Financial Controllers operate in a global environment where flexibility is the watchword. There has been widespread recognition of the need for finance to develop from being a scorekeeper to a business partner. Many organisations have changed their finance function as a result. Non-financial objectives such as risk, IT ROI, quality, reliability, lead times and customer satisfaction have gained in importance. Much more attention needs to be paid to the external environment, particularly the business’ competitive advantage, applying a wider strategic perspective
A general presentation about working capital. It gives an overview of the structure, management role, cash management. Solutions to manage working capital aspects.
Working capital (abbreviated WC) is a financial metric which represents operating liquidity available to a business, organization, or other entity, including governmental entities. Along with fixed assets such as plant and equipment, working capital is considered a part of operating capital. Gross working capital is equal to current assets. Working capital is calculated as current assets minus current liabilities. If current assets are less than current liabilities, an entity has a working capital deficiency, also called a working capital deficit and Negative Working capital
A general presentation about working capital. It gives an overview of the structure, management role, cash management. Solutions to manage working capital aspects.
Working capital (abbreviated WC) is a financial metric which represents operating liquidity available to a business, organization, or other entity, including governmental entities. Along with fixed assets such as plant and equipment, working capital is considered a part of operating capital. Gross working capital is equal to current assets. Working capital is calculated as current assets minus current liabilities. If current assets are less than current liabilities, an entity has a working capital deficiency, also called a working capital deficit and Negative Working capital
What Are Financial Statements?
Financial statements are written records that convey the business activities and the financial performance of a company. Financial statements are often audited by government agencies, accountants, firms, etc. to ensure accuracy and for tax, financing, or investing purposes. For-profit primary financial statements include the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flow, and statement of changes in equity. Nonprofit entities use a similar but different set of financial statements.
Why is the process of financial reporting important.pdfRathnakarReddy17
Financial reporting gives information and openness about the operations and financial health of an organisation. It is meant to provide our stakeholders with the right information in the right quantity to make better informed decisions. This applies to external investors, tax authorities or internal controls. Good Financial Reporting & Compliance in Delaware puts various parties on the same page with a single version of the truth and gives credibility to the company and management. On the other hand, fraudulent or inaccurate financial statements can damage a company's reputation and values.
Introduction
Working capital typically means the firm’s holding of current or short-term assets such as cash, receivables, inventory and marketable securities.
These items are also referred to as circulating capital
Corporate executives devote a considerable amount of attention to the management of working capital
Definition
Working Capital refers to that part of the firm’s capital, which is required for financing short-term or current assets such a cash marketable securities, debtors and inventories. Funds thus, invested in current assets keep revolving fast and are constantly converted into cash and this cash flow out again in exchange for other current assets. Working Capital is also known as revolving or circulating capital or short-term capital.
Nature Of Working Capital
Working capital management is concerned with the problems that arise in attempting to manage the current assets, the current liabilities and the interrelations that exist between them.
Current assets refer to those assets which in the ordinary course of business can be, or will be, converted into cash within one year without undergoing a diminution in value and without disrupting the operations of the firm.
Examples- cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable and inventory.
Current liabilities are those liabilities which are intended, at their inception, to be paid in the ordinary course of business, within a year, out of the current assets or the earnings of the concern.
Examples- accounts payable, bills payable, bank overdraft and outstanding expenses.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
What Are Financial Statements?
Financial statements are written records that convey the business activities and the financial performance of a company. Financial statements are often audited by government agencies, accountants, firms, etc. to ensure accuracy and for tax, financing, or investing purposes. For-profit primary financial statements include the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flow, and statement of changes in equity. Nonprofit entities use a similar but different set of financial statements.
Why is the process of financial reporting important.pdfRathnakarReddy17
Financial reporting gives information and openness about the operations and financial health of an organisation. It is meant to provide our stakeholders with the right information in the right quantity to make better informed decisions. This applies to external investors, tax authorities or internal controls. Good Financial Reporting & Compliance in Delaware puts various parties on the same page with a single version of the truth and gives credibility to the company and management. On the other hand, fraudulent or inaccurate financial statements can damage a company's reputation and values.
Introduction
Working capital typically means the firm’s holding of current or short-term assets such as cash, receivables, inventory and marketable securities.
These items are also referred to as circulating capital
Corporate executives devote a considerable amount of attention to the management of working capital
Definition
Working Capital refers to that part of the firm’s capital, which is required for financing short-term or current assets such a cash marketable securities, debtors and inventories. Funds thus, invested in current assets keep revolving fast and are constantly converted into cash and this cash flow out again in exchange for other current assets. Working Capital is also known as revolving or circulating capital or short-term capital.
Nature Of Working Capital
Working capital management is concerned with the problems that arise in attempting to manage the current assets, the current liabilities and the interrelations that exist between them.
Current assets refer to those assets which in the ordinary course of business can be, or will be, converted into cash within one year without undergoing a diminution in value and without disrupting the operations of the firm.
Examples- cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable and inventory.
Current liabilities are those liabilities which are intended, at their inception, to be paid in the ordinary course of business, within a year, out of the current assets or the earnings of the concern.
Examples- accounts payable, bills payable, bank overdraft and outstanding expenses.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
Taurus Zodiac Sign_ Personality Traits and Sign Dates.pptxmy Pandit
Explore the world of the Taurus zodiac sign. Learn about their stability, determination, and appreciation for beauty. Discover how Taureans' grounded nature and hardworking mindset define their unique personality.
India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Orthopedic Devices Market -Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2030”, the India Orthopedic Devices Market stood at USD 1,280.54 Million in 2024 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 7.84% in the forecast period, 2026-2030F. The India Orthopedic Devices Market is being driven by several factors. The most prominent ones include an increase in the elderly population, who are more prone to orthopedic conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Moreover, the rise in sports injuries and road accidents are also contributing to the demand for orthopedic devices. Advances in technology and the introduction of innovative implants and prosthetics have further propelled the market growth. Additionally, government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases have led to an upward trend in orthopedic surgeries, thereby fueling the market demand for these devices.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
Accpac to QuickBooks Conversion Navigating the Transition with Online Account...PaulBryant58
This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Remote sensing and monitoring are changing the mining industry for the better. These are providing innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. Those related to exploration, extraction, and overall environmental management by mining technology companies Odisha. These technologies make use of satellite imaging, aerial photography and sensors to collect data that might be inaccessible or from hazardous locations. With the use of this technology, mining operations are becoming increasingly efficient. Let us gain more insight into the key aspects associated with remote sensing and monitoring when it comes to mining.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
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Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
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"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...
mat.ppt
1. The Effective Financial Controller -
Managing Financial Functions and
Improvement Opportunities
Dr. Batool alrfooh
2. Introductions
The Controller’s Position
Financial management careers offer solid job security,
strong salary potential and plenty of room for
advancement. In the accounting field, these senior finance
professionals lead accounting departments and help shape
financial strategy at organizations of all sizes.
3. What Does a Controller Do?
• Key responsibilities of a controller typically include:
• Managing the financial reporting process: The controller
oversees the preparation of financial statements, such
as income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow
statements, ensuring that they are accurate, complete,
and in compliance with Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles (GAAP) or International Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRS).
• Implementing and maintaining internal controls: The
controller is responsible for establishing and maintaining
a robust system of internal controls to safeguard the
company’s assets, prevent fraud, and ensure the
reliability of financial reporting.
4. What Does a Controller Do?
• Budgeting and forecasting: The controller participates in
the budgeting process, working with other departments
to develop and analyze budgets, monitor financial
performance, and identify variances.
• Tax compliance and planning: The controller ensures
that the company meets all tax filing and reporting
requirements, while also working on tax planning
strategies to minimize tax liabilities and optimize the
company’s financial position.
• Managing the accounting team: The controller typically
supervises the accounting staff, providing guidance,
training, and support to ensure that accounting activities
are performed accurately and efficiently.
5. What Does a Controller Do?
• Financial analysis and decision support: The controller
provides financial analysis and insights to support
management decision-making, helping to evaluate the
financial implications of various business initiatives and
strategies.
• Audit coordination: The controller serves as the primary
liaison with external auditors, facilitating the annual audit
process and ensuring that audit requirements are met.
6. The controller’s role in
management
• A controller has two apparently contradictory
responsibilities: (1) the management service
responsibility of ensuring that specialist knowledge and
expertise get proper consideration when business
decisions and actions are taken, and (2) the custodial
and monitoring responsibility of ensuring the accuracy of
financial reporting and the integrity of internal control.
The apparent contradiction is that the first responsibility
requires active involvement in management while the
second calls for a sense of independence from affiliated
management.
7. The controller’s role in
management
• Sathe stresses that "strong" controllers overcome this
dilemma by developing certain interpersonal skills. Such
"strong" controllers thus have access to sensitive
information and deliberations in progress--an access that
permits them to take before-the-fact actions that stop ill-
conceived, ill-advised, or illegal decisions before they are
taken. A controller who is not actively involved in
decision making is not privy to such information and can
exert only after-the-fact or reactive control. However, the
costs of operating with a strong controller must be
weighed against the potential benefits and compared
with the benefits of alternate approaches.
8. The controller’s role in
management
• Sathe stresses that "strong" controllers overcome this
dilemma by developing certain interpersonal skills. Such
"strong" controllers thus have access to sensitive
information and deliberations in progress--an access that
permits them to take before-the-fact actions that stop ill-
conceived, ill-advised, or illegal decisions before they are
taken. A controller who is not actively involved in
decision making is not privy to such information and can
exert only after-the-fact or reactive control. However, the
costs of operating with a strong controller must be
weighed against the potential benefits and compared
with the benefits of alternate approaches.
10. Understanding Working Capital
Management
• The primary purpose of working capital management is
to enable the company to maintain sufficient cash flow to
meet its short-term operating costs and short-term debt
obligations. A company's working capital is made up of
its current assets minus its current liabilities.
• Current assets include anything that can be easily
converted into cash within 12 months. These are the
company's highly liquid assets. Some current assets
include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, and short-
term investments. Current liabilities are any obligations
due within the following 12 months. These include
accruals for operating expenses and current portions of
long-term debt payments.
11. Understanding Working Capital
Management
• The primary purpose of working capital management is
to enable the company to maintain sufficient cash flow to
meet its short-term operating costs and short-term debt
obligations. A company's working capital is made up of
its current assets minus its current liabilities.
• Current assets include anything that can be easily
converted into cash within 12 months. These are the
company's highly liquid assets. Some current assets
include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, and short-
term investments. Current liabilities are any obligations
due within the following 12 months. These include
accruals for operating expenses and current portions of
long-term debt payments.
12. Main Components of Working
Capital Management
• Cash
The core of working capital management is tracking cash
and cash needs. This involves managing the company's
cash flow by forecasting needs, monitoring cash balances,
and optimizing cash inflows and outflows to ensure that the
company has enough cash to meet its obligations. Because
cash is always considered a current asset, all accounts
should be considered. However, companies should be
mindful of restricted or time-bound deposits.
13. Main Components of Working
Capital Management
• Receivables
To manage capital, companies must be mindful of their
receives. This is especially important in the short-term as
they wait for credit sales to be completed. This involves
managing the company's credit policies, monitoring
customer payments, and improving collection practices. At
the end of the day, having completed a sale does not
matter if the company is unable to collect payment on the
sale.
14. Main Components of Working
Capital Management
• Payables
Payables in one aspect of working capital management
that companies can take advantage of that they often have
greater control over. While other aspects of working capital
management may be out of the company's hands (i.e.
selling goods or collecting receivables), companies often
have a say in how they pay suppliers, what the credit terms
are, and when cash outlays are made.
15. Main Components of Working
Capital Management
• Inventory
Companies primary consider inventory during working
capital management as it may be most risky aspect of
managing capital. When inventory is sold, a company must
go to the market and rely on consumer preferences to
convert inventory to cash. If this cannot be completed in a
timely manner, the company may be forced to have short-
term resource stuck in an illiquid position. Alternatively, the
company may be able to quickly sell the inventory but only
with a steep price discount.
16. Current Assets & Current Liabilities
are collectively known as
WORKING CAPITAL
Components of Working Capital
Accounts Receivable:
arise because of companies do not usually expect
customers to pay for their purchases immediately.
These unpaid bills are a valuable asset that companies
expect to be able to turn into cash in the near future.
TRADE CREDIT : Unpaid bills from sales to other companies.
CONSUMER CREDIT : Sales of goods to the final customers.
Cash & Marketable Securities:
Cash: Dollar Bills & Bank Deposits.
DEMAND DEPOSITS: Money in checking accounts that the firm can pay out immediately.
TIME DEPOSITS: Money in saving accounts that the firm can pay out only with a delay.
Marketable Securities: Commercial Paper & Tresury Bills
17. Components of Working Capital
Accounts Payable: Unpaid Bills
Outstanding payments due to other companies
One firm’s credit is another firm’s debit
NET WORKING CAPITAL
CURRENT ASSETS – CURRENT LIABILITIES
Generally called as
WORKING CAPITAL
19. CASH CONVERSION CYCLE =
(Inventory Period + Receivables Period) – Accounts Payable Period
CASH CONVERSION CYCLE :
Period between firm’s payment for materials and collection on its sales
Inventory Period = Average Inventory / [Cost of Goods Sold / 365]
Receivables Period = Average Accounts Receivables / [Sales / 365]
Payable Period = Average Payable / [Sales / 365]
20. Working Capital Trade-off
Carrying Costs:
Costs of maintaining Current Assets; including opportinity cost of capital.
Investment in CASH & RECEIVABLES may cause an interest loss and
Investment in INVENTORY has opportinity cost of capital; storage & insurance costs
Shortage Costs:
Costs incurred from shortages in Current Assets
Shortage in CASH may incur unnecassary transaction costs of selling marketable securities and
Shortage in RECEIVABLES may cause to lose customers because of credit sales’ restrictions
Shortage in INVENTORY may have shut down production & unable to to fill orders promptly
Carrying Costs encourage firm to hold current assets to a MINIMUM
Shortage Costs encourage firm to hold current assets to a MAXIMUM
It’s an art to find the LEVEL of CURRENT ASSETS
that minimizes the sum of
Carrying Costs & Shortage Costs
21. Links between
LONG-TERM & SHORT-TERM fınancıng
Short-Term financing
Time
Long -Term financing
Seasonal
component of
required assets
Total
Capital
Requirement
STRATEGIES:
1. Matching Maturities: Long-Lived assets with long-term debt & Current Assets with short-term debt
2. Permanent Working Capital Requirements: A positive amount of WORKING CAPITAL
3. The Comforts of Surplus Cash:The firm is always a short-term lender (Relaxed Strategy)
Firm’s Total Capital Requirement: The Cost of Assets
22. TRACING CHANGES IN CASH & NWC
Cash Budgeting:
Forecasting future sources and uses of cash
Alerts for future cash needs & provides a standart
Three Common Steps to preparing Cash Budget
1. Forecast the sources of cash
3. Calculate whether the firm is facing a
cash shortage or plus
2. Forecast the uses of cash
23. DETAILS:
The Steps of Calculating Sources of Cash
1. Receivables at the start of period
2. Forecast Sales
3. Forecast Collections
• Sales in current period (%?)
• Sales in last period (%?)
TOTAL COLLECTIONS
4. Receivables at the end of period
5. Other sources of cash (Dispose of land, machine, stock)
Ending Accounts Receivable = Beginning Acc. Rec. + Sales - Collections
24. DETAILS:
The Steps of Calculating Uses of Cash
1. Payments for Accounts Payable
2. Labor, Administrative and Other Expenses
(Regular Business Expenses)
3. Capital Expenditures (Pay for long-lived assets)
4. Taxes, Interest and Dividend Payments
Prepare SOURCES & USES CASH LIST each period
Determine Short-Term Financing Requirements
26. QUESTIONS:
1. Cash or Marketable Securities enough or expand?
2. Does plan cahnge Current & Quick Ratios?
3. Hidden costs to stretching payables?
4. Does plan leave DYNAMIC in good financial shape for 2005?
5. What about log-term financing and capital expenditures?
6. Can the firm’s operating and investment plans be adjusted to
make the short-term financing problem easier?
SHORT-TERM FINANCING PLANS MUST BE DEVELOPED BY
TRIAL & ERROR !...
27. SOURCES OF SHORT-TERM FINANCING
Bank Loans:
Line of Credit: Aggrement by a bank that a company may borrow at
any time up to an established limit.
Revolving Credit Aggrement: If the firm wants to be sure it will able
to borrow; it can enter a RCA. ( RCA usually last for a few years and formally commit the
bank to an aggreed limit. A committment fee is required on any unused amount.)
Term Loans: Conditional Credit (Loans are paid when the goods are sold)
Syndicate Credit: Banks combined to provide cash
Commercial Paper:
Short-Term unsecured notes issued by firms
28. SOURCES OF SHORT-TERM FINANCING
Secured Loans:
Accounts Receivables Financing
1. Some companies solve their financing problem by borrowing on
the strength of their current assets!...
When a loan is secured by receivables, the firm assigns the receivables
to the bank.
The risk of default on the receivables is therefore borne by the firm
2. Others solve it by selling their current assets!...
An alternative procedure is to sell the receivables at a discount
to a financial institution known as FACTOR and let it collect the
money.
Once the firm has sold receivables, the factor bears all the
responsibility for collecting on the accounts!...
Inventory Financing
Bank also lend on the security of inventory; but they are choosy
about the inventory they will accept!...
29. THE COST OF BANK LOANS
Simple Interest
1. Simple Interest: The interest rate on bank loans frequently is
quoated on APR
2. Discount Interest : The interest rate on bank is often calculated on a
discount basis.
3. Interest with Compensating Balances: Occasionally, bank loans
require the firm to maintain some amount on balance at the bank,
which is called as Compensating Balance.
The reason is that borrower must pay interest on full amount borrowed
but has access only part of the funds.
In each case; the face value of the interest has to be
converted to effective interest rate in order to learn the actual
burden on the loan.
Editor's Notes
But what is a controller, exactly? we’ll examine these professionals’ responsibilities and the skills required to excel in their profession. We’ll also explore earning potential, job outlook and prerequisites for this role.
يشرف المراقبون على إعداد التقارير المالية لمنظماتهم. قد تتضمن هذه التقارير تحليلات للنفقات أو الأرباح المستقبلية وبيانات الدخل والميزانية العمومية. عادةً ما يدير المراقبون الماليون أقسام الميزانية والتدقيق والمحاسبة في مؤسساتهم، مما يجعلهم مديرين ماليين رفيعي المستوى.
يركز جزء كبير من الوصف الوظيفي للمحاسب على تتبع البيانات المالية الحالية والسابقة. هذه المسؤوليات هي أيضًا جزء من وظيفة المراقب المالي. لكن المراقب يأخذ دورًا نشطًا في التنبؤ ووضع الاستراتيجيات لمستقبل شركتهم. يجب على المراقبين فهم الأهداف المالية لأصحاب العمل وتقديم توصيات مستنيرة بالبيانات حول كيفية تحقيقها.
يشرف المراقبون على إعداد التقارير المالية لمنظماتهم. قد تتضمن هذه التقارير تحليلات للنفقات أو الأرباح المستقبلية وبيانات الدخل والميزانية العمومية. عادةً ما يدير المراقبون الماليون أقسام الميزانية والتدقيق والمحاسبةيشرف المراقبون الماليون على وظائف المحاسبة القياسية. وتشمل هذه الوظائف حفظ السجلات المالية الداخلية، وإنشاء التقارير، وإصدار المدفوعات وتحصيلها، ومعالجة كشوف المرتبات، وضمان الامتثال للقوانين واللوائح ذات الصلة. قد لا يتولى المراقبون هذه الواجبات بأنفسهم، لكنهم مسؤولون عن ضمان قيام موظفيهم بتنفيذها بشكل صحيح.
في الشركات المتداولة علنًا، يشرف المراقبون أيضًا على عملية إنتاج تقارير المساهمين وتقديم البيانات المالية إلى لجنة الأوراق المالية والبورصة وفقًا لمبادئ المحاسبة المقبولة عمومًا.
بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يؤدي المراقبون وظائف قيادية واستشارية رئيسية. يقوم المراقب بتعيين أعضاء فريق المحاسبة وتدريبهم والإشراف عليهم ويحدد أسلوب قسمهم وأولوياته واستراتيجيته التشغيلية. يعتمد المسؤولون التنفيذيون على مهارات التنبؤ الخاصة بالمراقبين والمعرفة المالية والقدرة التحليلية للمساعدة في وضع ميزانيات الشركة المعقولة والتعامل مع المشكلات المالية.
يشرف المراقبون على إعداد التقارير المالية لمنظماتهم. قد تتضمن هذه التقارير تحليلات للنفقات أو الأرباح المستقبلية وبيانات الدخل والميزانية العمومية. عادةً ما يدير المراقبون الماليون أقسام الميزانية والتدقيق والمحاسبة في مؤسساتهم، مما يجعلهم مديرين ماليين رفيعي المستوى.
يركز جزء كبير من الوصف الوظيفي للمحاسب على تتبع البيانات المالية الحالية والسابقة. هذه المسؤوليات هي أيضًا جزء من وظيفة المراقب المالي. لكن المراقب يأخذ دورًا نشطًا في التنبؤ ووضع الاستراتيجيات لمستقبل شركتهم. يجب على المراقبين فهم الأهداف المالية لأصحاب العمل وتقديم توصيات مستنيرة بالبيانات حول كيفية تحقيقها.