Maths Quiz

RamanuGen
The Mathematics Society
of Ramanujan College
presents
(The Mathematics Quiz)
https://www.facebook.com/ramanugen/
https://www.instagram.com/ramanugen/
The
Mathematics
Society

Rules
• There are going to be two rounds: Preliminary and Final. First round is open to all. Six
teams will be screened from this round who will play in the finals.
• First round consists of 30 questions. Out of these 30 questions, 6 questions (namely
question number 5,10,15,20,25 and 30) are 𝝅-marked. They will be used to rank teams in
case of a tie.
• Participants are instructed to discuss questions only with their team mates (if any). Anyone
found cheating in any way will be immediately disqualified.
• Use of mobile phones or any other electronic devices are prohibited.
• Hints will be provided by the Quiz master at his discretion.
• All other unmentioned rules are at Quiz Master’s discretion.

Chaliye ham aur aap mil kay
khelete hai Ansatz !!!

1. Fill in the blanks
The word “ Ansatz ”
means
_________

The word Ansatz means “educated guess” that is verified later by its
results. This term is often used in Mathematics and Physics.

2. The symbol … (series of 3 dots) is often used in mathematics to
indicate continuation of a list in the same manner.
For e.g.
1,2,3,…,100 denotes the sequence of first 100 natural numbers.
What is this symbol called ?

3. _____________ obtained both B.Sc (Hons) and M.Sc degrees from
Rajasthan University. He also holds PhD in Mathematics from Rajasthan
University.
He turned author by sheer accident. He was doing his PhD from Rajasthan
University when a senior teacher who taught linear algebra passed away.
"There was a vacuum because there was no standardised Indian textbook for
the subject. The only book that could be used was by a foreign author and very
expensive. I had scored 100% in the subject. So I stepped in to write my first
book in 1986. It was not only adopted in the university but continued to be
used for the next 10- 11 years," he said in an interview.
He is also the author of a famous line of mathematics reference books.
(Image on the next slide) (Extra 1 point if you write the full name)

__________ was an Iranian mathematician and a professor of mathematics at
Stanford University.
On 13 August 2014, __________ was honoured with the Fields Medal, the most
prestigious award in mathematics becoming both the first woman and the first
Iranian to be honoured with the award. The award committee cited her work in
"the dynamics and geometry of Riemann surfaces and their moduli spaces".
On 14 July 2017, __________ died of breast cancer at the age of 40.

5. X was a European mathematician who did pioneering work in a variety
of fields. His most famous work can be stated, in simple words, as “
Polynomials of degree 5 can not solved in radicals ” which he published
in 1824.
He made outstanding contributions while living in poverty and died at the
young age of 26 from tuberculosis.
Charles Hermite once said “ X has left mathematicians enough to keep
them busy for five hundred years.”
In fact, there is a very famous mathematical prize named after him.
Who is X?

6. The house depicted in the picture is very a famous place. What is this
place?

This is the house of Srinivasa Ramanujan in Kumbakonam, where his
family had moved after his birth. It is now maintained as the Srinivasa
Ramanujan International Monument.

7. X is the name of Indian Journal of Statistics and it is published by Y.
Identify X and Y.

Sankhya is the name of Indian Journal of Statistics and it is published by
Indian Statistical Institute.
Sankhya is published in two Series. Series A publishes papers in Probability
and Mathematical Statistics and appears in February, June and October.
Series B publishes papers in Statistical Methods and Applied Statistics
including Quantitative Economics and appears in April, August and
December.

8. “ Corgito ergo sum ”
This is a Latin philosophical quote from X. X is dubbed as the father of
modern western philosophy and is quite famous in mathematical world
for his contributions in co-ordinate geometry.
Who is X and what this quote translates to in English ?

“ Corgito ergo sum ”
X is the famous French philosopher René Descartes and this quote
translates to “I think, therefore I am”.

In logic, reductio ad absurdum is a form of reasoning aimed at either
• establishing falsity of a statement by illustrating that it eventually leads
to an absurd statement
• establishing truth of a statement by showing that if it were not true, the
result would be absurd or impossible.
This technique has been used throughout history in both formal
mathematical and philosophical reasoning. This method is popularly
known as _____________ in mathematics.

10 . Fill in the blanks
Felix Klein and George Cantor are credited with putting forward the idea of
_________ in the 1890s . The first _________ was held in Zurich in August
1897.

International Congress of Mathematicians

11. The great Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan died at a young
age of 32. Lo and behold his wife Janaki (Janakiammal) lived for quite
long. What was her age when she died?

Mrs. Janakiammal Ramanujan, the wife
of Srinivasa Ramanujan, breathed her last
on the morning of April 13, 1994, at her
residence at the age of 94.

12. Originally this sign (or a plain line) was used in
ancient manuscripts to mark passages that were
suspected of being corrupted or spurious. It is a
symbol resembling a small dagger.
In mathematics, this sign is mainly used to represent
the operation of division.
This symbol was first used as a symbol for division in
1659 in the algebra book “ Teutsche Algebra ” by
Johann Rahn.
What is the name of this symbol?

The given symbol is called Obelus.

13. The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt
Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Since its debut on December 17,
1989, more than 600 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast. It is
the longest-running American sitcom.
The Simpsons is famous for dropping bits of mathematics in their show. The
infamous "Treehouse of Horror VI" episode presents the most intense five
minutes of mathematics ever broadcast to a mass audience.
In fact, a mathematician wrote a book “Simpsons and their mathematical
secrets” describing these bits of mathematics.
Next slide consist of a video. There is something mathematically wrong with
this video. Identify what that is ?

Video at : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZEZY92aBCY

Violation of Fermat’s Last Theorem.

_____________ is popularly known as father of Indian Statistics. Former
prime minister Manmohan Singh, in ____________'s honour declared
29th June as the National Statistics Day.
(Extra 1 point if you could write his full name correctly)

Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis / P.C Mahalanobis

15. X is a famous problem in mathematical analysis first posed by Pietro
Mengoli in 1644 and was solved by Y in 1734 and read on 5 December
1735 in The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The problem basically
asks for the precise value of following sum.
1
12
+
1
22
+
1
32
+ …
Identify X and Y.
(Extra 2 points if could write the value of this series)

X : Basel Problem
Y : Leonhard Euler
1
12 +
1
22 +
1
32 + … =
𝜋2
6

16. Following is a list of problems famously known as X.
• Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture
• Hodge conjecture
• Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness
• P versus NP problem
• Poincaré conjecture
• Riemann hypothesis
• Yang–Mills existence and mass gap
Out of these problems only has been solved so far. Which problem is that ?
(Extra 1 point if you could write the name of mathematician who solved
that problem)

X : Millennium Prize Problems
Y : Poincare Conjecture. It was proven by Grigori Perelman in 2003.

17. He was a British polymath. He was a mathematician, philosopher,
writer, logician, political activist, social critic.
He wrote a book titled Principia Mathematica but he is not Newton.
He is regarded as father of analytic philosophy and he championed anti-
imperialism, supported pacifism and ardently supported nuclear
disarmament.
He received Nobel Prize in 1950.
Who is he ?

Bertrand Arthur William Russell

18. X is a professor of mathematics at Princeton University and was awarded
the Fields Medal in 2014.
X was born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada to Hindu immigrant parents from India
and he grew up primarily in Long Island, New York. His mother, a mathematician
at Hofstra University, was his first mathematics teacher. He completed all of his
high school math and computer science courses by age 14. He obtained his B.A.
from Harvard University in 1996 and went on to receive his doctorate from
Princeton in 2001 under the supervision of Andrew Wiles.
In addition of being a mathematical prodigy, X is an ardent admirer of Sanskrit
poetry and is an accomplished tabla player, having studied under Zakir Hussain.
Identify X.

19. Pi day is celebrated on 14th March of every year since 2009.
What do we celebrate on June 28 of each year?

Two Pi Day, also known as Tau Day is celebrated on June 28th of every
year.

20. X was a Canadian mathematician. His thesis entitled Symbolic Finite
Solutions and Solutions by Definite Integrals of the Equation
𝒅 𝒏 𝒚
𝒅𝒙 𝒏 = 𝒙 𝒎 𝒚 was
published in the American Journal of Mathematics in 1886.
X is best known for development of the Y, which is considered by some to be
the Nobel Prize in Mathematics. First awarded in 1936, Y was reintroduced in
1950 and has been awarded every four years since. It is awarded to two to four
mathematicians, under the age of 40, who have made important contributions
to the field.
Identify X and Y.

X : John Charles Fields
Y : Fields Medal

21. G.S. Carr, a British mathematician, wrote a book with title X. This
book, first published in 1880, was read and studied closely by a very
famous South-Indian mathematician Y when he was a teenager. It is said
that X was written as a study guide for Tripos Mathematics Examination at
the University of Cambridge.
Identify X & Y.

X : Synopsis of Pure Mathematics
Y : Srinivasa Ramanujan

22. X was born on 7 February 1877, in Cranleigh, Surrey, England, into a
teaching family. X is usually known by those outside the field of mathematics
for his essay from 1940 on the aesthetics of mathematics, “ A
Mathematician's Apology ”.
X once said “ I have never done anything useful. No discovery of mine has
made, or is likely to make, directly or indirectly, for good or ill, the least
difference to the amenity of the world. ”
X once told Bertrand Russell “ If I could prove by logic that you would die in
five minutes, I should be sorry you were going to die, but my sorrow would
be very much mitigated by pleasure in the proof ".
Who is X ?

23. It was first held in Romania in 1959. It has since been held annually, except
in 1980. It was initially founded for eastern European member countries of
the Warsaw Pact, under the Soviet bloc of influence, but later other countries
participated as well. It has since been held annually, except in 1980.
In January 2011, Google sponsored €1 million to the its organization.

International Mathematics Olympiad (IMO)

24. Identify these mathematicians

Pythagoras of Samos Pierre de Fermat

"The discovery of this 'Lost Notebook' caused roughly as much stir in the
mathematical world as the discovery of Beethoven’s ___________ would
cause in the musical world."
This is a line from the blog written By Peter Dough for the Illinois College
of Liberal Arts & Sciences about the Ramanujan's Lost Notebook.

Google created this doddle in honor of a famous mathematician
___________ on his 306th birthday in the year 2013.

27. He was a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, natural philosopher,
alchemist and theologian. He is considered by many to be one of the most
influential men in human history.
Besides being an extraordinary mathematician, he was a Member of
Parliament for some years, and became master of the Royal Mint in 1699. He
also held the position of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics.
In 1703, he was made President of the Royal Society and, in 1705, became the
first scientist ever to be knighted.
Who is he ?

28. He is the only Australian to have won medals at both the International
Physics Olympiad and International Mathematical Olympiad, which he did at
the age of 12.
In 2018, he was awarded the Fields Medal for his synthesis of analytic number
theory, homogeneous dynamics, topology, and representation theory.
He is the second Australian and the second person of Indian descent to win the
Fields Medal and has also been a recipient of SASTRA Ramanujan Prize.
Who is he ?

29. X shared the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with game
theorists Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi.
In 2015, he also shared the Abel Prize with Louis Nirenberg for his work on
nonlinear partial differential equations. X is the only person to be awarded both
the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and the Abel Prize.
His struggles with his illness and his recovery became the basis for Sylvia
Nasar’s book titled Y which eventually was made into a film with the same title
Y.
Identify X and Y.

X : John Forbes Nash Jr.
Y : The Beautiful Mind

The word __________ comes from a Latin mistranslation of the Arabic jiba,
which is a transliteration of the Sanskrit word for half the chord, jya-ardha.
Meaning of this word in Latin is bosom.
This term is one of the central word of Trigonometry.

Sine
The word sine derives from the Sanskrit word for chord, jiva. This was
transliterated in Arabic as jiba which however is meaningless in that
language and abbreviated jb .Since Arabic is written without short
vowels, "jb" was interpreted as the word jaib which means "bosom".
When the Arabic texts were translated in the 12th century into Latin by
Gerard of Cremona, he used the Latin equivalent for "bosom", sinus
(which means "bosom" or "bay" or "fold").

The teams are :-
• Team 𝛼
• Team 𝛽
• Team 𝛾
• Team 𝛿
• Team 𝜖
• Team 𝜃

Rules
• This round is based on pounce and bounce format.
• Each round consists of six direct questions, one for each team.
• In case, any other team knows the answer to the asked question then they
can pounce. Pouncing should be done within 15 seconds.
• +10 points for correctly answering direct question. No negative marking.
• +15 points for correctly answering after pouncing. -10 points if wrong.
• All unmentioned rules at Quiz Master’s discretion.

1. He is a prominent figure in Indian politics. Due to his witty and outspoken
character, he is often found in controversies.
He attended Hindu College, University of Delhi, from where he earned his
Bachelors Honours degree in Mathematics. He then took his master's degree in
Statistics from the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata. He was later
recommended by Hendrik S. Houthakker and went to study at Harvard
University where he received a PhD in Economics in 1965.
When he was a student at ISI Kolkata, the then director of the institute
Mahalanobis, due to a personal rivalry with his father, made sure his test scores
were not good. Ultimately, he published a paper in Econometrica proving that
Mahalanobis work on Fractile Analysis was plagiarized.
Who is he ?

2. Ramanujan's lost notebook is the manuscript in which the Indian
mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan recorded the mathematical discoveries of
the last year (1919–1920) of his life. Its whereabouts were unknown to all but a
few mathematicians until it was rediscovered by George Andrews in 1976, in a
box of effects of G. N. Watson. This lost notebook of Ramanujan is stored in a
17th-century library.
This library houses some of the most amazing creations of all time including :-
• Isaac Newton's first edition copy of Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica with handwritten notes for the second edition.
• Isaac Newton's (1659–61) Notebook
• The Capell collection of early Shakespeare editions
• A collection of autograph poems by John Milton
What is the name of this library and where it is located?

Ramanujan's lost notebook is stored at the famous Wren’s Library of Trinity
College, University of Cambridge.

The ____________ manuscript is notable for being "the oldest extant
manuscript in Indian mathematics" with portions dated to AD 224–383.
Written in Sanskrit with significant influence of local dialects, it contains the
earliest known Indian use of a zero symbol.
This manuscript was unearthed from a field in 1881, by a peasant in the village
of Bakhshali, which is near Mardan, now in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
The first research on the manuscript was done by A. F. R. Hoernlé. After his
death, it was examined by G. R. Kaye, who edited the work and published it as a
book in 1927.

4. OEIS stands for X. Founded in 1964, it is an e-database of integer
sequences having more than 300,000 sequences. It was created and
maintained by a British-American mathematician Y while a researcher at
AT&T Labs. Foreseeing his retirement from AT&T Labs in 2012 and the
need for an independent foundation, Y agreed to transfer the intellectual
property and hosting of the OEIS to the OEIS Foundation in October
2009. Y continues to be involved in the OEIS in his role as President of the
OEIS Foundation. OEIS records information on integer sequences of
interest to both professional mathematicians and amateurs, and is widely
cited. As of 19 March 2018 it contains over 300,000 sequences, making it
the largest database of its kind.
Identify X and Y.

The OEIS stands for On-Line Encyclopaedia of Integer Sequences. It was
created and maintained by Neil Sloan.

5. The computer scientist George Woltman, a MIT graduate founded a
project X for searching Mersenne Prime Numbers in 1996-97. It is a
collaborative project of volunteers who uses different available software
to search Mersenne Primes. The project began in early January 1996, with
a program that ran on i386 computers. X is registered as Mersenne
Research, Inc. and is said to be one of the first large scale distributed
computing projects over the Internet for research purposes.
Identify X ?
Mersenne Primes are prime numbers of the form 2 𝑛
− 1 for some natural
number 𝑛. E.g. 7 is a Mersenne prime as 7 = 23
− 1.

X stands for GIMPS (Great Internet Mersenne Prime
Search).

6. How many zeroes are in a googol ?

A googol is the large number 10¹⁰⁰. It is 1 followed by 100 zeros.

_____________ was a French mathematician, physicist and philosopher. _____________
father was a wealthy person having political reach. It is therefore assumed that she witnessed
many discussions between her father and his friends on politics and philosophy. When
_____________ was 13, the Bastille fell, and the revolutionary atmosphere of the city forced
her to stay inside. For entertainment she turned to her father's library. Here she found J. E.
Montucla's L'Histoire des Mathématiques, and his story of the death of Archimedes intrigued
her. Because of prejudice against her sex, she could not make a career of mathematics and
worked independently throughout her life.
She died at the age of 55 due to cancer.
This following identity named after her comes quite handy while factoring polynomials.
𝑥4 + 4𝑦4 = (𝑥2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦2)(𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦2)

2. The given picture is of a French mathematician
and politician.
In addition of being a mathematical prodigy and a
Fields medallist, he has also written a French comic
book and have also been featured on cover pages
of French fashion magazines. The New
Yorker referred to him as the “ Lady Gaga of French
mathematicians ”. The Guardian called him “ Lord
Byron on a mini break ”.
His Ted talk “What so sexy about mathematics ?”
has over 400,000 views on YouTube. Interestingly,
he received the Fields medal from Pratibha Patil in
Hyderabad in August 2010.
Who is he ?

3. Dichotomy Paradox
Before an object can travel a given distance 𝒅, it must travel a distance Τ𝒅
𝟐. In
order to travel Τ𝒅
𝟐, it must travel Τ𝒅
𝟒. Since this sequence goes on forever, it
therefore appears that the distance 𝒅 can not be travelled.
The resolution of this paradox awaited calculus and the proof that infinite
geometric series as
1
2
+
1
22 +
1
23 + …
can converge to a finite number, so that the infinite number of "half-steps"
needed is balanced by the increasingly short amount of timed needed to
traverse the distance.
This is one paradox in a group of paradoxes called X named after a Greek
Philosopher Y. What are X and Y ?

X : Zeno’s Paradoxes
Y : Zeno of Elea

4. X pursued research in pure mathematics, the first ever done in America.
He was the founder of the American Journal of Mathematics, the first journal
in America devoted to mathematical research.
W.P. Durfee said about him “ X had one remarkable peculiarity. He seldom
remembered theorems, propositions, etc., but had always to deduce them
when he wished to use them. ”
His major contributions to mathematics were in the theory of equations,
matrix theory, determinant theory and invariant theory (which he founded
with another mathematician Cayley).
Identify X.

X is J.J Sylvester (James Joseph Sylvester)

5. He is a Britisher. At the time of his birth, his father was on leave from his
position with the Indian Civil Service (ICS) at Chhatrapur, Bihar and Orissa
Province, in British India.
He decoded a famous unbreakable Nazi German’s World War II technology at
Bletchley Park. In 1936, he developed the idea of a machine which became the
basis for the first computer. And he developed a test for artificial intelligence in
1950, which is still used today.
In 1952, he was arrested after reporting a burglary in his home. In the course of
the investigation, the police discovered that he was in a relationship with another
man, Arnold Murray. Homosexual relationships were illegal in the UK at the time,
and he was charged with “gross indecency.” He pled guilty on the advice of his
lawyer, and opted to undergo chemical castration instead of serving time in jail.
Sinking into deep depression, the 41-year-old committed suicide on 8 June 1954.
Who is he ?

He is Alan Mathison Turing and he broke Enigma encryption.

6. He was described by Napoleon Bonaparte as “The lofty pyramids of the
mathematical sciences.”
He was the first to use the notation f’(x) and f”(x) for derivatives.
He is generally acknowledged as one of the two greatest mathematicians of the
eighteenth century, along with Leonhard Euler.
When asked to leave Turin for a considerably more prestigious post in Berlin. He
turned down the offer responding that, “It seems to me that Berlin would not
be at all suitable for me while M.Euler is there.”
Who was he ?

“Introduction in analysin infonitoirum” is a two-volume work by
__________. This book lays the foundations of mathematical analysis.
Originally written in Latin and published in 1748, the first volume consists
of 18 chapters and the second volume consists of 22 chapters.

2. Analysis Situs is a book authored by a Princeton University professor
named Oswald Veblen in 1922. The book was based on his 1916 lectures
at the Colloquium of the American Mathematical Society and its contents
were based on the work of Henri Poincaré as well as Veblen's own work
with his former student and colleague, James Alexander.
The book “Analysis Situs” is said to be the first English-language textbook
on a particular field of mathematics.
What is that field of mathematics?

3. Donald Ervin Knuth is an American computer scientist, mathematician, and professor
emeritus at Stanford University. He invented the typesetting language TeX from which LaTeX is
developed which is the language in which nearly all of the research articles are written now-a-
days. Donald Knuth wrote a novelette in the year 1974 in a rather unusual circumstances which
is pretty up summed by the Amazon.com description of the book. Here is a section of that
description
Knuth said in a interview that he finished the book in just 6 days in a hotel room.
What is the title of the book?

_____________ is a biographical novel by David Leavitt, published in 2007. It
is loosely based on the famous partnership between the Indian
mathematician, Srinivasa Ramanujan and his British mentor , G.H Hardy .
The novel is set against the backdrop of the first world war and colonial India .
It features such prominent writer and public figures as D.H Lawrence and
Bertrand Russell.
The novel was shortlisted for the 2009 international IMPAC Dublin Literary
Award.

5. In his book, Fibonacci introduced the so-called modus Indorum (Method of the
Indians), today known as the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. The book advocated
numeration with the digits 0-9 and place value.
By addressing the applications of both commercial tradesmen and mathematicians, it
contributed to convincing the public of the superiority of the Hindu–Arabic numeral
system.
The name of this book is “Liber Abaci”. It contains the earliest known description of
the Fibonacci sequence outside of India, the sequence had been noted by Indian
mathematicians as early as the sixth century.
Picture on the next slide.
What is this book called in English ?

6. X is a work by Archimedes in which he set out to determine an upper
bound for the number of grains of sand that fit into the universe. In order
to do this, he had to estimate the size of the universe according to the
contemporary model, and invent a way to talk about extremely large
numbers.
X is called ‘ Archimedis Syracusani Arenarius & Dimensio Circuli ’ in Latin
which is about 8 pages long in translation, is addressed to
the Syracusan king Gelo II (son of Hiero II), and is probably the most
accessible work of Archimedes. In some sense, it is the first research-
expository paper.
Identify X.

1. X was a 19th century British mathematician and logician. He was born
in Madurai, India in 1806 and unfortunately became blind in one eye a
month or two after he was born. His father worked for East India Company.
He introduced the term ‘Mathematical Induction’, making its idea more
rigorous and is also famous for a pair of law named after him in logic.
His most distinctive work is styled A Budget of Paradoxes. It originally
appeared as letters in the columns of the Athenæum journal. It was revised
and extended by X in the last years of his life, and was published
posthumously by his widow in 1872.
Identify X.

2. Born in the Indian state of Kerala in 1350, he founded the Kerala School of
Mathematics & Astronomy.
He introduced in the fourteenth century, profound mathematical ideas that are
now part of Calculus.
He was very comfortable with the idea of infinity, something that was rare at
his time, and gave infinite series for sine, cosine and tangent function.
In astronomy, he discovered a procedure to determine the positions of the
moon every 36 minutes , and methods to estimate the motions of the planets.
There is a Indian mathematical competition for under-graduate students
named after him.
Who is he ?

_________ was a mathematician and engineer who
was active in his native city of Alexandria, Roman
Egypt. _________ published a well recognized
description of a steam-powered device. Among his
most famous inventions was a windwheel,
constituting the earliest instance of wind
harnessing on land. Much of his original writings
and designs have been lost, but some of his works
were preserved - mostly in manuscripts from the
Eastern Roman Empire, and a smaller part in Latin
or Arabic translations.
He is famously known for a formula he gave
pertaining to triangles.

The mathematician is Hero of Alexandria famously known for Heron’s
Formula.

___________ was an Indian mathematician
and astronomer. He was born in Bijapur in
Karnataka. Often referred to as the greatest
mathematician of medieval India, his work
on calculus predates Newton and Leibniz by
over half a millennium.
His main work was the Siddhānta Śiromani, a
four-volume treatise on matheamtics that he
wrote in 1150 as a 36 year old. The four
volumes are Leelavati, Bijaganita,
Ganitadhyaya and Goladhyaya.

5. He is a philosopher and scientist. He was revered
among medieval Muslim Scholars as "The First Teacher".
His name means "the best purpose" in Ancient Greek.
He was tutored by the great philosopher Plato. He
coined the term “metaphysics” and called it "first
philosophy", and distinguished it from mathematics and
natural science (physics) as the contemplative
(theoretikē) philosophy which is "theological" and
studies the divine.
Who is he?

6. X was an American mathematician,
electrical engineer and cryptographer.
He did electrical engineering from MIT
and eventually completed his PhD
from the same institute.
He founded Information Theory with
his landmark paper “ A Mathematical
Theory of Communication ” published
in 1948.
Identify X.

___________ is a fictional device described in the book
Gulliver’s Travels authored by Jonathan Swift in 1726. It
is possibly the earliest known reference to a device in
any way resembling to a modern computer. It is a
device that generates permutations of word sets.

2. X are a group of 5 regular solids named after ancient Greece philosopher Y.
X are the only possible regular solids. Each of the five X is constructed by
congruent (identical in shape and size) regular (all angles equal and all sides
equal) polygonal faces with the same number of faces meeting at each vertex.
Y wrote about X in the dialogue Timaeus c.360 B.C. in which he associated
each of the four classical elements (earth, air, water, and fire) with one of X.
Euclid completely mathematically described X in the Elements, the last book
(Book XIII) of which is devoted to their properties.
Identify X and Y.

X : Platonic Solids
Y : Plato
Platonic Solids

3. The second oldest record of "zero" in the world was found in an inscription in
a small temple, which is located on the way to the top of a very famous fort of
India.
The inscription is around 1500 years old. The fort is built on an outcrop of
Vindhyan sandstone on a solitary rocky hill called Gopachal.
What is the name of this fort?

4. The given picture depicts a famous mathematical object called
_________. It is special in the sense that it is a surface with only side and
one boundary. This object is quite famous in topology.

The _________________ is a system of rapid mental
calculation.
The system consists of a number of readily memorized
operations that allow one to perform arithmetic
computations very quickly.
It was developed by the Russian Jewish engineer Jakow
Trachtenberg in order to keep his mind occupied while being
held in a Nazi concentration camp.
The 2017 American film Gifted revolves around a child prodigy who at the age
of seven impresses her teacher by doing calculations in her head using this
system.

Trachtenberg System named after Ukrainian mathematician Jakow
Trachtenberg.

6. Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier during Siege of Syracuse
despite orders that he should not be harmed. The last words attributed to
Archimedes are "Do not disturb my circles", a reference to the circles in the
mathematical drawing that he was supposedly studying when disturbed by
the Roman soldier.
The tomb of Archimedes has a sculpture on top of it featuring two
mathematical objects.
What are those mathematical objects ?

Archimedes was killed during the massacre that followed the capture of
Syracuse by the Romans under general Marcellus in 212 BC. Marcellus had
supposedly given orders that the renowned sage (who was then 75) was
not to be harmed, but (according to one story) in the midst of the general
mayhem a Roman soldier came upon an old man drawing pictures in the
sand, and ran him through with a sword. Marcellus saw to it that
Archimedes was given a burial in accordance with his wishes, including a
monument featuring a stone sphere and cylinder.

"Who of us would not be glad to lift the veil behind which the future lies
hidden; to cast a glance at the next advances of our science and at the
secrets of its development during future centuries? What particular goals
will there be toward which the leading mathematical spirits of coming
generations will strive? What new methods and new facts in the wide and
rich field of mathematical thought will the new centuries disclose?"
With these very words X opened the International Congress of Mathematics
in Paris in the year 1990 and outlined 23 major mathematical problems that X
felt was essential to provide solutions for in the coming new century.
Who is X and what are those problems known as?

X is David Hilbert and the problems are knows as “ Hilbert’s Problems ”.

James Harris "Jim" Simons is an American mathematician, billionaire hedge
fund manager, and philanthropist. He is known as a quantitative investor and in
1982 founded ___________, a private hedge fund based in New York City.
According to The Wall Street Journal in May 2009, Simons was questioned by
investors on the dramatic performance gap of ___________ portfolios. On July
22, 2014, Simons was subject to bipartisan condemnation by the U.S. Senate
Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations for the use of complex barrier
options to shield day-to-day trading (usually subject to higher ordinary income
tax rates) as long-term capital gains. An article published in The New York
Times in 2015 said that Simons was involved in one of the biggest tax battles of
the year, with ___________ being "under review by the I.R.S. over a loophole
that saved their fund an estimated $6.8 billion in taxes over roughly a decade."

Renaissance Technologies
James Simons

________________ is a simple, ancient algorithm
for finding all prime numbers up to any given
limit. Named after Eratosthenes of Cyrene,
a Greek mathematician, the earliest known
reference to this method is in Nicomachus of
Gerasa's Introduction to Arithmetic.

_____________ is a mathematics prize founded by the widow of Raphael
Salem, a Greek mathematician. It is awarded every year to a young
mathematician to have done outstanding work in Salem's field of interest,
primarily the theory of Fourier series.
The prize is considered highly prestigious and many fields medallists have
previously received this prize.
It was recently awarded to Maryna Viazovska in 2016.

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