The document details an investigatory project exploring Newton's second law of motion, emphasizing the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration through experimental methods. It acknowledges contributions from a supervisor, classmates, and family while outlining the experiment's objective, materials, procedure, results, and sources of error. The findings confirmed the law's principles, demonstrating that acceleration is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass.

1. PHYSICS
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF
MOTION

2. ---
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who
contributed to the successful completion of my investigatory project
titled Firstly, I extend my sincere thanks to miss nandini mam, my
project supervisor, for their invaluable guidance, support, and
encouragement throughout this endeavor. Their insights and feedback
were instrumental in shaping the direction of my research. I would also
like to acknowledge the support of my classmates and friends, who
provided assistance and motivation during the experimental phases of
the project. Their collaboration made the process both enjoyable and
enriching. Lastly, I am grateful to my family for their unwavering
support and encouragement, which inspired me to pursue this project
with dedication. Thank you all for your contributions.

3. INDEX
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVE
 MATERIALS REQUIRED
 THEORY
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATIONS
 RESULTS
 PRECAUTIONS
 SOURECE OF ERRORS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

4. Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, is a fundamental principle in
physics that describes how the motion of an object is influenced by
external forces. It states that the acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to
its mass. This law allows us to predict how objects will move when
subjected to various forces, which is crucial in fields ranging from
engineering to space exploration. In this experiment, we will explore
this relationship by measuring how different forces affect the
acceleration of a cart with varying masses.
INTRODUCTION

5. The objective of this experiment is to empirically verify Newton's
Second Law by investigating the relationship between force, mass,
and acceleration. We aim to demonstrate that for a constant mass,
acceleration increases with the increase in applied force, and for a
constant force, acceleration decreases as mass increases
OBJECTIVE

6. •A cart or small wheeled object (e.g., toy car)
•Set of weights (1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg, etc.)
•Pulley (optional, for applying force with hanging weights)
•String (to connect weights to the cart)
•Stopwatch (to measure time)
•Meter stick or measuring tape (to measure distance)
•Smooth, flat surface (e.g., table, floor)
•Force sensor (if available, for more precise measurements)
•Calculator (for calculations)
MATERIALS REQUIRED

8. Newton's Second Law can be expressed mathematically as:
F=MA
Where:
•F is the net force acting on the object (in Newtons, N),
•m is the mass of the object (in kilograms, kg),
•a is the acceleration of the object (in meters per second squared, m/s²).
From this equation, we can derive two important relationships:
1.For a constant mass, acceleration is directly proportional to force: a=F​
/M
2.For a constant force, acceleration is inversely proportional to mass: a=F/M​
.
THEORY

9. •Setup:
•Place the cart on a smooth, flat surface.
•If using a pulley, set it up at the edge of a table or counter.
•Attach Weights:
•Add a known mass to the cart. Start with a base mass (e.g., 1 kg).
•If using a pulley, attach a hanging weight to one end of the string.
•Measure Force:
•Calculate the force acting on the cart using F=mgF = mgF=mg, where ggg is the acceleration due to gravity
(approximately 9.81 m/s29.81 , text{m/s}^29.81m/s2).
•Release and Measure:
•Release the cart without pushing it.
•Start the stopwatch as the cart begins to move.
•Measure the distance ddd it travels in a specified time ttt.
•Calculate Acceleration:
•Use the formula a=2dt2a = frac{2d}{t^2}a=t22d​to find acceleration.
•Repeat:
•Change the mass of the cart or the applied force (by adding weights to the pulley) and repeat steps 2-5 for multiple
trials.
•Ensure to vary mass and force systematically (e.g., increase mass by 1 kg each time).
PROCEDURE

10. OBSERVATIONS

11. The experiment confirmed Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma:
1.Force and Acceleration: As the applied force increased (e.g., from 9.81 N to
19.62 N), the acceleration of the cart also increased, demonstrating a direct
relationship for a constant mass.
2.Mass and Acceleration: When the mass of the cart increased (e.g., from 1 kg to 2
kg) while keeping the force constant, the acceleration decreased, illustrating the
inverse relationship.
3.Consistency: The results were consistent across trials, supporting the theory.
Graphs showed a clear linear relationship between force and acceleration, and an
inverse relationship between mass and acceleration.
RESULT

12. •Friction: The cart may experience friction with the surface, affecting acceleration.
•Measurement Errors: Timing inconsistencies or miscalculation of distance can lead to
inaccuracies.
•Air Resistance: While minimal, it can also slightly impact the results.
•Calibration of Instruments: Ensure all measuring devices are calibrated for accurate
readings.
SOURCE OF ERRORS
•Newton, Isaac. Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
•Halliday, David, et al. Fundamentals of Physics. Wiley.
•Young, Hugh D., and Roger A. Freedman. University Physics. Pearson.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

13. THANK YOU
DONE BY
G PRAVIN BALAJI
S SRI NATH