Editorial Maxillofacial Trauma and Psychological Stress Cecilia Young1,*, CYYJ Yeung1 1Independent Researcher, 105A, 1/F Liberte Place, 833 Lai Chi Kok Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong Corresponding Author: Cecilia Young , 105A, 1/F Liberte Place, 833 Lai Chi Kok Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, ceciliatyp@yahoo.com.hk

1. Freely Available Online
JOURNALOFMEDICALANDPSYCHOLOGICALTRAUMA
Editorial
Maxillofacial Trauma and Psychological Stress
Cecilia Young1,
*, CYYJ Yeung1
1
Independent Researcher, 105A, 1/F Liberte Place, 833 Lai Chi Kok Road,
Kowloon, Hong Kong
Corresponding Author: Cecilia Young , 105A, 1/F Liberte Place, 833 Lai Chi Kok Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong,
ceciliatyp@yahoo.com.hk
Received: April 10, 2018 Accepted: April 12, 2018 Published: April 20, 2018
Maxillofacial trauma, the hard and/or soft
trauma to the maxillofacial region, may involve fracture
of dental tissue, the mandible [1,2,3,4], zygomatic bone
[1,2,3,4], maxilla [1,2,3,4], nasal [1,2] and frontal
bone [1,2,3] There may also be concomitant
abrasion [5,6,7], laceration [5,6,7,8] or contusion of soft
tissues [5,6,7]. It is often a painful experience in body
and soul, given that it could easily be a life and death
experience from sports [1,9], falls [1,5,9,10], physical
contact [1], violence [10], … to road traffic
accidents [1,5].
Treatment for maxillofacial trauma may vary
from simple observation [11] to splinting [2,9], wiring
[2,9,11], extractions [9], or open [8,9,11]/ closed
reduction [8,11] with/ without internal fixation with
bone plates [8, 9, 11]. Each stage of management from
the initial presentation, treatment and rehabilitation and
recovery and follow-up may all post severe blows to the
already traumatized patient. Such patients may be faced
not only with aesthetic [20] but also functional issues
[16,20].
Single or multiple surgical interventions may be
necessary. Eventual healing and rehabilitation could feel
forlorn with uncertain outcome. On top of all these,
other boggling issues include financial ability [13], social
aspect [12], employment issues [12,13] and underlying
medical issues [13], etc. A lot of such trauma patients
tend to be associated with increased social anxiety and
avoidance [14,15], depression [14,15], low
self-concept [12,16], problems with relationships [12]
and difficulties withemployment [15]. All these does
appear to negatively impact on the quality of life of such
patients [16,17,18].
Often, cultural acceptance [12] and social
support [17] plays an important role in the psychological
wellbeing of such patients [12,19]. Consequently, it is
not difficult to imagine that patients
suffering from maxillofacial trauma could have
adjustment and adaptation issues stemming from both
the trauma and treatment for the trauma [13]. Some
such patients may have to come to terms with change
in appearance [12,18], aesthetics [12] and functional
www.openaccesspub.org JMPT CC-license Vol-1 Issue1 Pg.no.– 14

2. Freely Available Online
issues [13,14,16] that may correlate more to the
subjective severity of either the surgical operation or
outcome [14,15,19,20].
It had been reported that the degree of anxiety
in patients was directly proportional to the magnitude of
injury and the resulting scar [18]. There has been
technological advances to avoid scars [2,11]. On the
other hand, it has been reported that approximately
20% - 40% of patients suffering from maxillofacial
trauma may still develop post-traumatic stress disorder
[13-15,20]. Islam et al’s study [20] has shown a nine-
fold increase in the risk of depression (odds ratio of
9.02) and a two-fold increase in anxiety disorder (odds
ratio or 2.68) in participants with facial trauma. Similar
results were obtained in Gandjalikhan-Nassab et al’s
2016 study [18].
One resulting concern for the healthcare team
is that psychological stress of patients may potentially
complicate recovery and adversely affect patient
compliance [20]. As such, assessment and provision of
psycho-emotional support to patients suffering from
maxillofacial trauma, an area less studied, has been
www.openaccesspub.org JMPT CC-license Vol-1 Issue1 Pg.no.– 15
importance and protocols putgaining interest and
forward [12,13,18,19].
References
1. Scartezini GR, Guedes OA, de Alencar AHG, de
Araujo Estrela CR, Estrela C. Maxillofacial trauma in
a public hospital in Central Brazil: A retrospective
study of 405 patients. Journal of Dental Science
2016; 31(4): 153-157.
2. Ahmed A, Ahmed W, Bukhari SGA, Janjua OS,
Luqman U, Qayyum MU. The maxillofacial trauma
management trends at Armed Forces Institute of
Dentistry, Rawalpindi. Pakistan Oral & Dental
Journal 2012; 32(2): 191-195.
3. Ruslin M, Wolff J, Boffano P, Brand HS, Forouzanfar
T. Dental trauma in association with maxillofacial
fractures: an epidemiological study. Dental
Traumatology 2015; 31: 318-323.
4. Shaikh MI, Rajput F, Khatoon S, Usman G. Etiology
and incidence of maxillofacial skeletal injuries at
tertiary care hospital, Larkana, Pakistan. Pakistan
Oral & Dent J 2014; 34(2): 239-241.
5. Bajwa SJS, Kaur J, Singh A, Kapoor V, Bindra GS,
Ghai GS. Clinical and critical care concerns of
cranio-facial trauma: A retrospective study in a
tertiary care institute. National J Maxillofac Surg
2012; 3(2): 133-138.
6. Channar KA, Memon AB, Shaikh IA, Punjabi SK,
Shumaila. Pattern and causes of maxillofacial
trauma among senior citizens. Pakistan Oral &
Dental Journal 2016; 36(3): 372-374.
7. Ferreira MC, Batista AM, Ferreira F O, Ramos-Jorge
ML, Marques LS. Pattern of oral-maxillofacial trauma
stemming from interpersonal physical violence and
determinant factors. Dental Traumatology 2014; 30:
15-21.
8. Jung TK, De Silva HL, Konthasingha PP, Tong DC.
Trends in paediatric maxillofacial trauma presenting
to Dunedin Hospital, 2006 to 2012. New Zealand
Dent J 2015; 111(2) :76-79.
9. Grover D, Aggarwal A, Sharma P. Pediatric
maxillofacial trauma. Indian J Stomatol 2011; 2(2):
80-85.
10. Al-Qamachi LH, Laverick S, Jones DC. A clinico-
demographic analysis of maxillofacial trauma in the
elderly. Gerodontology 2012; 29: e147-e149.
11. Ul Haq E, Liaquat A, Aftab A, Mehmood HS.
Etiology, pattern and management of maxillofacial
fractures in patients seen at Mayo Hospital, Lahore
– Pakistan. Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal 2014; 34
(3): 417-421.
12. Bradbury E. Meeting the psychological needs of
patients with facial disfigurement. British J of Oral
and Maxillofac Surg 2012; 50: 193-196.
13. De Sousa A. Psychological issues in oral and
maxillofacial reconstructive surgery. British Journal
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2008; 46: 661-664.
14. Islam S, Cole JL, Walton GM, Dinan TG, Hoffman
GR. Psychiatric outcomes in operatively compared
with non-operatively managed patients with facial
trauma: Is there a difference? J Plast Surg Hand
Surg 2012; 46: 399-403.

3. Freely Available Online
15. Islam S, Ahmed M, Walton G, Dinan TG, Hoffman
GR. The prevalence of psychological distress in a
sample of facial trauma victims. A comparative cross
-sectional study between UK and Australia. J Cranio-
Maxillo-Facial Surg 2012; 40: 82-85.
16. Ukpong EI, Ugboko VI, Ndukwe KC, Gbolahan OO.
Health-related quality of life in Nigerian patients with
facial trauma and controls: a preliminary survey.
British J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 46: 297-300.
17. Arhakis A, Athanasiadou E, Vlachou C. Social and
psychological aspects of dental trauma, behavior
management of young patients who have suffered
dental trauma. The Open Dentistry Journal 2017;
11: 41-47.
18. Gandjalikhan-Nassab S-A-H, Samieirad S, Vakil-
Zadeh M, Habib-Aghahi R,
Alsadat-Hashemipour M. Depression and anxiety
disorders in a sample of facial trauma: A study from
Iran. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2016; 21(4):
e477-e482.
19. Glynn SM, Asarnow JR, Asarnow R, Shetty V, Elliot-
Brown K, Black E, Belin TR. The development of
acute post-traumatic stress disorder after orofacial
injury: A prospective study in a large urban hospital.
J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003; 61: 785-792.
20. Islam S, Ahmed M, Walton GM, Dinan TG, Hoffman
GR. The association between depression and anxiety
disorders following facial trauma – A comparative
study. Injury Int J Care Injured 2010; 41: 92-96.
www.openaccesspub.org JMPT CC-license Vol-1 Issue1 Pg.no.– 16

4. Editorial
Maxillofacial Trauma and Psychological Stress
Cecilia Young1,*, CYYJ Yeung1
1Independent Researcher, 105A, 1/F Liberte Place, 833 Lai Chi Kok Road,
Kowloon, Hong Kong
Corresponding Author: Cecilia Young , 105A, 1/F Liberte Place, 833 Lai Chi Kok
Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong,
ceciliatyp@yahoo.com.hk
Maxillofacial trauma, the hard and/or soft trauma to the maxillofacial region,
may involve fracture of dental tissue, the mandible [1,2,3,4], zygomatic bone
[1,2,3,4], maxilla [1,2,3,4], nasal [1,2] and frontal bone [1,2,3] There may
also be concomitant abrasion [5,6,7], laceration [5,6,7,8] or contusion of
soft tissues [5,6,7]. It is often a painful experience in body and soul, given that
it could easily be a life and death experience from sports [1,9], falls [1,5,9,10],
physical contact [1], violence [10], … to road traffic accidents [1,5].
Treatment for maxillofacial trauma may vary from simple observation [11] to
splinting [2,9], wiring [2,9,11], extractions [9], or open [8,9,11]/ closed
reduction [8,11] with/ without internal fixation with bone plates [8, 9, 11].
Each stage of management from the initial presentation, treatment and
rehabilitation and recovery and follow-up may all post severe blows to the
already traumatized patient. Such patients may be faced not only with
aesthetic [20] but also functional issues [16,20].
Single or multiple surgical interventions may be necessary. Eventual healing
and rehabilitation could feel forlorn with uncertain outcome. On top of all
these, other boggling issues include financial ability [13], social aspect [12],
employment issues [12,13] and underlying medical issues [13], etc. A lot of
such trauma patients tend to be associated with increased social anxiety and
avoidance [14,15], depression [14,15], low
self-concept [12,16], problems with relationships [12] and difficulties
withemployment [15]. All these does appear to negatively impact on the
quality of life of such patients [16,17,18].

5. Often, cultural acceptance [12] and social support [17] plays an important
role in the psychological wellbeing of such patients [12,19]. Consequently, it
is not difficult to imagine that patients suffering from maxillofacial trauma
could have adjustment and adaptation issues stemming from both the trauma
and treatment for the trauma [13]. Some such patients may have to come to
terms with change in appearance [12,18], aesthetics [12] and functional
issues [13,14,16] that may correlate more to the subjective severity of either
the surgical operation or outcome [14,15,19,20].
It had been reported that the degree of anxiety in patients was directly
proportional to the magnitude of injury and the resulting scar [18]. There has
been technological advances to avoid scars [2,11]. On the other hand, it has
been reported that approximately 20% - 40% of patients suffering from
maxillofacial trauma may still develop post-traumatic stress disorder [13-
15,20]. Islam et al’s study [20] has shown a nine-fold increase in the risk of
depression (odds ratio of 9.02) and a two-fold increase in anxiety disorder
(odds ratio or 2.68) in participants with facial trauma. Similar results were
obtained in Gandjalikhan-Nassab et al’s 2016 study [18].
One resulting concern for the healthcare team is that psychological stress of
patients may potentially complicate recovery and adversely affect patient
compliance [20]. As such, assessment and provision of psycho-emotional
support to patients suffering from maxillofacial trauma, an area less studied,
has been gaining interest and importance and protocols put forward
[12,13,18,19].
References
1. Scartezini GR, Guedes OA, de Alencar AHG, de Araujo Estrela CR, Estrela C.
Maxillofacial trauma in a public hospital in Central Brazil: A retrospective
study of 405 patients. Journal of Dental Science 2016; 31(4): 153-157.
2. Ahmed A, Ahmed W, Bukhari SGA, Janjua OS, Luqman U, Qayyum MU.
The maxillofacial trauma management trends at Armed Forces Institute of
Dentistry, Rawalpindi. Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal 2012; 32(2): 191-195.

6. 3. Ruslin M, Wolff J, Boffano P, Brand HS, Forouzanfar
T. Dental trauma in association with maxillofacial fractures: an
epidemiological study. Dental Traumatology 2015; 31: 318-323.
4. Shaikh MI, Rajput F, Khatoon S, Usman G. Etiology and incidence of
maxillofacial skeletal injuries at tertiary care hospital, Larkana, Pakistan.
Pakistan Oral & Dent J 2014; 34(2): 239-241.
5. Bajwa SJS, Kaur J, Singh A, Kapoor V, Bindra GS, Ghai GS. Clinical and
critical care concerns of cranio-facial trauma: A retrospective study in a
tertiary care institute. National J Maxillofac Surg 2012; 3(2): 133-138.
6. Channar KA, Memon AB, Shaikh IA, Punjabi SK, Shumaila. Pattern
and causes of maxillofacial trauma among senior citizens. Pakistan Oral &
Dental Journal 2016; 36(3): 372-374.
7. Ferreira MC, Batista AM, Ferreira F O, Ramos-Jorge ML, Marques LS.
Pattern of oral-maxillofacial trauma stemming from interpersonal physical
violence and determinant factors. Dental Traumatology 2014; 30: 15-21.
8. Jung TK, De Silva HL, Konthasingha PP, Tong DC. Trends in paediatric
maxillofacial trauma presenting to Dunedin Hospital, 2006 to 2012. New
Zealand Dent J 2015; 111(2) :76-79.
9. Grover D, Aggarwal A, Sharma P. Pediatric maxillofacial trauma.
Indian J Stomatol 2011; 2(2): 80-85.
10. Al-Qamachi LH, Laverick S, Jones DC. A clinico-demographic analysis
of maxillofacial trauma in the elderly. Gerodontology 2012; 29: e147-e149.
11. Ul Haq E, Liaquat A, Aftab A, Mehmood HS. Etiology, pattern and
management of maxillofacial fractures in patients seen at Mayo Hospital,
Lahore – Pakistan. Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal 2014; 34 (3): 417-421.
12. Bradbury E. Meeting the psychological needs of patients with facial
disfigurement. British J of Oral and Maxillofac Surg 2012; 50: 193-196.

7. 13. De Sousa A. Psychological issues in oral and maxillofacial
reconstructive surgery. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2008;
46: 661-664.
14. Islam S, Cole JL, Walton GM, Dinan TG, Hoffman GR. Psychiatric
outcomes in operatively compared with non-operatively managed patients
with facial trauma: Is there a difference? J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2012; 46: 399-
403.
15. Islam S, Ahmed M, Walton G, Dinan TG, Hoffman GR. The
prevalence of psychological distress in a sample of facial trauma victims. A
comparative cross
-sectional study between UK and Australia. J Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surg 2012;
40: 82-85.
16. Ukpong EI, Ugboko VI, Ndukwe KC, Gbolahan OO. Health-related
quality of life in Nigerian patients with facial trauma and controls: a
preliminary survey. British J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 46: 297-300.
17. Arhakis A, Athanasiadou E, Vlachou C. Social and psychological
aspects of dental trauma, behavior management of young patients who have
suffered dental trauma. The Open Dentistry Journal 2017; 11: 41-47.
18. Gandjalikhan-Nassab S-A-H, Samieirad S, Vakil-Zadeh M, Habib-
Aghahi R, Alsadat-Hashemipour M. Depression and anxiety disorders in a
sample of facial trauma: A study from Iran. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2016;
21(4): e477-e482.
19. Glynn SM, Asarnow JR, Asarnow R, Shetty V, Elliot-Brown K, Black E,
Belin TR. The development of acute post-traumatic stress disorder after
orofacial injury: A prospective study in a large urban hospital. J Oral Maxillofac
Surg 2003; 61: 785-792.
20. Islam S, Ahmed M, Walton GM, Dinan TG, Hoffman GR. The
association between depression and anxiety disorders following facial
trauma – A comparative study. Injury Int J Care Injured 2010; 41: 92-96.

8. 楊幽幽牙科醫生
Dr. Cecilia Young Yau Yau
內容授權於原文醫藥人
以全篇原文為準
**以上內容已得病人同意使用作公共衛生教學用途
當中 "我們" 或 "示範中的方法" 指牙醫業內一般做法或其中一種
做法
內容只作一般公共衛生教育用途，病人應該與醫生商量自己的處
理方法。
所有牙醫均可進行公共口腔衛生教育，而公共衛生(Public
Health )或社會牙醫科
(Community Dentistry )更是牙科內的一個科目。
牙醫專業守則
1.6 牙科／口腔健康教育活動
1.6.1 牙醫可以參與真確的牙科／口腔健康教育活動，例如演講
及作 專業發表..............
1.6.3 向公眾提供的資料應具權威性、合宜並與一般經驗相符。
該等 資料應有事實根據、清楚易明及用詞淺白。
香港牙醫管理委員會 香港牙醫專業守則
http://www.dchk.org.hk/docs/code_c.pdf

9. 楊幽幽牙科醫生教育系列 以下為公共口腔衛生教育系列關鍵字
嵌塞 牙縫刷 腎病 致命牙齒脫位 膿 退縮 戒煙 骨質疏鬆 腫脹 四環素染色 楊幽幽牙科醫生 更薄的牙齒 刮舌板 牙齒長出 牙
齒不可逆性牙髓炎 水氟化 X光對生育期內婦女的影響, 什麼年紀最適合箍牙, 假牙, 傷口處理, 公共衛生教育, 剝牙, 副作用,
口腔種植, 成人矯齒成效如何, 止血, 正確刷牙及使用牙線方法, 楊幽幽牙科醫生口腔教育系列 注意事項, 洗牙流血點解, 活
動假牙托, 流血不止, 滿口牙套可以箍牙嗎, 漂牙, 牙周病, 牙周病患者是否可以箍牙. 透明牙箍有用嗎, 牙柱, 牙橋, 牙痛, 牙
瘡, 牙肉流血, 牙醫, 牙骹, 種牙, 空姐接觸的宇宙射線會否影響胎兒, 笑容, 箍牙會唔會失敗, 脫牙, 蛀牙, 關節 好唔好
以下為公共口腔衛生教育系列關鍵字, 阿士匹靈,抗血小板劑,抗凝血劑, 抗生素, 關節僵硬,銀粉, 矯正, 植牙, 膿腫, 研磨劑, 刷
蝕牙齒, 態度, ,撕脫, 乳齒, 細菌, 口氣, 咬, 矯正器, 腦膿腫, 刷牙, 緩衝作用, 過氧化尿素,齲齒,檢查,咀嚼, 複合, 牙套, 牙冠增
長手術,
環孢素A, 失智症, 牙,科, 牙橋, 牙科疾病, 牙科脫牙,牙科問題, 牙髓, 牙周膜, 牙菌膜, 矯齒,根管治療, 洗牙齒表面, 微電測試
牙髓, 預防性樹脂補牙, 玻璃離子, 牙腳尖, 二手煙, 敏感牙齒, 吸煙, 手術, 鑽洞測試,水銀, 成功,牙齒氟化, 發炎, 淋巴核, 神經,
牙齒過度長出酸鹼值, 維他命C, 智慧齒,華法林, 牙膏, 牙刷, 牙齒美白,牙齒漂白, 口氣, 失敗, 補牙, 牙線, 外觀, 咬合, 橋體,
牙冠,口腔種植周邊炎 , 含氟漱口水, 漱口水, 硝酸鉀, 口腔黏膜發炎, 尼古丁, 口腔疾病, 口腔感染, 預防, 牙袋, 家庭主婦, 感
冒, 象牙質, 牙齒創傷, 牙骨黏連, 牙周膜位置骨化, 磨蝕牙齒, 牙齒正畸, 氟素防蛀劑, 牙紋防蛀劑,鑲嵌物, 鑄造瓷貼片, 酸蝕
牙齒, 牙齒腫大, 漱口水, 肝素, 薄血藥, 維生素C,血栓栓塞, 國際標準化比值, 感染性心內膜炎, 琺瑯質, 局部麻醉劑, 三氯沙,
空間固定器, 進食次數,用餐次數, 全口假牙托、琺瑯質形狀缺陷,馬利蘭牙橋, 咽喉炎, 食物與牙齒健康, 奶瓶齲齒, 鎮靜, 牙
髓治療, 氟素凝膠, 牙腳斷裂, 牙腳吸收, 牙根整平術, 早期兒童蛀牙, 糖尿病, 效用, 測試, 牙齦, 牙齦組織, 牙齦出血, 雙氧水,
免疫抑制劑, 嵌塞, 牙縫刷, 腎病, 致命,牙齒脫位, 膿, 退縮, 戒煙,骨質疏鬆, 腫脹, 四環素染色, 更薄的牙齒, 刮舌板, 牙齒長出,
牙齒不可逆性牙髓炎, 水氟化X光對生育期內婦女的影響、什麼年紀最適合箍牙、假牙、傷口處理、公共衛生教育、剝牙、
副作用、口腔種植、成人矯齒成效如何、止血、正確刷牙及使用牙線方法、注意事項、洗牙流血點解、活動假牙托、流血
不止、滿口牙套可以箍牙嗎、漂牙、牙周病、牙周病患者是否可以箍牙. 透明牙箍有用嗎、牙柱、牙橋、牙痛、牙瘡、牙
肉流血、牙醫、牙骹、種牙、空姐接觸的宇宙射線會否影響胎兒、笑容、箍牙會唔會失敗、脫牙、蛀牙、關節, 常見的牙
患及預防方法, 蛀牙的成因及預防, 牙周病的成因及預防方法
甚麼是根管治療, 關於脫牙的事實, 銀汞合金安全嗎, 牙齒如何漂白, 需要矯齒的原因及準備, 牙齒創傷即時處理及治療, 懷
孕婦女需特別注重口腔健康, 如何除口氣, 骨質疏鬆與牙齒脫落的關係, 家長須助孩子護理乳齒, 牙周病─治療方法探究篇,
牙患可以致命, 鑲補牙齒方法知多少, 假牙扥 你們對我的期望合理嗎, 牙菌膜可以使種牙鬆脫, 糖尿病與牙周病互相影響, 必
先利其器 口腔衛生用品知多少, 脫牙前必須認真考慮, 預防蛀牙的方法氟素防蛀劑及牙紋防蛀劑, 漂白牙齒的各種方法, 細
數牙周病各種病徵, 用力刷牙≠清潔
使用漱口水是否好習慣, 吸煙與牙周病, 吸煙對治療牙周病的影響, 吸煙與口腔癌關係密切
戒煙為何與如何, 二手煙立法與自律, 乳齒對恆齒的影響, 公眾對洗牙的誤解調查, 兒童乳齒的根管治療, 第一隻長出的恆齒,
換牙時需注意事項, 護理口腔第一步正確刷牙方法, 敏感牙齒成因及預防, 公眾對洗牙的誤解應用篇, 如何保養活動假牙, 矯
齒點滴, 矯齒前應注意的事項, 木糖醇對人有害嗎, 口腔穿環的後遺問題, 牙周牙髓聯合症, 防敏感牙膏不適合長期使用, 頭
頸部放射治療前後的口腔護理, 幫助睡眠窒息症患者呼吸口腔矯治器, 根管治療時斷針是否失誤, 小朋友在牙科治療時不合
作, 嚴重蛀牙 幼兒一次被脫8隻乳齒(上)
嚴重蛀牙 幼兒一次被脫8隻乳齒(中), 嚴重蛀牙 幼兒一次被脫8隻乳齒(下), 香港牙膏並未含有「二甘醇」, 社會醫學研究電
話調查, 小朋友不肯見牙醫 怎辦？, 牙周病口瘡性潰痬與口腔癌 牙齒創傷幸與不幸, 智慧齒過度長出, 智慧齒過度長出引致
的其他牙患, 矯齒替代鑲假牙, 矯齒替代鑲假牙(二), 善用抗生素, 失去牙齒的其他後果, 一顆牙齒多個問題
根管治療後如何加上牙柱及牙套, 澳洲回顧研究 漱口水內的酒精致口腔癌, 牙齒美容
牙齒美容(二), 牙齒美容(三), 常見牙齒問題酸蝕, 牙科治療 為甚麼要磨蝕好的牙齒, 健康牙齒伴你一生, 淺談假牙的承扥問
題, 腎病患者的口腔問題, 抗凝血劑 抗血小板劑與脫牙

10. 感染性心內膜炎與牙科治療, 二手煙對兒童牙齒的影響, 失智症(老人痴呆症)與口腔健康
如何保持牙齒清潔, 防敏感牙膏新資訊, 牙套內會不會蛀牙, 探討牙科內常用的局部麻醉劑
孕婦及牙科常用藥物, 牙科病人與精神問題(上), 牙科病人與精神問題(下), 阻生智慧齒
殺菌劑三氯沙氾濫我們應否使用抗菌牙膏, 牙科病人的求診習慣, 診斷不同不知信那一個
什麼情況,什麼病人不宜脫牙, 關於植牙的種種迷恩, 如何處理長者的牙患, 預防牙患多角度孕婦與胎兒母親與嬰幼
兒, 牙周整形手術治敏感牙齒, 牙齦萎縮不能復原, 牙周組織再生法, 植骨與植牙手術 先植骨後植牙, 同時進行植骨
與植牙, 口腔植體周邊組織炎, 牙冠增長手術(上). 牙冠增長手術(下), 中小學教師與中學生對牙齒創傷認識不足, 牙
齒各類創傷與處理, 牙齒各類創傷與處理(2), 牙齒創傷當牙周膜死了, 牙齒創傷日後可能顯現的問題
牙齒創傷後的治療個案, 假牙可以戴多久, 即時性假牙托, 假牙的種類和設計, 假牙的種類和設計--種牙, 假牙的種
類和設計--牙橋, 假牙的種類和設計--活動假牙托, 我的牙齒為什麼不好, 由牙齒所引致的感染看似小事的牙瘡, 由
牙齒所引致的感染看似皮膚問題的牙瘡
由牙齒所引致的感染細菌進入眼部, 由牙齒所引致的感染細菌入腦, 由牙齒所引致的感染Ludwig氏咽峽炎阻塞氣道,
漱口水過酸易蛀牙, 食物與牙齒健康, 錯誤使用奶瓶餵飼幼兒奶瓶齲齒, 兒童嚴重蛀牙的治療方法, 兒童嚴重蛀牙的
治療方法--牙套, 牙齒咬合與移位(上), 牙齒咬合與移位(下), 智障人士的牙患, 智障人士如何預防牙患, 正確使用氨
素
氟素以外牙紋防蛀劑填補牙紋縫隙, 牙齒重疊最需要徹底清潔, 牙齒磨損, 對牙菌膜的監測
簡介牙髓的各種測試, 淺談口腔以外的牙科X光, 口腔以內的牙科X光, 牙髓死亡, 淺析咬合垂直距離, 牙痛, 到底哪
裡痛, 能不能忍一時之痛, 活動假牙托下不應有壞牙腳, 氟斑齒的處理方法 注意有否刷蝕牙齒, 牙齒消炎丸到底是
甚麼., 正確使用抗生素, 處理接近神經線的阻生智慧齒, 脫牙流血不止, 正確清潔牙齒及牙肉邊緣, 牙科手術儀器的
消毒程序, 牙科用具其他消毒程序, 黏液囊腫, 看見和看不見的蛀牙, 切除部分牙腳手術, 切除部分牙腳手術 2, 如何
清潔牙腳分岔位 上, 如何清潔牙腳分岔位 下, 牙線功能成疑, 美白牙膏去牙漬, 洗牙真的很痛嗎, 清刮牙腳, 再談清
刮牙腳, 洗牙流血只因牙肉發炎 口腔腫塊--牙齦瘤
口腔腫塊--乳突瘤, 口腔內的黑色素---牙齦的黑色素沉澱,G6PD缺乏症與牙科治療
頭頸癌放化治後牙科問題, 關愛基金改善政策使長者更受惠, 關愛基金改善政策使長者更受惠, 磨去蛀牙

11. Dr. Cecilia Young Yau Yau Oral Health Education series key words
mellitus, diagnosis, early childhood caries, effectiveness, electric pulp test, enamel, erosion,
esthetics, examination, extraction, failure, fever, fillings, fissure sealant, flight attendant, flossing,
fluoride gel, fluorosis, gaps, gingiva, Gingival hypertrophy, gingival tissue, glass ionomer, gum
bleeding, gum disease, halitosis, Heparin, housewife, hydrogen peroxide, hypoplasia,
immunosuppressant, impaction, implant, infective endocarditis, inflammation, inlay, interdental
brushing, international normalizing ratio INR, Kidney disease, lethal, local anaesthesia, look,
luxation, lymph node, mechanical cleansing, mercury, mouthrinse, mucositis, nerve, nicotine,
number of meals, nursing bottle syndrome, occlusion, onlay, oral disease, Oral Health Education,
oral infection, orthodontic treatment, osteoporosis, overeruption, peri-implantitis, periodontal
disease, periodontal membrane, pH value, plaque, pocket, pontic, porcelain veneer, post, post
and core, potassium nitrate, prevention, abrasion、abrasives、abscess、abutment tooth、
aligners、amalgam、ankylosis、antibiotics、anticoagulation、antiplatelet、aspirin、attitude、
attrition、avulsion、baby teeth、bacteria、bad breath、biting、bleaching、bleeding、
bracing.., brain abscess、bridge、brushing、buffering effect、carbamide peroxide、caries、
check-up、chewing、chlorhexidine、composite、crown、crown lengthening、cyclosporine A、
dementia、Dental、dental bridge、dental decay、dental disesase. dental extraction、dental
problem、dental pulp、dental scaling、dental trauma、dentine、denture、diabetes mellitus、
diagnosis、early childhood caries、effectiveness、electric pulp test、enamel、erosion、
esthetics、examination、extraction.. failure、fever、fillings、fissure sealant、flight attendant、
flossing、fluoride gel、fluorosis、gaps、gingiva、Gingival hypertrophy、gingival tissue、glass
ionomer、gum bleeding、gum disease、halitosis、Heparin、housewife、hydrogen peroxide..
hypoplasia、immunosuppressant、impaction、implant、infective endocarditis、inflammation、
inlay、interdental brushing、international normalizing ratio INR、Kidney disease、lethal、local
anaesthesia、look、luxation、lymph node、mechanical cleansing.. periodontal membrane、
pH value、plaque、pocket、pontic、porcelain veneer、post、post and core、potassium
nitrate、prevention、preventive resin restoration、pus、recession、removable appliance、
removable denture、root apex.. Root Canal Treatment、root fracture、root planning、root
resorption、scaling、second hand smoking、sensitive teeth、side effect、smile、smoking、
smoking cessation、successful、surgery、swelling、test cavity、tetracycline staining、thinner
teeth. thromboembolism、tongue scrapper、tooth bleaching、Tooth bracing、tooth decay、
tooth eruption、tooth whitening、tooth. Irreversible pulpitis、toothache、toothbrush、
toothpaste、triclosan、vitamin C、warfarin、washing effect、water fluoridation.. wisdom
tooth、wound handling ,complete Denture, space maintainer, Maryland Bridge ,pharyngitis,
sedation , Pulpotomy. Small tooth, black tooth, damage tooth.

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