensive planning is required to ensure a viable business model that accounts for all costs of production and marketing.
This document provides an overview of 12 ideas for improved dairy farm management. It discusses recognizing the dairy farm as a business and understanding supply and demand economics. Key steps include measuring performance with data, using analytics as a competitive advantage, maintaining accurate financial records, analyzing investments, understanding how earnings and asset turnover impact profitability, and maintaining a consistent business strategy regardless of milk price fluctuations. The overall message is that the most profitable approach focuses on increasing milk production at the lowest cost.
Freestall barns provide individual stalls for cows to lie down while allowing freedom of movement. Proper stall design and dimensions are important to maximize cow comfort, productivity and welfare. All effluent is collected and drained from the traffic lanes into an effluent management system. Rectangular barns improve cow traffic flow and lying patterns compared to square designs. Stocking rates must not be exceeded to avoid issues like impaired cow comfort and health.
Feeding for low weigh backs in high-producing herdsFernando Diaz
This article discusses strategies for reducing feed costs through lowering feed weigh-backs in high-producing dairy herds. Feeding for low weigh-back rates of 2-3% can reduce costs but requires intensive management. Research shows milk production and intake are not affected with weigh-backs of 3-5%. The key is ensuring consistent feed availability through accurate TMR mixing and delivery, frequent push-ups, adjusting for dry matter in silage, and coordinating pen movements. Proper implementation of these feeding management practices allows herds to safely achieve low weigh-back targets and savings.
Social Conversations and Digital Review Q1 2011David Knockton
Now that Q1 2011 is all wrapped up, what are we learning about social media so far this year?
What are the early trends and where are the social conversations happening?
Reference algorithm implementations in OTB: textbook casesmelaneum
This document discusses the importance of open source reference implementations of image analysis algorithms. It summarizes the implementation of several algorithms in the Orfeo Toolbox (OTB), including SIFT, Mean Shift, Bayesian fusion, and road extraction. The presentation emphasizes that reference implementations help validate algorithm performance and parameters, and make research more reproducible. It also discusses trends for operational processing chains, including efficiency, interoperability, streaming, and multi-threading support for large datasets.
Machine milking systems use negative pressure and pulsation to remove milk from dairy cows' udders. Negative pressure opens the teat canal while pulsation massages the teat to help move the milk down. There are hand-operated and electric motor-operated milking machines, with the electric type generally used on small dairy farms. Proper application of the milking machine includes washing the udder, pre-milking stimulation, attachment of teat cups, and removal within 5-7 minutes when milk flow stops. Benefits include increased productivity and milk quality, while disadvantages can include stress on older cows unfamiliar with machines and reliance on a stable power supply for electric models.
This document provides an overview of considerations for starting a commercial dairy goat operation, including labor requirements, marketing, processing, regulations, and budgeting. It estimates that a 100-doe dairy selling fluid milk will require about 1.5 full-time workers for milking, cleaning, feeding, and herd management. Producers must locate a reliable buyer for their milk and ensure there is demand for the products they plan to sell. On-farm processing of milk into value-added products like cheese can increase profits but also increases labor needs and regulatory requirements. Extensive planning is required to ensure a viable business model that accounts for all costs of production and marketing.
This document provides an overview of 12 ideas for improved dairy farm management. It discusses recognizing the dairy farm as a business and understanding supply and demand economics. Key steps include measuring performance with data, using analytics as a competitive advantage, maintaining accurate financial records, analyzing investments, understanding how earnings and asset turnover impact profitability, and maintaining a consistent business strategy regardless of milk price fluctuations. The overall message is that the most profitable approach focuses on increasing milk production at the lowest cost.
Freestall barns provide individual stalls for cows to lie down while allowing freedom of movement. Proper stall design and dimensions are important to maximize cow comfort, productivity and welfare. All effluent is collected and drained from the traffic lanes into an effluent management system. Rectangular barns improve cow traffic flow and lying patterns compared to square designs. Stocking rates must not be exceeded to avoid issues like impaired cow comfort and health.
Feeding for low weigh backs in high-producing herdsFernando Diaz
This article discusses strategies for reducing feed costs through lowering feed weigh-backs in high-producing dairy herds. Feeding for low weigh-back rates of 2-3% can reduce costs but requires intensive management. Research shows milk production and intake are not affected with weigh-backs of 3-5%. The key is ensuring consistent feed availability through accurate TMR mixing and delivery, frequent push-ups, adjusting for dry matter in silage, and coordinating pen movements. Proper implementation of these feeding management practices allows herds to safely achieve low weigh-back targets and savings.
Social Conversations and Digital Review Q1 2011David Knockton
Now that Q1 2011 is all wrapped up, what are we learning about social media so far this year?
What are the early trends and where are the social conversations happening?
Reference algorithm implementations in OTB: textbook casesmelaneum
This document discusses the importance of open source reference implementations of image analysis algorithms. It summarizes the implementation of several algorithms in the Orfeo Toolbox (OTB), including SIFT, Mean Shift, Bayesian fusion, and road extraction. The presentation emphasizes that reference implementations help validate algorithm performance and parameters, and make research more reproducible. It also discusses trends for operational processing chains, including efficiency, interoperability, streaming, and multi-threading support for large datasets.
Dengue hearhgic fever by dr muhammad tuseef javedTauseef Jawaid
This document discusses dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), a severe mosquito-borne viral illness characterized by increased vascular permeability, hypovolemia, and abnormal blood clotting. It is caused by any of four dengue virus serotypes and transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. DHF symptoms include high fever, bleeding, and plasma leakage that can lead to shock. Treatment focuses on fluid replacement and management of bleeding and shock. Prevention emphasizes eliminating mosquito breeding sites and using protective measures against mosquito bites.
The document discusses how various Web 2.0 features have been integrated into the digital library search system VuFind, including faceted searching, reviews from Amazon, bookmarking with ShareThis, and mashing up book covers and reviews from external sources. It also describes how contextual Web 2.0 services could be provided based on the system rather than user preferences.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise stimulates the production of endorphins in the brain which elevate mood and reduce stress levels.
The document discusses enhancing lectures with automated capture (ELTAC) at Coventry University. It notes that Echo 360 lecture capture software has been installed in 20 locations on campus and allows for podcasting and desktop recording. It also discusses developing policies around lecture capture, running trials with two faculty members, and providing staff resources and training to address challenges like legal and ownership issues, fears and uncertainties, and impacts on academic identity for students and lecturers. Potential approaches include creating forward-looking policies, offering resources and staff development, gaining informed consent, and understanding drivers and goals at both the institutional and individual classroom levels.
CMIDM4 Deliverable III - Detailed Design & EvaluationCMIDM4
The document summarizes the design and evaluation of an interactive billboard and website aimed at entertaining and informing train commuters waiting on the railway platform in Delft, Netherlands. The billboard and website would allow users to play games, take and edit photos, view train schedules, and learn about the Spoorzone project. Prototypes were created and tested, with positive feedback on the appearance and usability. Users were most interested in the photo booth and train information features.
This document summarizes the results of a survey given to 91 students aged 15-16. Most students said family and friends were most important to them. While many use over 100 things daily, most felt 30 were really necessary. Students were generally satisfied with their lifestyles but wanted to simplify by learning new skills and spending less on weekends. They recognized negative environmental impacts of consumerism and hoped this project could inspire changes in mentality and reduced consumerism through collaboration.
The document outlines an action plan for Northside ISD to improve technology integration through various professional development activities for teachers. It includes blogs, wikis, webinars, and online courses to train teachers on tools like digital citizenship. It also establishes an evaluation plan to assess progress using measures such as STaR charts, rubrics, and surveys. The goal is to enhance teaching and learning through increased technology use, online learning opportunities, and leadership support from administrators.
Local newspapers spend many square inches each week covering how long the fire department was on the scene of the most recent house fire or how many burglaries the police department had reported. Analysis of this public safety coverage indicated that, as in prior agenda-setting studies, it is correlated with policy change if only minimally. Addition analysis of hundreds of news articles over a 10-year period in dozens of cities revealed that only about 1 percent of community newspaper coverage was devoted to pre-hospital healthcare — EMS. Subsequent qualitative investigation, which included interviews with EMS officials and newspaper reporters in cities identified with both high levels of coverage and low levels of coverage, found five potential reasons for the minimal coverage: (1) Reporters simply were more interested in police/fire coverage; (2) public information officers were more likely to serve police and fire; (3) legislation precludes coverage of EMS while other legislation makes information from other public safety agencies more accessible; (4) how EMS systems are managed often means they are not publicly accountable; and (5) EMS is not on the radar screen of the citizens.
Greek cuisine is highlighted, including starters like bambo (stuffed intestines), main dishes like pork with potatoes baked in the oven, and desserts such as sousamopita (sesame pie). Drinks include ouzo, tsipouro, and red wine. Christmas Day in Greece is described as a joyous family celebration, with an early morning church service followed by opening presents, a large meal of traditional foods, and evening gatherings with family and friends enjoying each other's company well into the night.
Tealium AudienceStream helps fuel retargeting and remarketing initiatives by providing enriched customer profiles and real-time insights from CRM data. It improves targeting and personalization by defining important visitor attributes. It also delivers more relevant messages across devices by keeping information fresh. AudienceStream benefits retargeting and remarketing campaigns from impressions to sales by boosting targeting quality with first-party data enrichment and improving timeliness with real-time capabilities. A case study shows how AudienceStream helped an online backup company convert free trials to paid subscriptions through retargeting, increasing incremental revenues over $1 million.
Points of Strength & Distinction at Assiut University Faculty of Education (A...memogreat
Abdallah, M. M. S. (2015). Points of Strength & Distinction at Assiut University Faculty of Education (AUFOE). Presentation made at Quality Assurance Unit, Assiut University Faculty of Education, Capacity Development of Faculties of Education in International approaches to teacher education, as an event in a 6-day visit to Assiut University, Egypt, by a delegation from Stockholm University, Sweden, as part of TEMPUS Exchange Programme (6-12 March, 2015).
Tablets: Landscape, Behaviors and TrendsKayla Green
This document provides an overview of tablet history and growth. It discusses how tablets have achieved widespread adoption more quickly than smartphones. While the iPad launched the modern tablet boom in 2010, Android tablets now dominate the US market. Tablets see higher ownership among older and less affluent groups than smartphones due to their low cost and ease of use. Tablets are increasingly replacing PCs as consumers shift to mobile and cloud-based computing. Both smartphones and tablets are growing rapidly, with tablets now accounting for nearly a third of mobile ad requests. The document emphasizes designing for multi-platform experiences and understanding how consumer behaviors vary across contexts and devices.
This document provides steps to install and configure MySQL 5.1 on CentOS 6.4. It describes downloading required libraries, editing the configuration file to set the character set to UTF-8, starting the MySQL service, securing the root user and removing test databases. It also demonstrates creating a database and table, loading, querying, updating and backing up data.
The document discusses important questions to consider before designing a website, such as the goal of the site, intended audience, how often the site will need to be updated, and accessibility requirements. Key questions include what outcomes the site aims to achieve, who it is trying to please or reach, how people will find and interact with the site, and what level of maintenance can be afforded. Understanding limitations is also important to setting appropriate expectations for the site design.
This document outlines a training presentation on how to use the Realist property data and reporting tools. It provides instructions on how to generate reports for properties in MLS as well as properties not in MLS. Users can print, save, or email detailed property reports. The Comparables tab allows searching for and modifying comparable property criteria, then printing or saving comparable reports. Other functions include viewing neighbor and neighborhood profile reports.
This document summarizes a librarian's experience at the 2012 ALA Annual Conference in Anaheim. Some key experiences included meeting authors like Ally Condie and Marie Lu, watching a performance by Nancy Cartwright (the voice of Bart Simpson), and attending speakers like Chris Colfer who discussed his book The Land of Stories. The librarian also learned about using technology like mounting iPads in the children's section, bringing books to conferences to promote them, and creating innovative programs for patrons. The conference provided opportunities to learn about new books, programs, technologies and ideas to apply at their own library.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Senegal dairy genetics: Milk yield of dairy cattle in Senegal ILRI
Poster prepared by Lotta Lassila, Karen Marshall, Patrick Jolly Ngono Ema, Isabelle Baltenweck, Jane Poole, Stanly Fon Tebug, Miika Tapio, Ayao Missohou and Jarmo Juga, June 2014.
Dengue hearhgic fever by dr muhammad tuseef javedTauseef Jawaid
This document discusses dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), a severe mosquito-borne viral illness characterized by increased vascular permeability, hypovolemia, and abnormal blood clotting. It is caused by any of four dengue virus serotypes and transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. DHF symptoms include high fever, bleeding, and plasma leakage that can lead to shock. Treatment focuses on fluid replacement and management of bleeding and shock. Prevention emphasizes eliminating mosquito breeding sites and using protective measures against mosquito bites.
The document discusses how various Web 2.0 features have been integrated into the digital library search system VuFind, including faceted searching, reviews from Amazon, bookmarking with ShareThis, and mashing up book covers and reviews from external sources. It also describes how contextual Web 2.0 services could be provided based on the system rather than user preferences.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise stimulates the production of endorphins in the brain which elevate mood and reduce stress levels.
The document discusses enhancing lectures with automated capture (ELTAC) at Coventry University. It notes that Echo 360 lecture capture software has been installed in 20 locations on campus and allows for podcasting and desktop recording. It also discusses developing policies around lecture capture, running trials with two faculty members, and providing staff resources and training to address challenges like legal and ownership issues, fears and uncertainties, and impacts on academic identity for students and lecturers. Potential approaches include creating forward-looking policies, offering resources and staff development, gaining informed consent, and understanding drivers and goals at both the institutional and individual classroom levels.
CMIDM4 Deliverable III - Detailed Design & EvaluationCMIDM4
The document summarizes the design and evaluation of an interactive billboard and website aimed at entertaining and informing train commuters waiting on the railway platform in Delft, Netherlands. The billboard and website would allow users to play games, take and edit photos, view train schedules, and learn about the Spoorzone project. Prototypes were created and tested, with positive feedback on the appearance and usability. Users were most interested in the photo booth and train information features.
This document summarizes the results of a survey given to 91 students aged 15-16. Most students said family and friends were most important to them. While many use over 100 things daily, most felt 30 were really necessary. Students were generally satisfied with their lifestyles but wanted to simplify by learning new skills and spending less on weekends. They recognized negative environmental impacts of consumerism and hoped this project could inspire changes in mentality and reduced consumerism through collaboration.
The document outlines an action plan for Northside ISD to improve technology integration through various professional development activities for teachers. It includes blogs, wikis, webinars, and online courses to train teachers on tools like digital citizenship. It also establishes an evaluation plan to assess progress using measures such as STaR charts, rubrics, and surveys. The goal is to enhance teaching and learning through increased technology use, online learning opportunities, and leadership support from administrators.
Local newspapers spend many square inches each week covering how long the fire department was on the scene of the most recent house fire or how many burglaries the police department had reported. Analysis of this public safety coverage indicated that, as in prior agenda-setting studies, it is correlated with policy change if only minimally. Addition analysis of hundreds of news articles over a 10-year period in dozens of cities revealed that only about 1 percent of community newspaper coverage was devoted to pre-hospital healthcare — EMS. Subsequent qualitative investigation, which included interviews with EMS officials and newspaper reporters in cities identified with both high levels of coverage and low levels of coverage, found five potential reasons for the minimal coverage: (1) Reporters simply were more interested in police/fire coverage; (2) public information officers were more likely to serve police and fire; (3) legislation precludes coverage of EMS while other legislation makes information from other public safety agencies more accessible; (4) how EMS systems are managed often means they are not publicly accountable; and (5) EMS is not on the radar screen of the citizens.
Greek cuisine is highlighted, including starters like bambo (stuffed intestines), main dishes like pork with potatoes baked in the oven, and desserts such as sousamopita (sesame pie). Drinks include ouzo, tsipouro, and red wine. Christmas Day in Greece is described as a joyous family celebration, with an early morning church service followed by opening presents, a large meal of traditional foods, and evening gatherings with family and friends enjoying each other's company well into the night.
Tealium AudienceStream helps fuel retargeting and remarketing initiatives by providing enriched customer profiles and real-time insights from CRM data. It improves targeting and personalization by defining important visitor attributes. It also delivers more relevant messages across devices by keeping information fresh. AudienceStream benefits retargeting and remarketing campaigns from impressions to sales by boosting targeting quality with first-party data enrichment and improving timeliness with real-time capabilities. A case study shows how AudienceStream helped an online backup company convert free trials to paid subscriptions through retargeting, increasing incremental revenues over $1 million.
Points of Strength & Distinction at Assiut University Faculty of Education (A...memogreat
Abdallah, M. M. S. (2015). Points of Strength & Distinction at Assiut University Faculty of Education (AUFOE). Presentation made at Quality Assurance Unit, Assiut University Faculty of Education, Capacity Development of Faculties of Education in International approaches to teacher education, as an event in a 6-day visit to Assiut University, Egypt, by a delegation from Stockholm University, Sweden, as part of TEMPUS Exchange Programme (6-12 March, 2015).
Tablets: Landscape, Behaviors and TrendsKayla Green
This document provides an overview of tablet history and growth. It discusses how tablets have achieved widespread adoption more quickly than smartphones. While the iPad launched the modern tablet boom in 2010, Android tablets now dominate the US market. Tablets see higher ownership among older and less affluent groups than smartphones due to their low cost and ease of use. Tablets are increasingly replacing PCs as consumers shift to mobile and cloud-based computing. Both smartphones and tablets are growing rapidly, with tablets now accounting for nearly a third of mobile ad requests. The document emphasizes designing for multi-platform experiences and understanding how consumer behaviors vary across contexts and devices.
This document provides steps to install and configure MySQL 5.1 on CentOS 6.4. It describes downloading required libraries, editing the configuration file to set the character set to UTF-8, starting the MySQL service, securing the root user and removing test databases. It also demonstrates creating a database and table, loading, querying, updating and backing up data.
The document discusses important questions to consider before designing a website, such as the goal of the site, intended audience, how often the site will need to be updated, and accessibility requirements. Key questions include what outcomes the site aims to achieve, who it is trying to please or reach, how people will find and interact with the site, and what level of maintenance can be afforded. Understanding limitations is also important to setting appropriate expectations for the site design.
This document outlines a training presentation on how to use the Realist property data and reporting tools. It provides instructions on how to generate reports for properties in MLS as well as properties not in MLS. Users can print, save, or email detailed property reports. The Comparables tab allows searching for and modifying comparable property criteria, then printing or saving comparable reports. Other functions include viewing neighbor and neighborhood profile reports.
This document summarizes a librarian's experience at the 2012 ALA Annual Conference in Anaheim. Some key experiences included meeting authors like Ally Condie and Marie Lu, watching a performance by Nancy Cartwright (the voice of Bart Simpson), and attending speakers like Chris Colfer who discussed his book The Land of Stories. The librarian also learned about using technology like mounting iPads in the children's section, bringing books to conferences to promote them, and creating innovative programs for patrons. The conference provided opportunities to learn about new books, programs, technologies and ideas to apply at their own library.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Senegal dairy genetics: Milk yield of dairy cattle in Senegal ILRI
Poster prepared by Lotta Lassila, Karen Marshall, Patrick Jolly Ngono Ema, Isabelle Baltenweck, Jane Poole, Stanly Fon Tebug, Miika Tapio, Ayao Missohou and Jarmo Juga, June 2014.
This study analyzed milk flow curves and milkability traits in 544 Sarda sheep across different farms, parities, and lactation stages. The milk flow curves were classified into three types: single peak (P1), double peak (P2), and long plateau (PL). Ewes with a PL curve produced significantly more milk than those with a P1 curve. While P1 curves had the highest milk flow rate and shortest milking time, PL curves had the minimum blind time indicating overmilking. Monitoring milk flow curves can help optimize milking practices to reduce stress on udders and improve herd health.
This study investigated the relationships between different methods of processing recycled manure solids (RMS) bedding and 1) bacteria counts in the bedding, 2) bacteria counts in bulk tank milk, and 3) measures of udder health and milk production on 29 dairy farms in Minnesota and Wisconsin. The 4 RMS processing methods studied were: green/raw (GRN), anaerobic digestion (DIG), composting (COM), and hot air drying (DRY). The study found that coliform, Klebsiella, Streptococci, and Strep-like organism counts tended to be lower in bedding from farms using COM, DRY or DIG compared to GRN. Bulk tank milk from these farms
This study evaluated the effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST-r) on milk yield in Holstein dairy cows using a lactation curve extension model. The Wood model adequately fit lactation curves for 66 cows. The extension model predictions were validated by comparing to observed yields with no significant differences. The extension model was then used to evaluate the effect of bST-r injections on 199 cows. The bST-r increased milk yield by 5.3%, which is lower than increases reported in other studies. The extension model provided a reliable way to evaluate bST-r effects on individual cows' milk yields over their lactation curves.
Extension model of lactation curves to evaluate the effect of the recombinant...UABCS
An extension model of lactation curves was used to determine the effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST-r) on milk yield in Holstein dairy cattle. This model use the fitted values obtained by the Wood model, and was tested on the records of 66 cows. The milk yield predicted with the extension model and the observed yield were compared and no significant differences were observed (P>0.05). Once the extension model was validated, the milk yield tests of 199 cows were used. The cows received bST-r 500mg by subcutaneous
injections. The injections were applied after 100 days in milk at 14-day intervals (seven injections). The observed milk yield was compared with the yield expected by the extension model. An increase of 5.3% was observed in milk yield in response to the bST-r. This increase is lower than that reported in the literature in response to the growth hormone in dairy cattle. It is concluded that extension model used in the present work is reliable for extending the lactation curve in Holstein cows, and the increase in milk yield in response to the application of bST-r, determined in the same animal using the extension model, was lower than that reported by other authors.
This document discusses microbial spoilage of milk and methods to prevent it. It provides information on the typical composition of milk from different species. Contamination can occur on the farm from animals or equipment, and during transportation and processing. Pasteurization is commonly used to kill microbes in milk. Other prevention methods discussed include reducing contamination, removing microbes through centrifugation or washing, using heat, refrigeration, drying milk to reduce moisture, and adding chemical preservatives. Proper sanitation and rapid cooling of milk after production are key to preventing spoilage and ensuring safety.
This document outlines the management of a dairy farm. It discusses the production cycle of cattle from birth through calving cycles. Key aspects include feeding calves colostrum, transitioning to milk or milk replacer, breeding at 15-18 months, a calving period of 280 days after breeding, and milking cycles of 7-10 months. It also covers milking management, including machine milking and cleaning, and feeding and watering cattle at different life stages. The goal is to maximize productivity through optimal nutrition, comfort, and reproduction at each phase of the cattle lifecycle.
This report summarizes research conducted on the performance of milk collection centers in four areas of Ethiopia - three peri-urban areas near Addis Ababa (Akaki, Chancho, and Holeta) and one rural area southeast of Addis Ababa (Asela). Data was collected through interviews with milk collection center staff and farmers using structured questionnaires, as well as visual observations of facilities and milking practices.
Key findings include: In rural areas, farmers supply an average of 3.7 liters of milk per day from herds of 4.7 cows, 20% of which are crossbreds. In peri-urban areas, farmers supply 9 liters daily from herds of 3.8 cows
Application of ultrafiltration technique for the quality improvement of dahi ...Ganga Sahay Meena
This document describes a study on using ultrafiltration techniques to improve the quality of dahi, a fermented milk product from India. Ultrafiltered buffalo milk with varying protein levels was used to produce dahi. Dahi made from ultrafiltered milk showed increased firmness, stickiness, sensory scores and decreased whey separation compared to the control dahi made without ultrafiltration. Principal component analysis revealed that protein content was positively correlated with attributes like firmness while negatively correlated with whey separation. Overall, ultrafiltration improved the quality attributes of dahi by increasing the protein levels in milk.
Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) is India's largest food products marketing organization and apex body for milk cooperatives in Gujarat. It manages the Amul brand. GCMMF has over 2.79 million producer members across 13,328 village societies. It handles over 11 million liters of milk per day. Under the leadership of Chairman Parthibhai Bhatol, GCMMF achieved a turnover of over Rs. 6,700 crores in 2008-2009, a growth of 28% compared to the previous year. Amul's success is attributed to its robust supply chain network, diverse product portfolio, strong distribution network, and the brand value of offering quality products at affordable prices
summer internship project report on MANUFACTURING CYCLE OF MADHUR DAIRYMayank Patel
Madhur Dairy is a cooperative dairy located in Gandhinagar, Gujarat that was established in 1971. It obtains milk from 38,500 milk producers through 112 village milk cooperative societies. The dairy manufactures various milk products including pasteurized cow and buffalo milk, butter milk, dairy, ice cream, butter/ghee. The manufacturing process involves receiving raw milk, testing quality, chilling, separating cream, and processing into final products. Research found that 80% of customers use Madhur Dairy's products and 68% are satisfied, while 10% have negative preferences regarding taste, thickness, smell or purity.
1. The document summarizes research into the relationships between genetic traits and maternal productivity in beef cattle from industry herd data and breeder interviews.
2. Breeder management approaches differed in their control of inputs, with some targeting leaner cattle better suited to variable resource environments.
3. Higher estimated breeding values (EBVs) for traits like rib and rump fat were found to decrease days to calving and increase pre-calving fat depth, with a larger effect in autumn-calving herds.
Dairy Development Programmes, Kerala- Strategies and PoliciesKVASU
The document provides an overview of the dairy sector in Kerala, India. It discusses the declining cattle population but increasing milk production due to higher productivity. It notes that Kerala imports milk from other states to meet demand. The seminar aims to study the current status of dairying in Kerala and identify new strategies for development. It performs a SWOT analysis and outlines constraints faced by dairy farmers. Finally, it proposes strategies like conserving traditional systems, promoting small commercial ventures, establishing hi-tech farms, improving genetics, and upgrading cooperatives.
Bovine mastitis due to Milking machine Azam Mughal
The document discusses standardized milking procedures for both hand milking and machine milking, outlining key steps to properly milk cows and ensure udder health such as cleaning the udder, using premilking dips, properly attaching and removing teat cups, and dipping teats after milking. It also examines how milking machines and hand milking can impact mastitis rates, discussing factors like teat end trauma, contamination risks, and machine maintenance.
This document discusses parameters and procedures for fine tuning a milking parlor. It provides details on the Israeli dairy herd, factors that affect milk secretion such as lactation number, climate, milking interval and frequency. Milking cows three times a day can increase milk production by 3-4 kg/cow/day compared to twice daily milking. More frequent milking for only 21 days at the start of lactation may produce carry-over effects and increase total lactation yield. Managing a dairy to milk cows four times per day presents logistical challenges and requires excellent management practices.
1. Dairy automation settings were adjusted on a farm to improve performance based on the specifics of their herd which included older cows with low average milk yield and flow. Settings like pulsation ratio were changed from 65/35 to 60/40 and cows were rearranged and regrouped during milking.
2. This resulted in reduced milking time from 2.5 hours to just over 1 hour while increasing average milk flow and total milk yield. Monitoring individual cow data from the milk meter helped evaluate the effectiveness of the new settings and routine.
3. Adjusting equipment settings to address herd specifics like slow milking cows helped ensure cow health while improving efficiency, demonstrating how dairy automation can optimize operations when used to
This study investigated the prevalence of Pseudomonas species in raw cow and buffalo milk samples from Assiut, Egypt. Pseudomonas was found in 40% of cow milk samples and 50% of buffalo milk samples. Five Pseudomonas species were identified: P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, P. putida, P. cepacia, and P. stutzeri. The study also examined the effect of storage temperature (4°C and -18°C) on the growth and protease/lipase enzyme activity of Pseudomonas isolates over 14 days. Pseudomonas grew continuously at 4°C for 7 days then was destroyed, while at -18°C growth and enzyme
The document discusses milk and dairy foods. It defines milk and provides the average chemical composition of milk which is 87.3% water, 3.7% fat, 3.4% protein, 4.9% lactose, and 0.7% ash. It also discusses the different types of milk produced by various mammalian species and cow breeds, as well as grades of milk. Further, it describes milk processing steps like filtering, storage, pasteurization, homogenization, and packaging. It also summarizes various fluid milk products, butter and powder, cheeses, fermented dairy foods, ice cream and frozen desserts.
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Adani Group's Active Interest In Increasing Its Presence in the Cement Manufa...Adani case
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1. J. Dairy Sci. 86:680–687
American Dairy Science Association, 2003.
Effect of Omission of Machine Stripping on Milk Production
and Parlor Throughput in East Friesian Dairy Ewes
B. C. McKusick,* D. L. Thomas,* and Y. M. Berger†
*Department of Animal Sciences
†Spooner Agricultural Research Station
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
Due to the large cisternal storage capacity and non- One of the most important goals of mechanized milk-
vertical teat placement in most dairy ewes, machine ing is to obtain the maximum amount of milk that is
stripping is commonly performed to remove milk not rich in total solids, in the shortest amount of time,
obtained by the machine. However, stripping requires without manual intervention. The use of machine and/
individual manual intervention, lengthens the milking or hand stripping is not common in dairy cattle, and it
routine, and could inadvertently lead to overmilking of is generally not practiced in dairy ewes in the Roquefort
other ewes in the parlor. The objective of the present region of France, where the greatest percentage of dairy
experiment was to estimate the effect of omission of ewes in the world are machine milked (Barillet and
machine stripping on milk production and parlor Bocquier, 1993). Conversely, at present, machine strip-
throughput. East Friesian crossbred dairy ewes that ping still remains part of the normal milking routine
had been machine milked and stripped twice daily from to obtain milk not removed by the machine for most
d 0 to 79 postpartum, were randomly assigned to two sheep dairies in other countries, primarily due to the
stripping treatments for the remainder of lactation: large cisternal storage capacity and nonvertical teat
normal stripping (S, n = 24), or no stripping (NS, n = placement of dairy ewes. However, stripping requires
24). The NS ewes yielded 14% less commercial milk individual manual intervention, lengthens the milking
during the experiment, but had similar lactation routine, and could inadvertently lead to overmilking of
length, milk composition, and somatic cell count com- other ewes in the parlor.
pared to S ewes. Average machine milk yield (amount Depending on breed, udder conformation, stage of
of milk obtained without manual intervention) tended lactation, parity, and machine vacuum level, the per-
to be greater for NS compared to S ewes. Average ma- centage of total milk obtained during machine stripping
chine-on time for S ewes was longer than for NS ewes in dairy ewes generally ranges between 10 and 30%
because of stripping, which may have resulted in over- `
(Labussiere, 1984) and can sometimes be as high as
milking of many ewes in the S group. Results from a 60% (Sagi and Morag, 1974). Stripping volume may
milking simulation indicated that parlor throughput also depend on milk ejection because oxytocin concen-
would increase by 33%, and overmilking would not oc- trations have been shown to rise in response to strip-
cur when stripping was omitted from the milking rou- ping (Bruckmaier et al., 1997), and therefore some ewes
tine. These results collectively suggest that residual could be habituated to manual massage for milk let-
milk left in the udder as a result of omission of machine down, which makes stripping obligatory for complete
stripping does not negatively influence milk quality and milk removal. No reports exist on whether or not this
the loss in commercial milk yield could be compensated habituation could be overcome by omitting machine
for by improved parlor throughput. stripping. Evaluations of the effect of omission of ma-
(Key words: dairy ewe, East Friesian, machine strip- chine and/or hand stripping on milk production have
ping, parlor throughput) been conducted with some dairy sheep breeds such as
Abbreviation key: NS = no stripping treatment, S = the Lacaune, Sarda, and Manchega (Bosc et al., 1967;
stripping treatment. ` ´
Ricordeau and Labussiere, 1968; Labussiere et al.,
1984; Molina et al., 1991); however, there is relatively
little information on the subject for East Friesian dairy
ewes, a breed with large cisternal size (Bruckmaier et
Received May 9, 2002. al., 1997; McKusick et al., 1999).
Accepted July 3, 2002.
Corresponding author: B. C. McKusick; e-mail: brett.mckusick@ The objectives of the present experiment were to com-
orionpharma.com. pare the effect of stripping or omission of stripping,
680
2. OUR INDUSTRY TODAY 681
for East Friesian dairy ewes with initially low or high milking units and two milkers. The milking machine
stripping percentage, on milk production, milk composi- (Alfa Laval Agri Inc., Kansas City, MO) was set to pro-
tion, and lactation length during mid- to late lactation. vide 180 pulsations per minute in a 50:50 ratio with a
A secondary objective was to utilize the results of the vacuum level of 36 kPa. Individual ewe milk production
present experiment to estimate the economic impact (machine milk and stripped milk), milking time, and
that stripping or omission of stripping, with one or two milk flow emission kinetics were recorded during a
milkers, would have on parlor throughput and inci- morning milking every 20 d with milk collection jars
dence of overmilking. Our hypothesis is that the milk- and a data logger designed for recording milk flow (Le
ing routine for the East Friesian could be simplified by Du and Dano, 1984). For S ewes, stripping commenced
the omission of machine stripping and improvements within 5 s after the cessation of machine milk flow (<100
could be made in parlor throughput and incidence of ml/min) and stripping ended when the milker deemed
overmilking. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the it necessary to remove the teat cups; both times were
amount of milk obtained by the machine without or noted electronically with a data logger. Machine strip-
before stripping would be greater for ewes that had ping was performed by the same milker by first lifting
adapted to a milking routine without manual udder the udder at the intramammary groove, while applying
massage. gentle downward traction to the teat cups, and then by
brief manual massage of both udder halves to remove
MATERIALS AND METHODS the remaining milk. Machine milk yield and time, and
Animals and Experimental Design stripping yield and time were calculated from the milk
flow data recorded by the data logger. Additionally,
Forty-eight multiparous East Friesian crossbred milk production was recorded and milk samples were
dairy ewes (50 to 75% East Friesian and 25 to 50% collected monthly throughout the entire lactation. Milk
Dorset, Polypay, and/or Rambouillet) were studied from composition analyses for percentage of fat and protein,
d 80 to the end of lactation at the Spooner Agricultural and Fossomatic SCC were performed by a Wisconsin
Research Station of the University of Wisconsin-Madi- State certified laboratory. An estimation of milk produc-
son during the summer of 2000. Ewes with symmetrical tion and percentages of milk fat and protein within a
udders, similar average milk production (2.25 ± 0.43 lactation period were calculated according to Thomas
kg/d, mean ± SD) and stage of lactation (79 ± 10 d, et al. (2000). Somatic cell count was transformed to
mean ± SD) were chosen from the main dairy flock of logarithms of base ten. Ewes were removed from the
350 ewes that are machine milked and machine experiment and dried off when their daily milk produc-
stripped twice daily; prestimulation was not performed tion on a test day fell below 0.4 kg/d.
before milking. All ewes in the experiment had been
weaned from their lambs at approximately 24 h post-
Parlor Throughput Simulation
partum. On two consecutive days during the week be-
fore the experiment, udder morphology traits were Parlor throughput time, milking efficiency, frequency
scored subjectively and measured externally with a of overmilking, and relative economic returns for the
ruler, and individual morning milk production (ma- two treatments were estimated from a simulated milk-
chine milk and machine stripped milk) was recorded. ing system in which ewes would be milked in groups
Average (mean ± SD) udder circumference, cistern of 12 ewes in a 1 × 12 Casse system parlor with 6 milking
height, teat placement score, and stripping percentage units and one or two milkers. Fixed times, which had
were 44.9 ± 3.5 cm, 2.54 ± 0.97 cm, and 5.55 ± 1.65 been measured previously in this flock for a group of
(scale of 1 to 9, 1 = horizontal, 5 = 45°, 9 = vertical), 12 ewes, included: parlor entry time (45 s), parlor exit
and 15.8 ± 7.3%, respectively. Ewes were blocked into time (includes teat-dipping, 30 s), and the time to re-
two groups on their average percentage of stripped milk move the teat cups and replace them on a neighboring
(≤15% or >15%), and randomly assigned within block to ewe (7 s/ewe). All fixed times are in agreement with
two stripping treatments for the remainder of lactation: those cited for other dairy ewes (Le Du, 1984). Milking
normal stripping (S, n = 24), or no stripping (NS, n = procedure time for a group of 12 ewes was calculated
24). Treatment groups were housed separately in two by simulation using the results from the present experi-
neighboring pens and fed a 16% CP concentrate in the
ment for individual S and NS ewes, respectively: ma-
parlor and alfalfa hay in the pens.
chine milking time (72 and 79 s), stripping time (18
and 0 s), and machine-on time (90 and 79 s) (see Table
Data Collection
1). Ewes in the simulation were numbered 1 through
Machine milking took place at 0600 and 1800 h in a 12 as they were in order in the stanchions. With one
2 × 12 high-line Casse system milking parlor with six milker, teat cups would be placed in order on ewes 1,
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 86, No. 2, 2003
3. 682 MCKUSICK ET AL.
Table 1. Least squares means ± SEM for morning machine milking and machine stripping traits for ewes
within the two treatment groups immediately before and during the experiment.
Factor Treatment1 Pre-experiment Experiment
Machine milk, kg S 1.19 ± 0.06 0.63 ± 0.02
NS 1.13 ± 0.06 0.68 ± 0.02
Machine stripped milk, kg S 0.20 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.01
NS 0.21 ± 0.01 ...
Machine stripped milk, % S 15.1 ± 1.2 23.6 ± 1.0
NS 16.5 ± 1.2 ...
Total morning milk, kg S 1.39 ± 0.06 0.80 ± 0.02a
NS 1.34 ± 0.06 0.68 ± 0.02b
Machine milking time, s S 114.5 ± 5.8 71.7 ± 2.4
NS 115.1 ± 5.8 78.7 ± 2.4
Machine stripping time, s S 20.9 ± 2.4 17.5 ± 0.7
NS 23.1 ± 2.0 ...
Machine-on time, s S 130.5 ± 8.3 89.1 ± 2.4c
NS 136.4 ± 6.9 78.7 ± 2.4d
Means for a factor within a column with different subscripts differ (P < 0.05).
a,b
Means for a factor within a column with different subscripts differ (P < 0.10).
c,d
1
Treatment from d 80 to the end of lactation: S = machine milking and machine stripping (n = 24); NS =
machine milking with no machine stripping (n = 24).
3, 5, 7, 9, and 11, followed by removal no earlier than block, treatment, block × treatment, and ewe within
the average milking time, and then placement in order block × treatment; and the subplot effects of time (d-
on ewes 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. With two milkers, the 100, 120, 140, and 160), two-way interactions with time,
first milker would place teat cups on ewes 1, 3, and 5 and residual error. Least squares means for treatment,
followed by placement on ewes 2, 4, and 6. Simultane- block, and block × treatment were tested for significance
ously, the second milker would place teat cups on ewes against ewe within block × treatment as the error term.
7, 9, and 11 followed by placement on ewes 8, 10, and Time and all interactions with time were tested for
12. Overmilking of an individual ewe was noted when significance against residual error. Reports on parlor
the machine-on time exceeded that of the average milk- throughput, economic returns, and frequency of over-
ing time. Milk was sold for $1.32/kg. Additional labor milking were not analyzed statistically and are only
and expenses, relative to the S system and one milker, provided to give the reader a reasonable estimate from
included $9.00/h for labor and $0.37/ewe per milking a hypothetical simulation.
for individual ewe purchase price, management, and
feed costs as calculated previously within this experi- RESULTS
mental flock (Berger, 1998).
Milk Production
Statistical Analyses
Lactation period data are summarized in Table 2 and
Least squares means analysis of variance was con- Figure 1. Milk yield for NS ewes during the experimen-
ducted with the general linear models procedure of SAS tal period was 14% less (−17.1 kg) than that for S ewes;
(1999). Preexperimental, experimental, and total lacta- however, overall lactation yields were not statistically
tion data were analyzed separately with the following different. Test-day milk yield for S ewes was consis-
model: block (preexperimental stripping percentage: tently higher, compared to NS ewes, through d 140 of
≤15% or >15%), treatment (NS or S), block × treatment, the experimental period. Both treatment groups lac-
ewe within block × treatment, and residual error. Preex- tated for a similar number of days and had similar
perimental SCC and percentage of milk fat were used overall milk protein content. After correcting for slight
as a continuous covariable in the analyses of SCC and differences in percentage of milk fat and SCC during
percentage of milk fat, respectively, during the experi- the preexperimental period, milk fat content and SCC
mental period and for the entire lactation. Further anal- were not different between treatment groups for the
yses of data during the experimental period only were entire lactation. Block × treatment interaction was not
analyzed with a split plot on time analysis for measure- a significant source of variation for any lactation trait.
ments taken every 20 d during the morning milking. Morning machine milking and stripping data are
The model included the following main plot effects: summarized in Table 1. Machine milk yield (the amount
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 86, No. 2, 2003
4. OUR INDUSTRY TODAY 683
Table 2. Least squares means ± SEM for lactation traits of ewes within the two treatment groups prior to
and during the experiment, and for the entire lactation.
Lactation period
Entire
1
Factor Treatment Preexperiment Experiment lactation
Lactation period length, d S 79.4 ± 2.1 102.6 ± 2.3 182.0 ± 3.4
NS 78.4 ± 2.1 104.5 ± 2.3 183.0 ± 3.4
Milk yield, kg/ewe S 177.6 ± 6.8 122.7 ± 4.8a 300.2 ± 10.5
NS 175.2 ± 6.8 105.6 ± 4.8b 280.8 ± 10.5
Average milk yield, kg/d S 2.28 ± 0.09 1.21 ± 0.05a 1.67 ± 0.06
NS 2.23 ± 0.09 1.01 ± 0.05b 1.53 ± 0.06
Milk fat, % S 5.51 ± 0.16c 5.71 ± 0.10 5.57 ± 0.05
NS 5.15 ± 0.16d 5.73 ± 0.10 5.58 ± 0.05
Milk protein, % S 4.56 ± 0.07 4.91 ± 0.07 4.78 ± 0.06
NS 4.55 ± 0.07 4.90 ± 0.07 4.77 ± 0.06
SCC, log10 units S 4.72 ± 0.08c 4.91 ± 0.08 4.80 ± 0.04
NS 4.52 ± 0.08d 4.76 ± 0.08 4.73 ± 0.04
Means for a factor within a column with different subscripts differ (P < 0.05).
a,b
Means for a factor within a column with different subscripts differ (P < 0.10).
c,d
1
Treatment from d 80 to the end of lactation: S = machine milking and machine stripping (n = 24); NS =
machine milking with no machine stripping (n = 24).
of milk obtained without or before stripping) was higher S ewes with two milkers compared to NS ewes with
for NS than for S ewes at all test days during the experi- either one or two milkers. Some degree of overmilking
mental period; however, only the difference at 120 d of always occurred for S ewes regardless of number of
lactation was statistically significant. Total morning milkers. Overmilking never occurred for NS ewes, even
milk yield was lower for NS than for S ewes, of which with only one milker.
machine stripped milk accounted for 23.6% of the total
milk volume for the latter. Machine milking time (the DISCUSSION
time to obtain machine milk) was not different between
treatment groups; however, total machine-on time Milk Production
tended to be longer for S ewes than for NS ewes. Block
× treatment interaction was not a significant source Machine and/or hand stripping is often practiced dur-
of variation for any machine milk or stripping trait. ing machine milking of dairy ewes to improve total milk
Machine milk emission kinetics (milk flow latency, yield and to avoid leaving large quantities of residual
maximum milk flow rate, average milk flow rate, time milk in the udder. However, individual machine-on
to maximum milk flow) were not different between ´
time increases (Jatsch and Sagi, 1979; Fernandez et
treatment groups at any stage of lactation (data not al., 1997) because the udder is lifted and/or massaged
shown). Sample statistics for milk flow traits before the by hand or the machine to remove milk trapped below
experiment (d 79) are summarized in Table 3. `
the level of the teat (Jatsch and Sagi, 1979; Labussiere,
1988). We have shown that when machine stripping is
omitted from the milking routine during midlactation
Parlor Throughput
in East Friesian crossbred dairy ewes, total commercial
Estimates of parlor throughput, milk production, rel- milk available for marketing is approximately 14% less
ative economic returns, and frequency of overmilking per ewe than when machine stripping is practiced. This
are presented in Table 4 from a simulation for S and NS is in agreement with the 12 to 16% reduction reported
ewes milked with one or two milkers. Parlor throughput for dairy ewes (Bosc et al., 1967; Ricordeau and Labus-
was lowest when stripping was performed with only one ` `
siere, 1968; Labussiere et al., 1984) and the 5 to 15%
milker, and increased with the addition of one milker or reduction reported for dairy cows (Ebendorff et al.,
when stripping was not performed by either one or two 1990). However, omission of machine stripping did not
milkers. Collectively, parlor throughput and milking reduce lactation length or deleteriously affect milk com-
efficiency increased by 31 and 13%, respectively, when position or milk quality, which has previously been a
stripping was omitted compared with when stripping concern in dairy ewes (Bosc et al., 1967), dairy goats
was performed. Relative receipts generated per hour (Wilde et al., 1989), and dairy cows (Ebendorff et al.,
were lowest for S ewes with one milker and highest for 1987). Moreover, failure to demonstrate a significant
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 86, No. 2, 2003
5. 684 MCKUSICK ET AL.
Table 3. Sample statistics of milk flow traits in East Friesian crossbred dairy ewes prior to the start of the
experiment (d 79 in lactation).
Range
Factor Mean ± SD Minimum Maximum
Maximum milk flow rate, L/min 1.24 ± 0.30 0.60 1.90
Average milk flow rate, L/min 0.54 ± 0.12 0.22 0.78
Milk flow latency, s 13.1 ± 6.7 5 48
Time of maximum flow, s 34.3 ± 19.1 12 108
block × treatment interaction for any lactation trait McKusick, 2001; McKusick et al., 2002a). The East
demonstrated that the loss in milk production is similar Friesian has been classified as a breed with large cister-
for ewes with low or high initial stripping percentage nal storage capacity (Bruckmaier et al., 1997; McKusick
when stripping is omitted from the milking routine. et al., 1999), which enables the udder to more effectively
Cisternal storage volume in dairy ewes is large, com- store milk between milkings (Knight and Dewhurst,
prising between 50 and 60% of the total milk volume 1994). A possible advantage of large cisternal storage
after a normal 12-h milking interval (Marnet and capacity is that a higher proportion of the milk could
be stored away from the alveoli, thereby reducing the
concentration of a putative feedback inhibitor of lacta-
tion (Davis et al., 1998) as well as alveolar pressure
`
due to overdistention (Labussiere, 1988). This appears
to be the case in the present experiment because the
residual milk left behind in the udder of NS ewes had
no consequences on lactation performance. This con-
trasts to one study in dairy goats where 100 ml of milk
(7.6% of normal milk yield), which was purposely not
removed from the udder at each milking for 24 wk after
peak lactation, caused milk yield to be reduced by 24%
compared to controls (Wilde et al., 1989). The main
physiologic difference between the present study and
the latter is that residual milk in our study had presum-
ably already been ejected into the cistern, and thus the
putative negative feedback inhibitor of lactation that
Wilde et al. (1989) discusses may not have been in con-
tact with the alveoli.
Larger cisterns in dairy ewes have been positively
correlated with more laterally horizontal teat place-
´
ment (Fernandez et al., 1995). One disadvantage for
dairy ewes with large cisternal storage capacity is that
machine stripping would be obligatory because the ma-
chine milk fraction decreases and the stripping fraction
increases as the udder halves become less differentiated
and teat placement is more horizontal (Sagi and Morag,
1974). This does not seem to be the case in the present
experiment because the correlations between stripping
percentage and external measurements of the cistern
(distance between the exit of the teat and the bottom
of the udder) or a subjective score for teat placement
Figure 1. Test-day commercial milk yield (panel A) and morning were nonsignificant (data not shown).
machine milk yield (the amount of milk obtained without or prior to
stripping) (panel B) for the two treatment groups: NS ewes (n = 24) Milk composition was not affected by omission of ma-
were not machine stripped from d 80 to the end of lactation; S ewes chine stripping in the present experiment. Failure to
(n = 24) were machine stripped. The dotted line indicates the start demonstrate differences in milk composition, particu-
of the experiment. Data represent least squares means (± SEM) for
the treatment × time interaction. *Indicates a significant difference larly in milk fat, implies that an adequate milk ejection
between treatments (P < 0.05). reflex was present even though machine stripping was
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 86, No. 2, 2003
6. OUR INDUSTRY TODAY 685
not practiced. The great majority of milk fat is stored of the present experiment would suggest that machine
`
within the alveoli between milkings (Labussiere, 1988; milking efficiency is actually improved by omission of
McKusick et al., 2002a, 2002b), and active expulsion stripping because more milk is obtained by the machine
of fat from the alveoli to the cistern (milk ejection) is and therefore helps to explain why the loss in milk yield
required for complete milk fat removal during machine for NS ewes compared to S ewes is only 14% compared
milking of dairy ewes (McKusick et al., 2002a, 2002b). with 23% (the stripping percentage of S ewes).
Additionally, the fact that machine milk yield increased
(although nonsignificantly) when stripping was omitted Parlor Throughput
from the milking routine may suggest that some ewes
had been habituated to manual massage during at least Results from the present experiment were used to
part of the milk removal process; omission of stripping estimate the impact of stripping or omission of stripping
may have resulted in dishabituation of these ewes to with one or two milkers on parlor throughput, incidence
hand contact for milk ejection. These observations are of overmilking, and financial returns. The simulation
further supported by the fact that lactation lengths estimated a parlor throughput of 138 ewes/h when
were similar for both treatment groups because de- stripping is practiced by two milkers (the normal milk-
creased lactation persistency would be expected if ewes ing procedure for this flock of dairy ewes). Estimated
had retained milk in the alveoli as a result of failed parlor throughput corresponded to the actual observed
milk ejection. Bruckmaier et al. (1997) found that for parlor throughput for this flock during mid- to late lac-
Lacaune ewes, oxytocin concentrations peaked at 1 min tation (125 to 150 ewes/h, Berger and Thomas, 1997)
during machine milking and also during machine strip- and to other reports for dairy ewes (137 ewes/h, Le Du,
ping; however, for East Friesian ewes, oxytocin in- 1984; 100 to 140 ewes/h, Billon, 1998). The results of
creased above baseline levels only during machine the present simulation thus appear to be representative
stripping. They conclude that East Friesian ewes are of the normal milking routine.
more dependent on manual stimulation of the udder Stripping increases parlor throughput time (Ricor-
for complete milk removal than Lacaune ewes. The deau et al., 1963; Billon, 1998) and requires more labor
findings of the present experiment disagree with those investment (Le Du, 1984). The present experiment is
of Bruckmaier et al. (1997) because neither a decrease consistent with these reports because parlor
in milk fat content nor in lactation length was observed throughput, milking efficiency, and relative receipts
when manual stimulation was not practiced during generated per hour decreased when stripping was per-
milking. It appears that the East Friesian crossbred formed by only one milker compared with two milkers.
dairy ewes in this experimental flock are well adapted This would be expected because the milker must give
to machine milking and that milk ejection and milk individual attention to each ewe during stripping and
synthesis are not compromised by omission of stripping approximately 35 fewer ewes are milked per hour.
during mid- to late lactation. When stripping was omitted from the milking routine,
Even though machine stripping for S ewes required we estimated that parlor throughput would increase by
17.5 s/ewe of individual manual attention from the 15 to 28 ewes/h with one or two milkers, respectively,
milker, overall machine-on time increased by only 10 compared to stripping with two milkers. We estimated
s/ewe compared with NS ewes. This is probably due that relative receipts would not differ greatly ($118.78,
to the increase in machine milk yield, and, therefore, $116.72, and $123.78, respectively) because the de-
machine milking time, for NS ewes compared to S ewes. crease in milk yield associated with the omission of
The average volume of milk obtained by machine strip- stripping is compensated for by the additional number
ping for S ewes corresponded to 0.18 kg or 23% of the of ewes milked per hour. Furthermore, for a milking
total milk volume, which is consistent with other re- routine with no stripping, the addition of a second
`
ports on dairy ewes (Labussiere, 1984). Stripping vol- milker and extra ewes did not appear to be any more
ume remains constant from midlactation to the end of financially advantageous than using one milker.
lactation in dairy ewes; however, stripping percentage When the milking routine included stripping, the in-
increases as lactation progresses (Ricordeau et al., cidence of overmilking was between 33 and 92% (4 of
`
1963; Ricordeau and Labussiere, 1968) due to a relative 12 ewes, and 11 of 12 ewes) for two or one milkers,
decrease in daily milk production. Machine milking ef- respectively. Overmilking occurs because stripping re-
ficiency (kilograms of milk obtained per hour) is de- quires the individual attention of the milker and there-
creased when stripping is practiced because stripping fore stripping for some ewes commenced well after the
increases individual milking time and increases ma- machine milk yield had been obtained by the machine.
chine-on time by 27% in the ewe (Ricordeau et al., 1963) When stripping was omitted from the milking routine,
and by 20 to 40% in the cow (Clough, 1964). The results it was estimated that overmilking would not occur (0
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 86, No. 2, 2003
7. 686 MCKUSICK ET AL.
Table 4. Simulation of parlor throughput, milking efficiency, relative economic returns, and overmilking
rate for East Friesian crossbred dairy ewes in mid- to late-lactation milked in a 1 × 12 Casse system parlor
with or without stripping, and by one or two milkers.
Stripping treatment
S S NS NS
Factor No. Milkers: 1 2 1 2
1
Parlor entry time, s 45 45 45 45
Milking procedure time,1 s 344 237 207 186
Parlor exit time,1 s 30 30 30 30
Parlor time,1 s 419 312 282 261
Parlor time,1 min 6.98 5.20 4.70 4.35
Parlor throughput, ewes/h 103 138 153 166
Milk yield, kg/ewe 0.80 0.80 0.68 0.68
Milking efficiency, kg/h 82.4 110.4 104.0 112.9
Total receipts,2 $/h 108.77 145.73 137.28 149.03
Additional expenses,3 $/h ... 21.95 18.50 32.31
Relative receipts,4 $/h 108.77 123.78 118.78 116.72
Ewes overmilked, no. 11/12 4/12 0/12 0/12
1
For a group of 12 ewes.
2
Receipts from milk sold @ $1.32/kg.
3
Additional expenses relative to the S system with one milker: Labor costs = $9.00/hr; ewe purchase,
management, and feed costs = $0.37 per ewe.
4
Total receipts − additional expenses.
of 12 ewes) because the milker was no longer required turns could be improved by adding additional ewes to
to give individual attention to each ewe for the period the flock in order to compensate for the expected loss
of time required for stripping to take place. Overmilking in milk production when the milking routine is simpli-
has been shown to increase the incidence of IMI in dairy fied to not include stripping.
cows (Mein et al., 1986) by compromising the teat end’s
ability to resist bacterial penetration to the mammary ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
gland (Peterson, 1964), resulting in decreased milk pro-
duction and economic loss. Additionally, we have ob- The authors express their gratitude to the Babcock
served a consistent and habitual pattern in the way Institute for International Dairy Research and Devel-
dairy ewes position themselves in the parlor before opment (Madison, WI) who have generously supported
milking. Because the simulation estimated longer ma- the dairy sheep research program at the University of
chine-on times for certain positions within the parlor Wisconsin-Madison. The authors wish to thank Lori
Brekenridge, Ann Stallrecht, and Richard Schlapper
(data not shown), the same ewes could be consistently
at the Spooner Agricultural Research Station for their
overmilked from day to day. Although economic loss as
committed efforts in the care and maintenance of the
a result of overmilking associated with stripping was
animals, and for their excellent help with data collec-
not estimated in the simulation, it is likely that the
tion during the experiments. We are grateful for the
system with one milker and omission of stripping would
technical assistance of Professor Pierre-Guy Marnet
be even more financially advantageous than a milking
and Yves Dano at the Institut National de la Recherche
routine that included stripping.
Agronomique, Rennes, France, and we thank Pierre
Billon at the Institut de L’Elevage, Le Rheu, France
CONCLUSIONS for the use of his milk flow data recorder.
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