Dental trauma and awareness

to 686
Volume 3 •Issue 4 •2018
Editorial
OralHealthand Dentistry
ISSN:2573-4989
DentalTraumaand Awareness
CeciliaYoung*andCYYJYeung
IndependentResearcher,105A, 1/F Liberte Place,833LaiChiKokRoad,Kowloon, HongKong
*Corresponding Author:Cecilia Young, Independent Researcher, 105A, 1/F Liberte Place,833 Lai Chi Kok Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Received:May31, 2018; Published:June 09, 2018
Volume 3 Issue 4 June2018
© All Copy Rights are Reserved by Cecilia Young and CYYJ Yeung.
Prevalence of dental trauma has been reported to be between 10.2% to 47% in the 1-6 age group [1-9] and between 9.4% to 58.6%
in the 7-15 age group [10-12]. Possibly not all traumatic dental injuries are reported [13]. Patients do not always seek attention for dental
trauma, there are often chance discoveries on routine examinations. The prevalence of untreated dental trauma was 21% in the 4 to 15
years old group in Tanzania [14], the majority of schoolchildren (82.6%) in a Brazilian study did not seek treatment after dental trauma
[11].
Dental trauma, involving single or multiple teeth, may range from uncomplicated crown fracture [13], complicated crown fracture
[15], concussion [15-16], subluxation [15-16], lateral luxation [15-16], extrusive luxation [15-16], intrusive luxation [15-16], and avul-
sion [15,16]. Depending on the outcome and severity of the injury sustained, consequences of dental trauma could be more than trivial.
There could be negative effects on the quality of life [17-20]. Seeking treatment and appropriate care can be time consuming, for example,
travelling [21,24], costly [21-24], and may cause loss of productivity [24].
Prognosis of traumatized teeth is unpredictable at large [24-27]. However, depending on the severity of dental trauma sustained,
delay in appropriate care and treatment could adversely affect the prognosis and treatment outcome of injured teeth [28]. Ultimate goal
of management is the healing of pulp and surrounding tissue [13,24]. This often depends on restoration of reduced/severed blood supply,
integrity of tissue and degree of bacterial invasion [29]. Complication may include necrosis of injured pulp [13,14,24], inflammatory root
resorption [24,14,13] ankylosis [24-30] and tooth loss [28,31]. In a number of cases, appropriate prompt treatment, such as immediate
appropriate handling of avulsed tooth [32,33] replantation [34-36], splinting [24,30] and emergency root canal therapy [24], may be nec-
essary in order to improve prognosis and treatment outcome. To such ends, immediate appropriate management by people at the scene
of injury [24,25] and prompt referral to a dentist could be a decisive factor in long term prognosis of the injured tooth [24,25].
Dental trauma may due to sport activities [15,24,37,38], bicycle/traffic accidents [13,37,38], falls [13,24,37,38] and physical violence
[18,24,37,38]. Policies on prevention of sports-related orofacial injuries were suggested [30]. Adherence to road codes should also be
emphasized to prevent traffic accident. An educational intervention study has shown the knowledge of fall prevention was improved for
mothers of children under five years old [39]. The home safety visit changed participant knowledge, beliefs, or practices around the pre-
vention of home injuries [40]. The home safety visit and the injury specific safety pamphlets were each perceived as effective [40]. Many
authors proposed different methods to promote the knowledge for immediate management of dental trauma, for examples, talks [41,42],
educational posters [43,44,45], audiovisual means [46] and leaflets[47,48] in order to improve the prognosis.
Citation: Cecilia Young and CYYJ Yeung. “Dental
Trauma and Awareness”. Oral Health andDentistry 3.4
(2018): 683-686.

684
Effectiveness and innovative preventive measures could form areas of research interests. Another area of research to cater for when
accident does happen, could be directed at improving the healing/regenerative potential of the pulp and surrounding tissues [49-54].
For instance, the Low Level Light Therapy is another method to improve the possibility of survival of periodontal ligament cells in avul-
sion cases[55].
References
1. Dutra FT.,et al.“Prevalenceof dental trauma and associated factors among 1-to 4-year-old children”. Journalof Dentistry forchildren
77.3 (2010): 146-151.
2. Ferreira JMS.,et al. “Prevalence of dental trauma in deciduous teeth of Brazilian children”. Dental traumatology 25.2 (2009): 219-
223.
3. Chalissery VP.,et al.“Prevalence of anterior dental trauma and its associated factors among children aged 3-5 years in Jaipur City,
India–A cross sectional study”. Journalof InternationalSociety of Preventive& Community Dentistry 6 (Suppl 1) (2016): S35.
4. Beltrão EM., et al. “Prevalence of dental trauma in children aged 1–3 years in João Pessoa (Brazil)”. European archives of paediatric
dentistry 8.3 (2007): 141-143.
5. De França Caldas A and Burgos MEA. “Aretrospective study of traumatic dental injuries in a Brazilian dental trauma clinic”. Dental
traumatology 17.6 (2001): 250-253.
6. Granville-Garcia AF.,et al. “Dental trauma and associated factors in Brazilian preschoolers”. Dental traumatology 22.6 (2006): 318-
322.
7. Hargreaves JA.,et al. “Trauma to primary teeth of South African pre-school children”. Dental Traumatology15.2 (1999): 73-76.
8. Kırzıoğlu Z.,et al. “Epidemiology of traumatised primary teeth in the west-Mediterranean region of Turkey”. Internationaldental
journal55.5 (2005): 329-333.
9. Mestrinho HD.,et al. “Traumatic dental injuries in Brazilian pre-school children”. Brazilian Dental Journal9.2 (1998): 101-104.
10. Goettems ML.,et al. “Dentaltrauma: prevalence and risk factors in schoolchildren”.Community dentistry andoral epidemiology 42.6
(2014): 581-590.
11. Martins VM.,et al.“Dentaltrauma among Brazilian schoolchildren: prevalence,treatment and associated factors”.EuropeanArchives
of PaediatricDentistry 13.5 (2012): 232-237.
12. Aldrigui JM.,et al. “Trends and associated factors in prevalence of dental trauma in Latin America and Caribbean: a systematic re-
view and meta-analysis”. Communitydentistryandoralepidemiology42.1 (2014): 30-42.
13. Zaleckiene V.,et al. “Traumatic dental injuries: etiology, prevalence and possible outcomes”. Stomatologija16.1 (2014): 7-14.
14. Kahabuka FK., et al. “Prevalenceof teeth with untreated dental trauma among nursery and primary school pupils in Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania”.Dental traumatology 17.3 (2001): 109-113.
15. Lam R.,et al. “Dental trauma in an Australian rural centre”.Dental Traumatology24.6 (2008): 663-670.
16. Warren M.,et al. “Afterhours presentation of traumatic dental injuries to a major paediatric teaching hospital”. Australian dental
journal59.2 (2014): 172-179.
17. Ilma de Souza Cortes M., et al. “Impact of traumatic injuries to the permanent teeth on the oral health-related quality of life in
12–14-year-old children”. CommunityDentistry andOralEpidemiology30.3 (2002): 193-198.
18. Nicolau B.,et al. “The relationship between traumatic dental injuries and adolescents’ development along the life course”. Commu-
nitydentistry andoralepidemiology31.4 (2003): 306-313.
19. Bendo CB.,et al. “Oral health-related quality of life and traumatic dental injuries in Brazilian adolescents”. Community dentistry and
oralepidemiology42.3 (2014): 216-223.
20. Ramos-Jorge ML., et al. “The impact of treatment of dental trauma on the quality of life of adolescents–a case-control study in
southern Brazil”. Dental Traumatology23.2 (2007): 114-119.
21. Nguyen PMT.,et al. “Socio-economic burden of permanent incisor replantation on children and parents”. Dental Traumatology 20.3
(2004): 123-133.
(2018): 683-686.

685
22. Borum MK and Andreasen JO.“Therapeutic and economic implications of traumatic dental injuries in Denmark: an estimate based
on 7549 patients treatedat a major trauma centre”.Internationaljournalof paediatric dentistry 11.4 (2001): 249-258.
23. Andreasen JQand Ravn JJ.“Epidemiology of traumatic dental injuries to primary and permanent teeth in a Danish population
sample”. Internationaljournalof oralsurgery1.5 (1972): 235-239.
24. Lam R.“Epidemiology and outcomes of traumatic dental injuries: a review of the literature”. Australian dental journal61.S1 (2016):
4-20.
25. Flores MT.,et al.“Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. II. Avulsion of permanent teeth”. Dental traumatology
23.3 (2007): 130-136.
26. Flores MT.,et al. “Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. I. Fractures and luxations of permanent teeth”. Dental
traumatology 23.2 (2007): 66-71.
27. Flores MT.,et al. “Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. III. Primary teeth”.Dental traumatology 23.4 (2007):
196-202.
28. Abbott PV.“Prevention and management of external inflammatory resorption following trauma to teeth”.Australiandentaljournal
61.S1 (2016): 82-94.
29. Nagaoka S.,et al. “Bacterial invasion into dentinal tubules of human vital and nonvital teeth”.Journalof endodontics21.2 (1995):
70-73.
30. Andreasen FM., et al. Textbook and color atlas of traumatic injuries to the teeth. 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Munksgaard; (2007):
372-403.
31. Cvek M.,et al. “Survival of 534 incisors after intra-alveolar root fracture in patients aged 7–17 years”.Dental Traumatology24.4
(2008): 379-387.
32. Kenny DJ.,et al. “Avulsions and intrusions: the controversial displacement injuries”. Journal-CanadianDental Association69.5
(2003): 308-313.
33. Moule A and Cohenca N. “Emergency assessment and treatment planning for traumatic dental injuries”. Australian dental journal
61.S1 (2016): 21-38.
34. Trope M. “Clinical management of the avulsed tooth: present strategies and future directions”. Dental Traumatology18.1 (2002):
1-11.
35. Andreasen JO.,et al. “Replantation of 400 avulsed permanent incisors. 4. Factors related to periodontal ligament healing”. Dental
Traumatology11.2 (1995): 76-89.
36. Kinirons MJ.,et al. “Dental trauma: Variations in the presenting and treatment features in reimplanted permanent incisors in chil-
dren and their effect on the prevalence of root resorption”. Britishdental journal189.5 (2000): 263-266.
37. Perez R.,et al. “Dental trauma in children: a survey”. Dental Traumatology7.5 (1991) 212-213.
38. Young C.,et al. “Asurvey on Hong Kong secondary school students’ knowledge of emergency management of dental trauma”. PloS
one 9.1 (2014): e84406.
39. Silva ECS., et al. “The effect of educational intervention regarding the knowledge of mothers on prevention of accidents in child-
hood”.The open nursingjournal10 (2016): 113.
40. King WJ.,et al. “Long term effects of a home visit to prevent childhood injury: three year follow up of a randomized trial”.Injury
Prevention11.2 (2005): 106-109.
41. Cruz-da-Silva BR., et al. “Effect of an Educational Programme on the Knowledge Level Among an Emergency Service Medical Team
Regarding Tooth Avulsion”. Oralhealth &preventivedentistry 14.3 (2016): 259-266.
42. Al-Asfour A.,et al. “School teachers’ knowledge of tooth avulsion and dental first aid before and after receiving informationabout
avulsed teeth and replantation”. Dental Traumatology24.1 (2008): 43-49.
43. Young C.,et al. “Effectiveness of Educational Poster on Knowledge of Emergency Management of Dental Trauma–Part 1. Cluster
Randomised Controlled Trial for Primary and Secondary School Teachers”. PLoSone 8.9 (2013): e74833.
44. Young C.,et al. “Effectiveness of Educational Poster on Knowledge of Emergency Management of Dental Trauma-Part 2: Cluster
Randomised Controlled Trial for Secondary School Students”. PLoSONE9.8 (2014): e101972.
(2018): 683-686.

686
45. LiegerO.,et al.“Impact of educational posters on thelay knowledgeof school teachers regarding emergency management of dental
injuries”. Dental traumatology 254 (2009): 406-412.
46. Niviethitha S.,et al. “Effectiveness of an audiovisual aid on the knowledge of schoolteachers regarding emergency management of
dental injuries”. Dental Traumatology(2018).
47. Al‐Asfour A and Andersson L.“Theeffectof a leaflet given to parents for first aid measures after tooth avulsion”. Dental Traumatol-
ogy24.5 (2008): 515-521.
48. Al-Sane M.,et al. “Laypeoples’ preferred sources of health information on the emergency management of tooth avulsion”. Dental
Traumatology27.6 (2011): 432-437.
49. Turkistani Jand Hanno A.“Recent trends in the management of dentoalveolar traumatic injuries to primary and young permanent
teeth”.Dental traumatology 27.1 (2011): 46-54.
50. Garcia-Godoy F and Murray PE. “Recommendations for using regenerative endodontic procedures in permanent immature trau-
matized teeth”. Dental Traumatology 28.1 (2012): 33-41.
51. Lovelace TW.,et al.“Evaluation of thedelivery of mesenchymal stem cells into theroot canal space of necrotic immature teeth after
clinical regenerative endodontic procedure”.Journalof endodontics 37.2 (2011): 133-138.
52. Andersson L.,et al. “International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries:
2. Avulsion of permanent teeth”. Dental Traumatology28.2 (2012): 88-96.
53. Mitsiadis TA.,et al. “Dental pulp stem cells, niches, and notch signaling in tooth injury”. Advances in dental research 23.3 (2011):
275-279.
54. Hargreaves KM., et al. “Regeneration potential of the young permanent tooth: what does the future hold?” Journalof endodontics
34.7 (2008): S51-S56.
55. Young C and Mak CL. “Low Level Light Therapy (LLLT): Penetration and Photobiomodulation”. Journalof Oral Health andCraniofa-
cial Science (2017).
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(2018): 683-686.

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Dental Trauma and Awareness
Cecilia Young* and CYYJ Yeung
Independent Researcher, 105A, 1/F Liberte Place, 833 Lai Chi Kok Road, Kowloon,
Hong Kong
*Corresponding Author: Cecilia Young, Independent Researcher, 105A, 1/F
Liberte Place, 833 Lai Chi Kok Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Received: May 31, 2018; Published: June 09, 2018
Volume 3 Issue 4 June 2018
© All Copy Rights are Reserved by Cecilia Young and CYYJ Yeung.
Prevalence of dental trauma has been reported to be
between 10.2% to 47% in the 1-6 age group [1-9] and between
9.4% to 58.6% in the 7-15 age group [10-12]. Possibly not all
traumatic dental injuries are reported [13]. Patients do not
always seek attention for dental trauma, there are often
chance discoveries on routine examinations. The prevalence of
untreated dental trauma was 21% in the 4 to 15 years old group
in Tanzania [14], the majority of schoolchildren (82.6%) in a
Brazilian study did not seek treatment after dental trauma [11].
Dental trauma, involving single or multiple teeth, may range
from uncomplicated crown fracture [13], complicated crown
fracture [15], concussion [15-16], subluxation [15-16], lateral
luxation [15-16], extrusive luxation [15-16], intrusive luxation
[15-16], and avulsion [15,16]. Depending on the outcome and
severity of the injury sustained, consequences of dental trauma
could be more than trivial. There could be negative effects on
the quality of life [17-20]. Seeking treatment and appropriate
care can be time consuming, for example, travelling [21,24],
costly [21-24], and may cause loss of productivity [24].

Prognosis of traumatized teeth is unpredictable at large [24-
27]. However, depending on the severity of dental trauma
sustained, delay in appropriate care and treatment could
adversely affect the prognosis and treatment outcome of
injured teeth [28]. Ultimate goal of management is the healing
of pulp and surrounding tissue [13,24]. This often depends on
restoration of reduced/severed blood supply, integrity of tissue
and degree of bacterial invasion [29]. Complication may include
necrosis of injured pulp [13,14,24], inflammatory root
resorption [24,14,13] ankylosis [24-30] and tooth loss [28,31].
In a number of cases, appropriate prompt treatment, such as
immediate appropriate handling of avulsed tooth [32,33]
replantation [34-36], splinting [24,30] and emergency root
canal therapy [24], may be nec- essary in order to improve
prognosis and treatment outcome. To such ends, immediate
appropriate management by people at the scene of injury
[24,25] and prompt referral to a dentist could be a decisive
factor in long term prognosis of the injured tooth [24,25].
Dental trauma may due to sport activities [15,24,37,38],
bicycle/traffic accidents [13,37,38], falls [13,24,37,38] and
physical violence [18,24,37,38]. Policies on prevention of
sports-related orofacial injuries were suggested [30].
Adherence to road codes should also be emphasized to prevent
traffic accident.

An educational intervention study has shown the knowledge
of fall prevention was improved for mothers of children under
five years old [39]. The home safety visit changed participant
knowledge, beliefs, or practices around the prevention of
home injuries [40]. The home safety visit and the injury
specific safety pamphlets were each perceived as effective
[40]. Many authors proposed different methods to promote
the knowledge for immediate management of dental trauma,
for examples, talks [41,42], educational posters [43,44,45],
audiovisual means [46] and leaflets [47,48] in order to
improve the prognosis.
Effectiveness and innovative preventive measures could
form areas of research interests. Another area of research to
cater for when accident does happen, could be directed at
improving the healing/regenerative potential of the pulp and
surrounding tissues [49-54]. For instance, the Low Level Light
Therapy is another method to improve the possibility of
survival of periodontal ligament cells in avulsion cases [55].

References
1. Dutra FT., et al. “Prevalence of dental trauma and associated
factors among 1-to 4-year-old children”. Journal of Dentistry
for children
77.3 (2010): 146-151.
2. Ferreira JMS., et al. “Prevalence of dental trauma in
deciduous teeth of Brazilian children”. Dental traumatology
25.2 (2009): 219- 223.
3. Chalissery VP., et al. “Prevalence of anterior dental trauma
and its associated factors among children aged 3-5 years in
Jaipur City, India–A cross sectional study”. Journal of
International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry 6
(Suppl 1) (2016): S35.
4. Beltrão EM., et al. “Prevalence of dental trauma in children
aged 1–3 years in João Pessoa (Brazil)”. Europeanarchives of
paediatric dentistry 8.3 (2007): 141-143.
5. De França CaldasA and Burgos MEA. “Aretrospective study of
traumatic dental injuries in a Brazilian dental trauma clinic”.
Dental traumatology 17.6 (2001): 250-253.
6. Granville-Garcia AF., et al. “Dental trauma and associated
factors in Brazilian preschoolers”. Dental traumatology 22.6
(2006): 318- 322.
7. Hargreaves JA., et al. “Trauma to primary teeth of South
African pre-school children”. Dental Traumatology 15.2
(1999): 73-76.

8. Kırzıoğlu Z., et al. “Epidemiology of traumatised primary
teeth in the west-Mediterranean region of Turkey”.
International dental journal 55.5 (2005): 329-333.
9. Mestrinho HD., et al. “Traumatic dental injuries in Brazilian
pre-school children”. Brazilian Dental Journal 9.2 (1998):
101-104.
10.Goettems ML., et al. “Dental trauma: prevalence and risk
factors in schoolchildren”. Community dentistry and oral
epidemiology 42.6 (2014): 581-590.
11.Martins VM., et al. “Dental trauma among Brazilian
schoolchildren: prevalence, treatment and associated
factors”. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 13.5
(2012): 232-237.
12.Aldrigui JM., et al. “Trends and associated factors in
prevalence of dental trauma in Latin America and
Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis”.
Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 42.1 (2014):
30-42.
13.Zaleckiene V., et al. “Traumatic dental injuries: etiology,
prevalence and possible outcomes”. Stomatologija 16.1
(2014): 7-14.
14.Kahabuka FK., et al. “Prevalence of teeth with untreated
dental trauma among nursery and primary school pupils in
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania”. Dental traumatology 17.3
(2001): 109-113.

15.Lam R., et al. “Dental trauma in an Australian rural centre”.
Dental Traumatology 24.6 (2008): 663-670.
16.Warren M., et al. “After hours presentation of traumatic
dental injuries to a major paediatric teaching hospital”.
Australian dental journal 59.2 (2014): 172-179.
17.Ilma de Souza Cortes M., et al. “Impact of traumatic
injuries to the permanent teeth on the oral health-
related quality of life in 12–14-year-old children”.
Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 30.3
(2002): 193-198.
18.Nicolau B., et al. “The relationship between traumatic
dental injuries and adolescents’ development along the life
course”. Commu- nity dentistry and oral epidemiology
31.4 (2003): 306-313.
19.Bendo CB., et al. “Oral health-related quality of life and
traumatic dental injuries in Brazilian adolescents”.
Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 42.3 (2014):
216-223.
20.Ramos-Jorge ML., et al. “The impact of treatment of
dental trauma on the quality of life of adolescents–a case-
control study in southern Brazil”. Dental Traumatology
23.2 (2007): 114-119.
21.Nguyen PMT., et al. “Socio-economic burden of
permanent incisor replantation on children and
parents”. Dental Traumatology 20.3 (2004): 123-133.

22.Borum MK and Andreasen JO. “Therapeutic and economic
implications of traumatic dental injuries in Denmark: an
estimate based on 7549 patients treated at a major trauma
centre”. International journal of paediatric dentistry 11.4
(2001): 249-258.
23.Andreasen JQ and Ravn JJ. “Epidemiology of traumatic
dental injuries to primary and permanent teeth in a Danish
population sample”. International journal of oral surgery
1.5 (1972): 235-239.
24.Lam R. “Epidemiology and outcomes of traumatic dental
injuries: a review of the literature”. Australian dental
journal 61.S1 (2016): 4-20.
25.Flores MT., et al. “Guidelines for the management of
traumatic dental injuries. II. Avulsion of permanent teeth”.
Dental traumatology 23.3 (2007): 130-136.
traumatic dental injuries. I. Fractures and luxations of
permanent teeth”. Dental traumatology 23.2 (2007): 66-71.
traumatic dental injuries. III. Primary teeth”. Dental
traumatology 23.4 (2007): 196-202.
28.Abbott PV. “Prevention and management of external
inflammatory resorption following trauma to teeth”.
Australian dental journal 61.S1 (2016): 82-94.
29.Nagaoka S., et al. “Bacterial invasion into dentinal
tubules of human vital and nonvital teeth”. Journal of
endodontics 21.2 (1995): 70-73.

30.Andreasen FM., et al. Textbook and color atlas of traumatic
injuries to the teeth. 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell
Munksgaard; (2007): 372-403.
31.Cvek M., et al. “Survival of 534 incisors after intra-alveolar
root fracture in patients aged 7–17 years”. Dental
Traumatology 24.4 (2008): 379-387.
32.Kenny DJ., et al. “Avulsions and intrusions: the
controversial displacement injuries”. Journal-Canadian
Dental Association 69.5 (2003): 308-313.
33.Moule A and Cohenca N. “Emergency assessment and
treatment planning for traumatic dental injuries”.
Australian dental journal 61.S1 (2016): 21-38.
34.Trope M. “Clinical management of the avulsed tooth:
present strategies and future directions”. Dental
Traumatology 18.1 (2002): 1-11.
35.Andreasen JO., et al. “Replantation of 400 avulsed
permanent incisors. 4. Factors related to periodontal
ligament healing”. Dental Traumatology 11.2 (1995): 76-
89.
36.Kinirons MJ., et al. “Dental trauma: Variations in the
presenting and treatment features in reimplanted
permanent incisors in children and their effect on the
prevalence of root resorption”. British dental journal
189.5 (2000): 263-266.

37.Perez R., et al. “Dental trauma in children: a survey”.
Dental Traumatology 7.5 (1991) 212-213.
38.Young C., et al. “Asurvey on Hong Kong secondary school
students’ knowledge of emergency management of dental
trauma”. PloS one 9.1 (2014): e84406.
39.Silva ECS., et al. “The effect of educational intervention
regarding the knowledge of mothers on prevention of
accidents in childhood”. The open nursing journal 10
(2016): 113.
40.King WJ., et al. “Long term effects of a home visit to
prevent childhood injury: three year follow up of a
randomized trial”. Injury Prevention 11.2 (2005): 106-109.
41.Cruz-da-Silva BR., et al. “Effect of an Educational
Programme on the Knowledge Level Among an Emergency
Service Medical Team Regarding Tooth Avulsion”. Oral
health & preventive dentistry 14.3 (2016): 259-266.
42.Al-Asfour A., et al. “School teachers’ knowledge of tooth
avulsion and dental first aid before and after receiving
information about avulsed teeth and replantation”.
Dental Traumatology 24.1 (2008): 43-49.
43.Young C., et al. “Effectiveness of Educational Poster on
Knowledge of Emergency Management of Dental Trauma–
Part 1. Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial for Primary
and Secondary School Teachers”. PLoS one 8.9 (2013):
e74833.

44.Young C., et al. “Effectiveness of Educational Poster on
Knowledge of Emergency Management of Dental Trauma-Part
2: Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial for Secondary School
Students”. PLoS ONE 9.8 (2014): e101972.
45.Lieger O., et al. “Impact of educational posters on the lay
knowledge of school teachers regarding emergency
management of dental injuries”. Dental traumatology 254
(2009): 406-412.
46.Niviethitha S., et al. “Effectiveness of an audiovisual aid on
the knowledge of schoolteachers regarding emergency
management of dental injuries”. Dental Traumatology
(2018).
47.Al‐Asfour A and Andersson L. “The effect of a leaflet given to
parents for first aid measures after tooth avulsion”. Dental
Traumatol- ogy 24.5 (2008): 515-521.
48.Al-Sane M., et al. “Laypeoples’ preferred sources of health
information on the emergency management of tooth
avulsion”. Dental Traumatology 27.6 (2011): 432-437.
49.Turkistani J and HannoA. “Recent trends in the management
of dentoalveolar traumatic injuries to primary and young
permanent teeth”. Dental traumatology 27.1 (2011): 46-54.
50.Garcia-Godoy F and Murray PE. “Recommendations for using
regenerative endodontic procedures in permanent
immature traumatized teeth”. Dental Traumatology 28.1
(2012): 33-41.

51.Lovelace TW., et al. “Evaluation of the delivery of
mesenchymal stem cells into the root canal space of
necrotic immature teeth after clinical regenerative
endodontic procedure”. Journal of endodontics 37.2
(2011): 133-138.
52.Andersson L., et al. “International Association of Dental
Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic
dental injuries:2. Avulsion of permanent teeth”. Dental
Traumatology 28.2 (2012): 88-96.
53.Mitsiadis TA., et al. “Dental pulp stem cells, niches, and
notch signaling in tooth injury”. Advances in dental
research 23.3 (2011): 275-279.
54.Hargreaves KM., et al. “Regeneration potential of the young
permanent tooth: what does the future hold?” Journal of
endodontics34.7 (2008): S51-S56.
55.Young C and Mak CL. “Low Level Light Therapy (LLLT):
Penetration and Photobiomodulation”. Journal of Oral
Health and Craniofa- cial Science (2017).

楊幽幽牙科醫生
Dr. Cecilia Young Yau Yau
內容授權於原文醫藥人
以全篇原文為準
**以上內容已得病人同意使用作公共衛生教學用途
當中 "我們" 或 "示範中的方法" 指牙醫業內一般做法或其中一種做法
內容只作一般公共衛生教育用途，病人應該與醫生商量自己的處理方法。
所有牙醫均可進行公共口腔衛生教育，而公共衛生(Public Health )或社
會牙醫科
(Community Dentistry )更是牙科內的一個科目。
牙醫專業守則
1.6 牙科／口腔健康教育活動
1.6.1 牙醫可以參與真確的牙科／口腔健康教育活動，例如
演講及作專業發表..............
1.6.3 向公眾提供的資料應具權威性、合宜並與一般經驗相符。該等資
料應有事實根據、清楚易明及用詞淺白。
香港牙醫管理委員會香港牙醫專業守則
http://www.dchk.org.hk/docs/code_c.pdf

楊幽幽牙科醫生教育系列以下為公共口腔衛生教育系列關鍵字
嵌塞牙縫刷腎病致命牙齒脫位膿退縮戒煙骨質疏鬆腫脹四環素染色楊幽幽牙科醫生更薄的
牙齒刮舌板牙齒長出牙齒不可逆性牙髓炎水氟化 X光對生育期內婦女的影響, 什麼年紀最適合箍
牙, 假牙, 傷口處理, 公共衛生教育, 剝牙, 副作用, 口腔種植, 成人矯齒成效如何, 止血, 正確刷牙及
使用牙線方法, 楊幽幽牙科醫生口腔教育系列注意事項, 洗牙流血點解, 活動假牙托, 流血不止, 滿
口牙套可以箍牙嗎, 漂牙, 牙周病, 牙周病患者是否可以箍牙. 透明牙箍有用嗎, 牙柱, 牙橋, 牙痛, 牙
瘡, 牙肉流血, 牙醫, 牙骹, 種牙, 空姐接觸的宇宙射線會否影響胎兒, 笑容, 箍牙會唔會失敗, 脫牙,
蛀牙, 關節好唔好
以下為公共口腔衛生教育系列關鍵字, 阿士匹靈,抗血小板劑,抗凝血劑, 抗生素, 關節僵硬,銀粉, 矯
正, 植牙, 膿腫, 研磨劑, 刷蝕牙齒, 態度, ,撕脫, 乳齒, 細菌, 口氣, 咬, 矯正器, 腦膿腫, 刷牙, 緩衝作
用, 過氧化尿素,齲齒,檢查,咀嚼, 複合, 牙套, 牙冠增長手術,
環孢素A, 失智症, 牙,科, 牙橋, 牙科疾病, 牙科脫牙,牙科問題, 牙髓, 牙周膜, 牙菌膜, 矯齒,根管治療,
洗牙齒表面, 微電測試牙髓, 預防性樹脂補牙, 玻璃離子, 牙腳尖, 二手煙, 敏感牙齒, 吸煙, 手術, 鑽
洞測試,水銀, 成功,牙齒氟化, 發炎, 淋巴核, 神經, 牙齒過度長出酸鹼值, 維他命C, 智慧齒,華法林,
牙膏, 牙刷, 牙齒美白,牙齒漂白, 口氣, 失敗, 補牙, 牙線, 外觀, 咬合, 橋體, 牙冠,口腔種植周邊炎 , 含
氟漱口水, 漱口水, 硝酸鉀, 口腔黏膜發炎, 尼古丁, 口腔疾病, 口腔感染, 預防, 牙袋, 家庭主婦, 感冒,
象牙質, 牙齒創傷, 牙骨黏連, 牙周膜位置骨化, 磨蝕牙齒, 牙齒正畸, 氟素防蛀劑, 牙紋防蛀劑,鑲嵌
物, 鑄造瓷貼片, 酸蝕牙齒, 牙齒腫大, 漱口水, 肝素, 薄血藥, 維生素C,血栓栓塞, 國際標準化比值,
感染性心內膜炎, 琺瑯質, 局部麻醉劑, 三氯沙, 空間固定器, 進食次數,用餐次數, 全口假牙托、琺瑯
質形狀缺陷,馬利蘭牙橋, 咽喉炎, 食物與牙齒健康, 奶瓶齲齒, 鎮靜, 牙髓治療, 氟素凝膠, 牙腳斷裂,
牙腳吸收, 牙根整平術, 早期兒童蛀牙, 糖尿病, 效用, 測試, 牙齦, 牙齦組織, 牙齦出血, 雙氧水, 免疫
抑制劑, 嵌塞, 牙縫刷, 腎病, 致命,牙齒脫位, 膿, 退縮, 戒煙,骨質疏鬆, 腫脹, 四環素染色, 更薄的牙
齒, 刮舌板, 牙齒長出, 牙齒不可逆性牙髓炎, 水氟化X光對生育期內婦女的影響、什麼年紀最適合箍
牙、假牙、傷口處理、公共衛生教育、剝牙、副作用、口腔種植、成人矯齒成效如何、止血、正確
刷牙及使用牙線方法、注意事項、洗牙流血點解、活動假牙托、流血不止、滿口牙套可以箍牙嗎、
漂牙、牙周病、牙周病患者是否可以箍牙. 透明牙箍有用嗎、牙柱、牙橋、牙痛、牙瘡、牙肉流血、
牙醫、牙骹、種牙、空姐接觸的宇宙射線會否影響胎兒、笑容、箍牙會唔會失敗、脫牙、蛀牙、關
節, 常見的牙患及預防方法, 蛀牙的成因及預防, 牙周病的成因及預防方法
甚麼是根管治療, 關於脫牙的事實, 銀汞合金安全嗎, 牙齒如何漂白, 需要矯齒的原因及準備, 牙齒創
傷即時處理及治療, 懷孕婦女需特別注重口腔健康, 如何除口氣, 骨質疏鬆與牙齒脫落的關係, 家長
須助孩子護理乳齒, 牙周病─治療方法探究篇, 牙患可以致命, 鑲補牙齒方法知多少, 假牙扥你們對
我的期望合理嗎, 牙菌膜可以使種牙鬆脫, 糖尿病與牙周病互相影響, 必先利其器口腔衛生用品知多
少, 脫牙前必須認真考慮, 預防蛀牙的方法氟素防蛀劑及牙紋防蛀劑, 漂白牙齒的各種方法, 細數牙
周病各種病徵, 用力刷牙≠清潔
使用漱口水是否好習慣, 吸煙與牙周病, 吸煙對治療牙周病的影響, 吸煙與口腔癌關係密切
戒煙為何與如何, 二手煙立法與自律, 乳齒對恆齒的影響, 公眾對洗牙的誤解調查, 兒童乳齒的根管
治療, 第一隻長出的恆齒, 換牙時需注意事項, 護理口腔第一步正確刷牙方法, 敏感牙齒成因及預防,
公眾對洗牙的誤解應用篇, 如何保養活動假牙, 矯齒點滴, 矯齒前應注意的事項, 木糖醇對人有害嗎,
口腔穿環的後遺問題, 牙周牙髓聯合症, 防敏感牙膏不適合長期使用, 頭頸部放射治療前後的口腔護
理, 幫助睡眠窒息症患者呼吸口腔矯治器, 根管治療時斷針是否失誤, 小朋友在牙科治療時不合作,
嚴重蛀牙幼兒一次被脫8隻乳齒(上)
嚴重蛀牙幼兒一次被脫8隻乳齒(中), 嚴重蛀牙幼兒一次被脫8隻乳齒(下), 香港牙膏並未含有「二
甘醇」, 社會醫學研究電話調查, 小朋友不肯見牙醫怎辦？, 牙周病口瘡性潰痬與口腔癌牙齒創傷
幸與不幸, 智慧齒過度長出, 智慧齒過度長出引致的其他牙患, 矯齒替代鑲假牙, 矯齒替代鑲假牙(二),
善用抗生素, 失去牙齒的其他後果, 一顆牙齒多個問題
根管治療後如何加上牙柱及牙套, 澳洲回顧研究漱口水內的酒精致口腔癌, 牙齒美容
牙齒美容(二), 牙齒美容(三), 常見牙齒問題酸蝕, 牙科治療為甚麼要磨蝕好的牙齒, 健康牙齒伴你一
生, 淺談假牙的承扥問題, 腎病患者的口腔問題, 抗凝血劑抗血小板劑與脫牙

感染性心內膜炎與牙科治療, 二手煙對兒童牙齒的影響, 失智症(老人痴呆症)與口腔健康
如何保持牙齒清潔, 防敏感牙膏新資訊, 牙套內會不會蛀牙, 探討牙科內常用的局部麻醉劑
孕婦及牙科常用藥物, 牙科病人與精神問題(上), 牙科病人與精神問題(下), 阻生智慧齒
殺菌劑三氯沙氾濫我們應否使用抗菌牙膏, 牙科病人的求診習慣, 診斷不同不知信那一個
什麼情況,什麼病人不宜脫牙, 關於植牙的種種迷恩, 如何處理長者的牙患, 預防牙患多角度孕
婦與胎兒母親與嬰幼兒, 牙周整形手術治敏感牙齒, 牙齦萎縮不能復原, 牙周組織再生法, 植骨
與植牙手術先植骨後植牙, 同時進行植骨與植牙, 口腔植體周邊組織炎, 牙冠增長手術(上). 牙
冠增長手術(下), 中小學教師與中學生對牙齒創傷認識不足, 牙齒各類創傷與處理, 牙齒各類創
傷與處理(2), 牙齒創傷當牙周膜死了, 牙齒創傷日後可能顯現的問題
牙齒創傷後的治療個案, 假牙可以戴多久, 即時性假牙托, 假牙的種類和設計, 假牙的種類和設
計--種牙, 假牙的種類和設計--牙橋, 假牙的種類和設計--活動假牙托, 我的牙齒為什麼不好, 由
牙齒所引致的感染看似小事的牙瘡, 由牙齒所引致的感染看似皮膚問題的牙瘡
由牙齒所引致的感染細菌進入眼部, 由牙齒所引致的感染細菌入腦, 由牙齒所引致的感染
Ludwig氏咽峽炎阻塞氣道, 漱口水過酸易蛀牙, 食物與牙齒健康, 錯誤使用奶瓶餵飼幼兒奶瓶齲
齒, 兒童嚴重蛀牙的治療方法, 兒童嚴重蛀牙的治療方法--牙套, 牙齒咬合與移位(上), 牙齒咬合
與移位(下), 智障人士的牙患, 智障人士如何預防牙患, 正確使用氨素
氟素以外牙紋防蛀劑填補牙紋縫隙, 牙齒重疊最需要徹底清潔, 牙齒磨損, 對牙菌膜的監測
簡介牙髓的各種測試, 淺談口腔以外的牙科X光, 口腔以內的牙科X光, 牙髓死亡, 淺析咬合垂直
距離, 牙痛, 到底哪裡痛, 能不能忍一時之痛, 活動假牙托下不應有壞牙腳, 氟斑齒的處理方法
注意有否刷蝕牙齒, 牙齒消炎丸到底是甚麼., 正確使用抗生素, 處理接近神經線的阻生智慧齒,
脫牙流血不止, 正確清潔牙齒及牙肉邊緣, 牙科手術儀器的消毒程序, 牙科用具其他消毒程序,
黏液囊腫, 看見和看不見的蛀牙, 切除部分牙腳手術, 切除部分牙腳手術 2, 如何清潔牙腳分岔
位上, 如何清潔牙腳分岔位下, 牙線功能成疑, 美白牙膏去牙漬, 洗牙真的很痛嗎, 清刮牙腳,
再談清刮牙腳, 洗牙流血只因牙肉發炎口腔腫塊--牙齦瘤
口腔腫塊--乳突瘤, 口腔內的黑色素---牙齦的黑色素沉澱,G6PD缺乏症與牙科治療
頭頸癌放化治後牙科問題, 關愛基金改善政策使長者更受惠, 關愛基金改善政策使長者更受惠,
磨去蛀牙

Dr. Cecilia Young Yau Yau Oral Health Education series key words
mellitus, diagnosis, early childhood caries, effectiveness, electric pulp test, enamel,
erosion, esthetics, examination, extraction, failure, fever, fillings, fissure sealant, flight
attendant, flossing, fluoride gel, fluorosis, gaps, gingiva, Gingival hypertrophy, gingival
tissue, glass ionomer, gum bleeding, gum disease, halitosis, Heparin, housewife,
hydrogen peroxide, hypoplasia, immunosuppressant, impaction, implant, infective
endocarditis, inflammation, inlay, interdental brushing, international normalizing ratio
INR, Kidney disease, lethal, local anaesthesia, look, luxation, lymph node, mechanical
cleansing, mercury, mouthrinse, mucositis, nerve, nicotine, number of meals, nursing
bottle syndrome, occlusion, onlay, oral disease, Oral Health Education, oral infection,
orthodontic treatment, osteoporosis, overeruption, peri-implantitis, periodontal disease,
periodontal membrane, pH value, plaque, pocket, pontic, porcelain veneer, post, post and
core, potassium nitrate, prevention, abrasion、abrasives、abscess、abutment tooth、
aligners、amalgam、ankylosis、antibiotics、anticoagulation、antiplatelet、aspirin、
attitude、attrition、avulsion、baby teeth、bacteria、bad breath、biting、bleaching、
bleeding、bracing.., brain abscess、bridge、brushing、buffering effect、carbamide
peroxide、caries、check-up、chewing、chlorhexidine、composite、crown、crown
lengthening、cyclosporine A、dementia、Dental、dental bridge、dental decay、
dental disesase. dental extraction、dental problem、dental pulp、dental scaling、
dental trauma、dentine、denture、diabetes mellitus、diagnosis、early childhood
caries、effectiveness、electric pulp test、enamel、erosion、esthetics、examination、
extraction.. failure、fever、fillings、fissure sealant、flight attendant、flossing、
fluoride gel、fluorosis、gaps、gingiva、Gingival hypertrophy、gingival tissue、glass
ionomer、gum bleeding、gum disease、halitosis、Heparin、housewife、hydrogen
peroxide.. hypoplasia、immunosuppressant、impaction、implant、infective
endocarditis、inflammation、inlay、interdental brushing、international normalizing
ratio INR、Kidney disease、lethal、local anaesthesia、look、luxation、lymph node、
mechanical cleansing.. periodontal membrane、pH value、plaque、pocket、pontic、
porcelain veneer、post、post and core、potassium nitrate、prevention、preventive
resin restoration、pus、recession、removable appliance、removable denture、root
apex.. Root Canal Treatment、root fracture、root planning、root resorption、scaling、
second hand smoking、sensitive teeth、side effect、smile、smoking、smoking
cessation、successful、surgery、swelling、test cavity、tetracycline staining、thinner
teeth. thromboembolism、tongue scrapper、tooth bleaching、Tooth bracing、tooth
decay、tooth eruption、tooth whitening、tooth. Irreversible pulpitis、toothache、
toothbrush、toothpaste、triclosan、vitamin C、warfarin、washing effect、water
fluoridation.. wisdom tooth、wound handling ,complete Denture, space maintainer,
Maryland Bridge ,pharyngitis, sedation , Pulpotomy. Small tooth, black tooth, damage
tooth.

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